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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Monoclonal antibodies specific for rat relaxin. VII. Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies throughout the second half of pregnancy prevents development of normal mammary nipple morphology and function in rats.

We recently demonstrated that relaxin-dependent development of the mammary nipples during the second half of pregnancy is required for pup survival during lactation in the rat. The two related objectives of this investigation were to 1) characterize the effects of endogenous relaxin on the histological modifications that normally occur in the mammary nipples, and 2) test the hypothesis that the cause of lactational failure in relaxin-deficient rats is attributable to failure of the nipples to grow and develop during the second half of pregnancy. Endogenous relaxin was neutralized by daily iv injection of a highly purified monoclonal antibody specific for rat relaxin (MCA1) to intact rats from days 12-22 of pregnancy. Mammary nipples were collected on day 22 of pregnancy and routinely prepared for light microscopy. Tissue cross-sections (6 microns) obtained from the midpoint of mammary nipples were stained with either Gomori's trichrome stain (to visualize collagen) or orcein (to visualize elastin). Nipple size as well as histological characteristics of nipple cross sections were determined by morphometric analysis. MCA1-treated rats were significantly different from controls with the following parameters: shorter length of the nipples; smaller cross-sectional areas of the entire nipple, lactiferous duct lumen, and blood vessels; greater percentage of the analysis field composed of collagen; lower percentage of the analysis field composed of amorphous ground substance; and longer elastin fibers. To test the hypothesis that the cause of lactational failure in relaxin-deficient rats is attributable to the failure of nipples to grow and develop, MCA1 and control rats were cesarean sectioned between 2100-2400 h on day 22 of pregnancy, and lactation was examined using normal foster pups from intact donor females. Unlike pups fostered to controls, pups fostered to MCA1-treated dams failed to grasp the nipples, stimulate PRL release, or have milk in their abdomens. This study demonstrates that endogenous relaxin promotes not only growth, but also modifications of the histological characteristics of the nipple that are consistent with relaxin's effects on the cervix and mammary glands. Additionally, this study provides evidence that lactational failure in relaxin-deficient rats is attributable to the small size and different histology of the mammary nipples, which results in the inability of the pups to attach to the nipple, stimulate PRL release, and obtain milk from the dams.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Intracerebroventricular passive immunization. I. The effect of intracerebroventricular administration of an antiserum to tumor necrosis factor-alpha on the plasma adrenocorticotropin response to lipopolysaccharide in rats.

The present study tested the hypothesis that the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is an important central nervous system mediator of the rat hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to the i.v. administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 microg/kg). LPS produced a rapid (within 30 min) rise in plasma TNF-alpha levels, which preceded elevations in plasma ACTH (commencing at 45 min). Despite a lack of detectable TNF-alpha biological activity in the brain 30 min to 2 h after LPS administration, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) pretreatment (-20 h) with 5 microl anti-TNF-alpha antiserum significantly delayed the onset of the plasma ACTH response to LPS, suggesting that TNF-alpha acts within the brain. However, we also noted that the i.c.v. infusion of anti-TNF-alpha 20 h earlier produced experimentally significant concentrations of the same anti-TNF-alpha antibodies in systemic blood. This suggested the possibility that the effect of this antiserum was due to its leakage to the periphery. Indeed, 5 microl anti-TNF-alpha administered i.v. at -20 h produced an inhibition of the ACTH response to LPS that was temporally and quantitatively similar to that produced by i.c.v. anti-TNF-alpha. Intracerebroventricular administration of anti-TNF-alpha immediately before LPS produced only low systemic blood levels of corresponding anti-TNF-alpha antibodies and did not significantly alter the plasma ACTH response, whereas i.v. administration of anti-TNF-alpha immediately before LPS was clearly effective. Collectively, these results show that 1) biologically active levels of TNF-alpha in systemic plasma and the ensuing ACTH responses to LPS were always temporally and qualitatively related; and 2) even though i.c.v. administration of anti-TNF-alpha could inhibit the HPA axis response to LPS, this was apparent only when substantial amounts of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies had reached systemic blood. We, therefore, conclude that at the dose of LPS used in this study (5 microg/kg), TNF-alpha is an important mediator of the HPA axis response to LPS by an action within the periphery, but probably not within the brain.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1982

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis after passive immunization and natural measles infection: role of antibody in persistence of measles virus.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) developed in a patient in whom natural measles infection was anteceded by immunization with measles immune serum globulin (ISG). This observation prompted experimental studies of the role of antibody in viral persistence. When Balb/c mice were infected with the hamster neurotropic measles virus, acute encephalopathy was fatal in 80% of the animals. When measles antibody was administered 3 days after virus inoculation, the acute disease was abolished and subacute encephalitis had a 30% mortality. The subacute disease was characterized by the presence of neuronal viral antigen, meningitis, and encephalitis. Induction of viral persistence was therefore a consequence of antibody transfer during viral infection. Caution is advised in human prophylaxis with immune globulin.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Oral passive immunization effect of anti-human rotavirus IgY and its behavior against proteolytic enzymes.

The neutralization titer of anti-human rotavirus (HRV) IgY was completely inactivated by pepsin at pH 2.0. However, it was not significantly affected by trypsin or chymotrypsin under certain conditions. The immunological activity of the IgY was observed in the intestine of suckling mice for 2 h after oral administration and the activity rapidly decreased thereafter. The effects of oral supply of IgY were thus estimated for HRV-induced diarrhea in suckling mice and it was found that a previous supply of the IgY (1 h before HRV infection) completely prevented the HRV-induced diarrhea. The preventive effect was decreased as the time gap between IgY administration and HRV infection was longer. However, the oral supply of the IgY within 24 h after HRV infection was still effective and decreased the incidence of HRV diarrhea in suckling mice.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Passive immunization by lactobacilli expressing single-chain antibodies against Streptococcus mutans.

We compared the anticariogenic effect of lactobacilli expressing a single-chain antibody (scFv) against the SA I/II adhesin of Streptococcus mutans under the control of an inducible or a constitutive promoter. Both lactobacilli expressed equal amounts of scFv and agglutinated S. mutans bacteria expressing SA I/II to a similar level. In a rat caries model, transformed lactobacilli could be detected in the oral cavity throughout the duration of the study. Transformants containing the constitutive promoter were slightly more protective than those containing the inducible promoter suggesting that continuous in situ production of scFv in the oral cavity may be therapeutically superior to intermittent production.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1985

Production of antisera to growth hormone-releasing factor: usefulness in radioimmunoassay and passive immunization.

We have produced two antisera (R-1 & R-2) to human growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) [1-44] NH2. Both antisera can be used for human GRF radioimmunoassay (RIA) at a final dilution of 1:50000. The antiserum R-2 was specific for the C-terminal amidated sequence of human GRF-44 and selectively recognized GRF [1-44] NH2 but not GRF [1-44] OH or GRF [1-40] OH. The antiserum R-1 also significantly bound 125I-rat GRF [1-43] OH at a final dilution of 1:5000 and enabled us to establish RIA for rat GRF. In both RIA systems, intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation at 50% inhibition were 8 and 12%, respectively. A median effective dose was 90-120 pg in human GRF RIA and 250-300 pg in rat GRF RIA. Utilizing the RIA, we demonstrated that the hypothalamic GRF content in rats which received monosodium glutamate during the neonatal period was less than 20% of that of controls. However, the hypothalamic GRF content was not altered in rats made hypothyroid by methimazole administration, another condition known to greatly impair GH secretion. An iv administration of the antiserum R-1 significantly suppressed GH release following the injection of antisomatostatin serum. Thus, these antisera can be a useful tool in examining the physiological and/or pathophysiological roles of GRF in human and rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effect of passive immunization against LH-RH on gonadotropin secretion in the ferret.

Administration of ovine antiserum containing antibodies against synthetic LH-RH to spayed female ferrets caused an immediate fall in plasma LH concentration and by 2 h after injection circulating levels had declined by 70--80%. A further decline of 50% was observed on Day 2, but by Day 4 a return to normal levels had begun and control values were regained on Day 6. In contrast, the fall in plasma FSH concentration was delayed, with a significant reduction being first observed on Day 2 and minimal values occurring on Day 4. Control values were regained by Day 7. The results accord with the concept that a single hypothalamic releasing factor controls the tonic secretion of both pituitary hormones. However, the slow change in FSH secretion implies that the mechanism for FSH release may be more autonomous than that for LH.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of passive immunization against oestradiol on mouse ovum transport.

The ability of anti-oestradiol immunoglobulin to withhold oestradiol-17 beta from its target tissue was examined. The total oestradiol-17 beta binding capacity present in in-vitro incubations or injected into mice intravenously was related to the amount of [3H]oestradiol present in the media or intravenously injected into the animals respectively. When the ratio of binding capacity to [3H]oestradiol was above 74:1, [3H]oestradiol was successfully withheld from uterine tissue in vitro and in vivo. Injecting anti-oestradiol immunoglobulin into mice before administration of a tube-locking dose of oestradiol-17 beta ensured normal passage of ova through the oviduct. Daily administration of anti-oestradiol immunoglobulin to PMSG-hCG stimulated mice (starting 72 h before hCG injection) induced retention of ova for at least 2 days beyond the time when all ova had left the oviducts of control animals. The binding capacity: oestradiol-17 beta concentration ratios of sera from these animals were greater than 250:1 throughout the experimental period. Non-specific immunoglobulin had no such effects, indicating the specificity of the anti-oestradiol immunoglobulin response.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects on pregnancy in mice of passive immunization against ovine LH and human chorionic gonadotrophin.

Mice given daily i.p. injections of immunoglobulins against ovine LH on Days 3-7 of pregnancy were devoid of implantation sites on Day 8 whereas mice treated with antibodies to hCG had embryos of normal number and appearance on Day 8. These antibody treatments reduced the mean +/- s.d. serum progesterone concentrations from 65.4 +/- 15.3 ng/ml (control globulins) to 8.6 +/- 4.9 ng/ml (anti-LH) and 9.2 +/- 3.1 ng/ml (anti-hCG) on Day 8 and had no differential effect on serum oestrogen levels on Day 4. However, the mice treated with anti-hCG did not litter; resorption of the embryos took place between Days 10 and 14 of pregnancy. Indirect immunofluorescence and quantitative immunoenzymic assays showed the presence of anti-ovine LH and anti-hCG reacting antigens in the mouse feto-placental unit. On Day 6, the values of reacting antigens (mean +/- s.d. absorbance units/10 micron section of embryo) were 0.050 +/- 0.002 with control globulins, 0.059 +/- 0.002 with anti-hCG-Ig and 0.196 +/- 0.018 with anti-LH-Ig; the corresponding values on Day 12 were 0.075 +/- 0.009, 0.402 +/- 0.02 and 0.416 +/- 0.015. The quantitative disposition of the reacting antigens to the two types of anti-gonadotrophins seems to bear a temporal relationship to their respective antifertility action. The pregnancy terminating action of immunoglobulins to ovine LH (Days 6, 7 & 8) and hCG (Days 8, 9 & 10) was counteracted by administration of 2 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate on Days 6, 9 and 12, indicating the importance of progesterone in the maintenance of pregnancy in the mouse.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Influence of passive immunization against GnRH on pregnancy and parturition in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii.

Pouch young were removed from 10 wallabies in lactational diapause, and half the animals were injected intravenously with 8 ml normal wallaby serum or 8 ml GnRH antiserum every 3rd day from the day of removal of pouch young until Day 30. Laparotomies were performed on Day 24 to monitor luteal size, follicular development and uterine enlargement. The pouches were examined daily for the presence of newborn young from Days 26 to 30, and all the animals were killed on Day 30. The corpora lutea had hypertrophied in all the animals of both groups by Day 24, but none of the antiserum-treated animals showed any signs of follicular development (follicles less than 1 mm diam.), whereas all the control animals had large follicles (mean 3.5 mm diam.). In each group 4/5 animals were visibly pregnant at laparotomy, and parturition occurred normally in 3 of the experimental animals and 1 of the controls. At autopsy, none of the antiserum-treated animals showed any evidence of follicular development or post-partum ovulation, whereas 3 of the controls had new corpora lutea and the other 2 had large preovulatory follicles. These differences were reflected in the weights of the lateral vaginae; the treated animals showed no evidence of oestrogenic stimulation (4.9 +/- 0.2 g), whereas the controls showed the hypertrophy characteristic of oestrus (9.5 +/- 1.2 g). Lactogenesis, as measured by an increase in mammary gland lactose concentrations, was established in all animals, regardless of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Passive immunization with anti-oestradiol antibodies during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle potentiates the perimenstrual rise in serum gonadotrophin concentrations and stimulates follicular growth in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).

Three unilaterally ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys, in which menstrual cycles were driven by pulsatile infusion of synthetic GnRH at a fixed frequency of 1 pulse/h, were provided with a continuous infusion of ovine anti-oestradiol gamma-globulin beginning 13 days after ovulation and continuing for 7 days thereafter. Plasma concentrations of both FSH and LH rose at the start of the antibody infusion and remained elevated throughout the 7-day treatment regimen when compared with control (non-immune gamma-globulin-treated or untreated) animals. Morphometric examination of ovaries at the end of the experimental and control infusions revealed a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in the average size of the largest non-atretic antral follicle in each of the experimental animals when compared with that of the control animals (2.45 +/- 0.23 vs 1.30 +/- 0.53 mm). Collectively, the 3 control animals possessed 9 non-atretic antral follicles greater than 1.0 mm diameter, none of which exceeded a diameter of 2.0 mm. In contrast, the experimental animals had 28 non-atretic follicles of greater than 1.0 mm diameter, 8 of which exceeded 2.0 mm. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that oestrogen and progesterone are the primary agents responsible for the restraint of gonadotrophin secretion and preovulatory follicular growth during the luteal phase of the primate menstrual cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of passive immunization with antisomatostatin serum on plasma corticosterone concentrations in young domestic cockerels.

Young cockerels (6-8 weeks old) were injected with serum from sheep immunized against somatostatin-14 (anti-SRIF) or normal sheep serum (NSS). Blood samples were withdrawn periodically for the determination of plasma corticosterone concentration by radioimmunoassay. With frequent (every 10 min) sampling, NSS-treated control animals exhibited increased plasma corticosterone levels, presumably as a stress response to the experimental manipulation. Anti-SRIF stimulated a much greater increase in plasma corticosterone concentrations and a peak response was observed within 10 to 20 min, when the plasma corticosterone level reached more than twice that of the corresponding control value. With less frequent sampling, plasma corticosterone increased with anti-SRIF administration to as much as nine times the corresponding control value, and the peak response occurred much later. Under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, which itself increased basal corticosterone concentrations, anti-SRIF treatment promoted further increases in plasma corticosterone levels although to a smaller magnitude compared with conscious birds. The results suggest that endogenous somatostatin may play a role in the regulation of adrenocortical function in the domestic fowl. The mechanism of response may involve a central component.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Follicular development and ovarian hormone secretion following passive immunization of ewes against inhibin or oestradiol.

Immunization against inhibin or oestradiol causes an increase in the peripheral plasma concentration of FSH. In this study we have investigated the effect of this post-immunization rise in FSH concentration on follicular development by means of real-time ultrasonography, in ewes in which an ovary and its vascular pedicle had been autotransplanted to a site in the neck. Groups of ewes on day 10 of the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle were injected with a single 10 ml i.v. bolus of plasma from normal ewes (control; n = 4), antiserum to the 1-26 peptide fragment of the N-terminus of the alpha chain of porcine inhibin (n = 5) or antiserum to oestradiol-17 beta (n = 4). The plasma concentration of FSH was unaffected by treatment in the control group but showed a significant (P < 0.001) rise following treatment in both immunized groups (inhibin-immunized 175% over 19h; oestradiol-immunized 138% over 22 h as a per cent of the original value). This rise in FSH concentration was accompanied by a significant (P < 0.001) rise in the total number of follicles > 2.0 mm per ovary in both immunized groups (inhibin-immunized 5.5 +/- 1.0 to 13.6 +/- 1.4; oestradiol-immunized 4.6 +/- 0.5 to 11.5 +/- 1.0).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

An outline of the role of anti-Candida antibodies within the context of passive immunization and protection from candidiasis.

The role played by antibodies (Abs) in the anticandidal defense has long been a matter of controversy, mostly due to the past inability to clearly define antigen specificity, the relationship between the type of immune response within the different settings of experimental and human candidiasis and, last but not least, a misunderstanding about the role of T helper cell in cell-mediated versus the humoral immunity. Contributory was also the lack of precise identification of virulence traits of the fungus which are the best candidates for a protective Ab response. In recent years, an impressive amount of experimental evidence, and also some clinical proof, have been generated which assign to Abs of defined specificity an important role in the anticandidal defense both at systemic and mucosal sites. Paradigmatic among them, Abs against defined virulence factors such as adhesins or aspartyl-proteinase enzymes, or against critical viability molecules such as beta-glucan, have been detected or generated which hold great promise for immunotherapeutic interventions in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of passive immunity on growth and survival in the dairy heifer.

Effects of 24 to 48 h serum Ig concentration on growth and survival of 1000 Holstein heifer calves were evaluated. Average serum Ig for all calves was 25.71 (SD = 19.06) mg/ml with a range of .05 to 108.27. Serum Ig concentrations were below 12 mg/ml in 28% of the heifers. Both season and age of dam contributed significantly to the variation in 24 to 48 h concentrations of serum Ig. Concentration of serum Ig at 24 to 48 h was a significant source of variation affecting average daily gain through the first 180 d of life. Seasonal factors also were significant in influencing rate of gain from birth to 180 d. Age of dam was a significant source of variation in calf weight gains but only for the first 35 d. Mortality was 6.78% for heifers with less than 12 mg/ml serum Ig at 24 to 48 h as compared with 3.33% mortality for calves with greater than 12 mg/ml concentration.

Animals↗