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PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical evaluation of sealants and preventive resin restorations in a group of environmentally homogeneous children.

PURPOSE: Pit and fissure sealants reduce occlusal caries when proper patient selection and application techniques are followed. To increase retention rate of sealants over time, good adaptation and deep sealant penetration are important. Studies remain inconclusive, however, as to determining if the bur preparation of pits and fissures would increase the adaptation and penetration thus improving sealant retention. The aim of this study was to assess if tooth preparation prior to sealant application improves sealant retention. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 43 children and adolescents from 4 Hutterites colonies were, for 3 years, bussed to the University of Manitoba pediatric dental clinic, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, for comprehensive dental care including sealant placement using standard procedures. These came from a community with homogeneous social economical status, dietary habits, fluoride intake, and lifestyles. The decision of tooth preparation prior to sealant application was made ad hoc. Of 122 treated permanent posterior teeth, 54 had been treated as preventive resin restorations (PRRs, type A or B) and 68 were nonprepared sealants. RESULTS: After 1 year, teeth prepared (type B PRRs) and restored with flowable composite resins had significantly (P<.01) lower retention rates (27% vs 63%) than did teeth with nonprepared sealants or typeA PRRs. Teeth prepared (type B PRRs) were also significantly (P<.001) more likely to have caries on follow-up examination (50% vs 11%) than were teeth with nonprepared sealants or type A PRRs. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that preventive resin type B restorations restored with flowable composites are not helpful in terms of retention or caries reduction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Immunoglobulin haplotypes: markers of reproductive success?

Immunoglobulin haplotypes are highly polymorphic and are useful for analyses of both macro- and microdifferentiation of populations. The origins of this diversity are not known, but recent reports suggest strong selection at this locus. Increased rates of first-trimester spontaneous abortions have been reported when parents share GM phenotypes. Reduced fertility has been observed in mixed European descent white and Hutterite populations when both parents share immunoglobulin haplotypes. Population samples with completed family information and GM haplotype data are rare; the objective here is to provide this information on another sample. A sample of 242 Mennonite couples with mothers older than 40 years was divided into 3 groups of matings based on how many haplotypes were shared: 0, 1, or 2. The distribution of mean completed family sizes for the three groups were 3.35 +/- 1.85 (n = 23), 3.47 +/- 1.69 (n = 128), and 3.37 +/- 1.60 (n = 91), respectively; these values were not significantly different (F = 0.145, p = 0.865). The log-rank test was used to compare the time-to-next-birth curves. The intervals between first and later births (2-4 births) were not significantly different for the three subgroups either. There is also only limited evidence for segregation distortion in another sample of 923 offspring (in which at least one parent is heterozygous.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1989

Genetic structure of Mennonite populations of Kansas and Nebraska.

We describe the gene frequency distributions for 29 different blood group, serum, and erythrocytic proteins for three Mennonite communities from Kansas and Nebraska and compare their gene frequencies with those of Amish, Hutterite, and Mennonite populations using the topological method of Harpending and Jenkins (1973). Subdivision of these communities into congregations reveals that the "fission-fusion'h model best characterizes the relationship between the genetic patterns and historical events. These Mennonite populations, although reproductively isolated at the turn of this century, are presently entering the mainstream of US rural culture.

Blood Grouping and Crossmatching↗
PubMed1988

Pathogenetic analysis of certain developmental and genetic ectodermal defects.

It is postulated that, in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, independent mosaic pleiotropic action of the mutant gene on morphogenesis and histogenesis produces primary malformations of midline and nonmidline structures and dysplasias more or less highly predisposed to cancer development. However, in focal dermal hypoplasia and the Bartsocas-Papas syndrome, it is highly tempting to postulate that embryonic dysplasias, ie, breakdown or necrosis of ectoderm, especially in the region of the Ekdodermring, are responsible for the production of many of the congenital anomalies seen in these patients, and that these anomalies more likely represent sequences rather than primary malformations. The sequences in the type 1 fetal epidermal dysplasias probably represent mucosal breakdown, producing various upper gut atresias and an epidermal "disease" with loss of epidermis and many severe secondary consequences. Polyhydramnios, micrognathia, "arthrogryposis," reduced fetal growth, and short umbilical cord are other consequences of fetal hypokinesia due to stiff skin in the type 2 fetal epidermal dysplasias, with severe muscle involvement in the Hutterite-Mennonite type possibly responsible for additional fetal hypokinesia. Thus it seems likely that embryonic and fetal dysplasias can now be held responsible, directly and indirectly, for a fascinating variety of human congenital anomalies.

Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Adverse effects of human leukocyte antigen-DR sharing on fertility: a cohort study in a human isolate.

To elucidate further the reproductive effects of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sharing among spouses, we have been investigating prospectively the relationship between HLA-A, -B, and -DR sharing and reproductive outcome in the Hutterites, a religious isolate that proscribes contraception. For the first time the reproductive effects of HLA-DR sharing in a fertile population is reported in this article. Median intervals from marriage to first through fifth births were longer among couples who shared more than one HLA-A, -B, or -DR antigen. Longer intervals were associated with increased spontaneous abortion rates among couples who shared HLA-DR antigens (27%), compared with couples who shared only HLA-A or -B antigens (9%) and couples who shared no antigens (12%). Median completed family sizes were 5.0, 8.5, and 8.0 among the groups, respectively. However, some couples who shared HLA-DR antigens experienced no spontaneous abortions, despite ten or more pregnancies. Therefore, although HLA-DR compatibility, per se, is not deleterious, our data suggest a potentially important role for undefined HLA-linked genes in normal pregnancy.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1984

Genetic distances between the Utah Mormons and related populations.

Gene frequency data, consisting of six red cell antigen loci, nine electrophoretic systems, and HLA-A and -B are reported for the Utah Mormon population. These are compared statistically to gene frequencies from at U.S. population, 13 European populations, and seven populations from three religious isolates. The Mormon gene frequencies are similar to those of their northern European ancestors. This is explained by the large founding size of the Mormon population and high rates of gene flow. In contrast, the religious isolates (Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites) show marked divergence from their ancestral populations and each other, due to isolation and random genetic drift. The HLA loci and electrophoretic loci presented here yield sets of genetic distances that are highly correlated (r = .734) and that both correspond closely to the actual geographic distances among the European populations. The genetic distances based on red cell antigen loci correspond less closely to the geographic distances and exhibit lower correlations with both the HLA and electrophoretic loci (r = .524 and r = .565, respectively).

Alleles↗
PubMed1997

Further delineation of cerebro-osteo-nephrosis syndrome.

We describe an Israeli Jewish child of Yemenite origin who may be affected with "cerebro-osteo-nephrosis." She is short of stature (height below 3rd centile) due to skeletal abnormalities. She has minor anomalies and borderline intelligence. There is marked proteinuria and she is in kidney failure. Opitz et al. [1985: Am J Med Genet 22:521-529] described 2 Hutterite sisters in America who were suffering from a condition which greatly resembles that of our patient. We question whether these conditions in the two families are the same syndrome with pleiotropic expression, as suggested by Opitz et al., or whether they represent two distinct genetic entities.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗