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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Effect of vaccination schedule on immune response of Macaca mulatta to cell culture-grown Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine.

The effect of vaccination schedule on the immune response of Macaca mulatta to formalin-inactivated chicken embryo cell culture (CEC)-grown Rickettsia rickettsii vaccine was studied. Schedules consisted of inoculation on day 1 only, on days 1 and 15, on days 1 and 30, on days 1, 8, and 15, or on days 1, 15, and 45. Humoral antibody measured by microagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence and resistance to challenge with 10(4) plaque-forming units of yolk sac-grown R. rickettsii were assessed. Seroconversion was noted in all monkeys after the first dose of vaccine. A second dose administered 8 or 15 days after the primary infection, or a third given 7 or 30 days after the second, produced no long-term effect on antibody titer. Only monkeys given two doses of vaccine at a 30-day interval showed an increase in antibody titer during the period before challenge. Vaccination with one, two, or three doses of CEC vaccine prevented development of rash and rickettsemia after challenge. The two-dose schedules appeared to induce the highest degree of resistance to challenge, as indicated by unaltered hematological parameters and body temperature in monkeys. The one- and three-dose schedules were somewhat less effective, in that some challenged monkeys within each group displayed febrile and leukocyte responses associated with Rocky Mountain spotted fever infection. Our data suggest that administration of two doses of CEC vaccine at 15- or 30-day intervals is the immunization schedule of choice.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2002

Oral immunization of mice with ricin toxoid vaccine encapsulated in polymeric microspheres against aerosol challenge.

Mucosal (oral) immunization of mice with carrier-delivered ricin toxoid (RT) vaccine was accomplished by one long (7 weeks) or two short (4 weeks) immunization schedules. For the long and short immunization schedule two lots of vaccine were administered prepared with the same procedure but at different occasions. The long schedule consisted of a total of seven doses of 50 microg of vaccine in microencapsulated (lot #108) or aqueous form administered on days 1, 2, 3, 28, 29, 30 and 49. With the short schedule a total of seven or six doses of 25 microg (lot #111) were administered on days 1, 2, 3, 14, 15, 16 and 30, or on 1, 2, 14, 15, 30, 31 and 32, respectively. Mice immunized orally with the long schedule, 50 microg of RT vaccine incorporated into poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolyde (DL-PLG) microspheres (MS) produced serum IgG, IgG2a and IgA ELISA antibodies. All mice immunized with RT in DL-PLG MS (RT-MS) were protected against a lethal ricin aerosol challenge. In contrast, with the same schedule and with the same dose, the aqueous vaccine (RT) failed to stimulate IgG, IgG2a and IgA antibodies, and these mice were not protected against an aerosol ricin toxin challenge. With the shorter immunization scheme, seven doses of 25 microg RT-MS stimulated a significant, though reduced, protection with the microencapsulated, but not with the aqueous vaccine. When the first and second 3-day cycles of the short immunization schedule was reduced to two doses, and the 3-day cycle was administered at the end of the schedule, neither RT-MS nor RT stimulated protection against the challenge. These results indicated that successful oral immunization with RT-MS depended on both the dose and the schedule, consisting of three consecutive days of administration in two cycles, 4 weeks apart. Altering this schedule and the dose, resulted in a reduced protection or no protection at all. Furthermore, under the conditions of this study, the advantage of the microencapsulated RT vaccine over the aqueous vaccine for effective oral immunization was well demonstrated.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Routine vaccines across the life span, 2003.

This review of the recommendations for routine vaccines includes those used on the Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule and the Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule. The rationale is provided for recent changes, such as encouraging influenza vaccination of healthy children aged 6 through 23 months and recommending that annual influenza vaccination begin at age 50. The risks and benefits of vaccination are discussed, including disease burden, rationale for vaccination, efficacy, adverse reactions, and recommendations. Pictures of vaccine-preventable diseases are included.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Reduction of metastatic rate by immunotherapy: a comparison of the immunogenic properties of metastasizing tumor cells versus tumor cells in the primary mass.

The vasculature of a poorly immunogenic, highly metastatic transplantable fibrosarcoma (T-241) maintained in the femoral muscle of C57BL/6J mice was perfused. This permitted collection of tumor cells which had invaded into the tumor vascular channels (ie, metastasizing tumor cells). Also collected as a separate population were tumor cells from the primary tumor mass. Immunization was carried out with these cell populations in conjunction with BCG and the effect on the growth of primary tumor and metastatic rate was evaluated following rechallenge with unfractionated tumor cells. The rate of tumor growth at the primary site was not affected by any of the immunization schedules. However, immunization with venous effluent cells (metastasizing tumor cells) and BCG was two times more effective in reducing the number of pulmonary metastases than immunization using tumor cells isolated from the primary tumor mass. Passively transferred spleen cells from donors immunized with the cell populations listed above had exactly the same effect, that is, no effect on the growth of the primary tumor, but a dramatic reduction in the metastatic rate when effluent tumor cells were used to immunize cell donors. The data point to an antigenic heterogeneity with this particular transplantable tumor.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of in vivo and in vitro effectivity of immune defense against a spontaneously arising, nonlymphoid rat tumor. II. T cell response after induction of immunogenicity.

It was evaluated in vitro whether it is possible to induce immunogenicity by haptenization of a nonlymphoid rat tumor, BSp6AS, which is known to be antigenic, but non-immunogenic, in the syngeneic host. The effectivity of 'induced immunogenicity' was tested in vivo. BSp6AS, an NK- and macrophage-resistant variant of a spontaneously arising fibrosarcoma in the BDX rat strain, does not induce a primary or a secondary T cell response after in vivo or in vitro priming. This deficiency in cytotoxic response is due solely to failure of activation of helper T cells (TH), since (a) cytotoxic T cells (CTL) can be detected after in vitro stimulation in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL-2)-containing medium; and (b) there are no indications for down-regulation of a potential specific immune response by suppressor T cells (TS). The lack of activation of tumor-specific TH can be bypassed by activation of hapten-specific TH. Upon coculture with haptenized tumor cells as a stimulator population, both hapten-specific and tumor-specific CTL are activated by hapten-specific TH. In line with the findings in vitro, no transplant rejection of naive tumor cells was seen after a variety of immunization schedules. But immunized F1 hybrids did reject tumor grafts, supporting the hypothesis of lacking help in the syngeneic situation. This could be confirmed in the syngeneic system by adoptive transfer experiments. Tumor-specific CTL, educated in vitro in the presence of IL-2, were ineffective. But complete protection against haptenized, and partial protection against native tumor cells was achieved in the additional presence of hapten-specific TH. To our knowledge these experiments prove for the first time that hapten-specific TH are efficient in inducing an immune response even against a nonlymphoid, nonimmunogenic tumor, i.e., it is possible (a) to activate tumor-specific CTL and (b) to initiate tumor graft rejection via hapten-specific TH.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Protection Against Meningococcal Challenge Afforded Mice After Immunization with Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccine USP.

Mice immunized with typhoid-paratyphoid vaccine USP were found to be protected when challenged with serological groups A, B, and C of Neisseria meningitidis. Mice immunized with this vaccine both 14 and 7 days prior to challenge were protected against mean lethal doses (LD(50)) of 5,220 and 1,151 of groups A and B, respectively, and in two separate experiments they were protected against 3,568 and 268 LD(50) of group C. Mice immunized four or more times on successive days prior to challenge were also protected. They demonstrated tolerance and survived a much larger LD(50) challenge than mice immunized by any other immunization schedule. Mice immunized once or twice anytime within 7 days prior to challenge were not protected and thus failed to exhibit nonspecific resistance. Serum antibody probably was responsible for the protection afforded mice immunized 14 and 7 days prior to challenge. However, this was not demonstrated conclusively.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

[Oral infection by Y. enterocolitica 0:8. Studies of immunization in a murine model].

The evaluation and mechanism of protection against Y. enterocolitica O:8 using different immunization schedules. We immunize 3 groups of 20 mice each against an oral lethal dose of Y. enterocolitica O:8 using: 1) whole cells, 2) hyperimmune sera, and 3) LPS and common antigen. Animals immunized using whole live cells that produce common antigen (O:3 +V and IP614) developed the highest degree of protection, with an overall survival rate of 70% and 60% respectively. Similar results were obtained using animals immunized with sera. Animals immunized using LPS and common antigen also were able to control the replication of the infecting strain. Common antigen and antibodies against it did not inhibit adherence not bacterial invasion. However, it seems to be an important protecting factor, that controls the bacterial replication in intestinal lymph tissue. The exact mechanism is currently unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Virological and serological aspects of the Dutch polio epidemic in 1992].

During the 1992 poliovirus type 3 outbreak in the Netherlands virological and serological investigations were conducted. No molecular epidemiological link was traced between poliovirus type 3 that caused the outbreak of poliomyelitis in the Netherlands and isolates from previous epidemics investigated. Serological neutralization assessments indicate that the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine used in the Dutch national immunization schedule induces immunity to the causative agent.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2003

Benefits of combination vaccines: effective vaccination on a simplified schedule.

BACKGROUND: The number of recommended immunizations during childhood has increased significantly over the years. Today, infants receive vaccines against 11 diseases in the first 2 years of life, and may receive as many as 5 injections at a single office visit. For a number of reasons, some injections may be deferred to a later visit, thus creating a missed opportunity for vaccination. OBJECTIVE: To review benefits of pediatric combination vaccines. RESULTS: Combination vaccines that protect against several diseases, such as the new DTaP-HepB-IPV (Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed, Hepatitis B [Recom-binant] and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine Combined) vaccine, can help to simplify the current immunization schedule. Other benefits of combination vaccines for parents and healthcare providers include decreased anxiety because of perceived reduction in pain for the infant, fewer missed opportunities to vaccinate, convenience, and decreased costs for the parent as a result of fewer office visits. Benefits of using combination vaccines in the office setting include reduced missed opportunities to vaccinate, storage of fewer vials, decreased risk of needle sticks as a result of handling fewer syringes, and potentially improved record keeping and tracking. Benefits of using combination vaccines in managed care include improved member satisfaction and lower costs because of fewer vaccine administration charges, and potentially fewer office visits. CONCLUSIONS: Combination vaccines are an effective means of decreasing the number of injections and simplifying the immunization schedule, thus providing overall benefits to infants, parents, healthcare providers, office managers, and managed care administrators.

Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine↗
PubMed2004

Pediatricians' self-reported clinical practices and adherence to national immunization guidelines after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about whether pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has altered pediatricians' practices regarding well-child and acute care. OBJECTIVES: To (1) describe whether PCV caused pediatricians to move other routine infant vaccines and/or add routine visits; (2) characterize adherence to national immunization recommendations; and (3) determine whether PCV altered pediatricians' planned clinical approach to well-appearing febrile infants. DESIGN AND METHODS: One year after PCV was added to the pediatric immunization schedule, we mailed a 23-item survey to 691 randomly selected pediatricians in Massachusetts. The adjusted response rate was 77%. RESULTS: After PCV introduction, 39% of pediatricians moved other routine infant vaccines to different visits and 15% added routine visits to the infant schedule. The self-reported immunization schedules of 36% were nonadherent to national immunization guidelines for at least 1 vaccine. Nonadherence rates were significantly higher among pediatricians who had been in practice longer, moved another vaccine because of PCV introduction, and/or offered to give shots later when multiple injections were due. For a hypothetical febrile 8-month-old girl who had received 3 doses of PCV, pediatricians reported they were significantly less likely to (1) perform both blood and urine testing and (2) prescribe antibiotics than in the pre-PCV era. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of PCV may have had unintended effects on pediatric primary care, including decreased adherence to national recommendations for the timing of immunizations and decreased urine testing for well-appearing febrile infants. Special efforts may be warranted to ensure that pediatricians remain current with changing recommendations.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1981

[Further improvements in schedules for immunizing children against diphtheria and tetanus].

The study of the rational schedule of revaccinations made at different ages for the prevention of diphtheria and tetanus was carried out on 800 children belonging to the age groups of 6-9 years and 11-14 years. The content of diphtheria antitoxin was determined by Jensen's method, and the content of tetanus antitoxin in the passive hemagglutination test. In the first age group immunity to the above-mentioned infections was determined after the primary immunization, and in the second age group after the first revaccination made at an age indicated in the schedule. The high level of immunity to both diphtheria and tetanus was shown to preserve for 6-7 years. For this reason intervals between revaccinations scheduled for children achieving a definite age in accordance with the existing scheme of immunization against diphtheria and tetanus may be increased. the most rational time for such revaccinations is the age of 9 (instead of 6) years and 16 (instead of 11) years.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Vaccine schedules and procedures.

This article presents the 2005 Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule; the catch-up schedule; the 2004-2005 Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, which will stay in effect for 2005; contraindications for immunization; and general guidelines on immunization procedures. Recent changes for children include institution of thimerosal-free hepatitis B vaccination either before hospital discharge or as soon after birth as possible and the recommendation to give inactivated influenza vaccine to all children who will be between the ages of 6 and 23 months during the influenza season. Minimal intervals between vaccines and vaccine precautions, contraindications, administration, and storage are reviewed. Sources of vaccine information are presented and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The future of childhood immunizations: examining the European experience.

BACKGROUND: New pediatric combination vaccines that protect against multiple diseases are being introduced into clinical practice in the United States. Similar vaccines have been used extensively throughout Europe and other parts of the world for the past few years. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to comment on the use in Europe of pediatric combination vaccines that protect against multiple diseases to predict their acceptance and use in the United States. RESULTS: Throughout Europe, combination vaccines that safely and effectively protect against multiple diseases have been well received, are widely used, and have helped greatly to simplify pediatric immunization schedules. In Germany, for example, the use of hexavalent combination vaccines has simplified the immunization schedule so that infants now receive a maximum of 2 injections per office visit, compared with the up to 5 injections per visit that infants may receive in the United States. Because of the many advantages and wide acceptance of combination vaccines in Europe, it is anticipated that similar vaccines will be readily accepted in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: As demonstrated in Europe and elsewhere, combination vaccines are an efficient means of simplifying the pediatric immunization schedule, and the new combination vaccines being introduced in the United States are expected to be well received.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Comparative evaluation of immunization with live attenuated and inactivated poliovirus vaccines.

The development of serum and nasopharyngeal antibody response, as well as the magnitude and temporal pattern of fecal shedding of vaccine and revertant polio-viruses, have been examined in infants previously immunized with one or more doses of orally administered live attenuated poliovaccine, enhanced potency inactivated polio-vaccine, or both. The nature of serum immune response appears to be similar after either immunization schedule, although the antibody titers are quantitatively higher after two doses of EP-IPV than those observed after a similar schedule with OPV. Highest antibody activity is generally detected in subjects immunized with a combination of EP-IPV followed by OPV. ELISA antibody activity in the nasopharynx was regularly detected after either form of immunization. However, neutralizing and VP3 poliovirus virion protein-specific antibody responses in the nasopharynx were consistently observed in subjects immunized with OPV or EP-IPV followed by OPV. Subjects immunized with EP-IPV alone exhibit significantly lower or absent neutralizing or VP3-specific responses. The nucleic acid sequences of the purified RNA obtained from all virus isolates have also been examined in the 5' noncoding region by dideoxy-sequencing to determine whether the viruses shed represent revertants (vaccine), non-revertants, or both. The frequency and duration of vaccine virus shedding appears to be similar in both immunization schedules. Revertant virus shedding was not demonstrated 30 days after immunization with OPV alone. However, shedding of revertants was detected for as long as 60 days in some subjects previously immunized with EP-IPV. The duration of shedding of revertant virus differed with different serotypes and different immunization regimens. Prior immunization with one or more doses of OPV reduced the length of shedding of revertant virus. Significantly, however, prior immunization with one or more doses of EP-IPV was not associated with reduced shedding of revertant virus types. Based on these observations and a number of other epidemiologic data summarized in this review, it is clear that both OPV and EP-IPV when used alone are highly effective and safe in inducing effective immunity to polio-virus and in the eradication of poliomyelitis. While the combination schedule employing EP-IPV followed by OPV should result in a decline of vaccine-associated paralytic (VAP) disease in OPV recipients, such immunization schedules may have little or no impact on the development of VAP in susceptible contacts. Furthermore, the logistics and the cost of combination schedules must be considered before current recommendations based on the use of OPV or EP-IPV alone are revised.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1984

The effect of oral immunization on the population of lymphocytes migrating to the mammary gland of the sow.

Sows were immunized orally with live Escherichia coli according to various immunization schedules. Six pregnant gilts were used; 4 immunized at various intervals during the last month of gestation, 1 control immunized after parturition following suppression of lactation by weaning and 1 non-immunized control. The effect of oral vaccination on cell populations from lymphoid organs was studied. The in vitro proliferative responses of the cell populations to K88 antigen, anti-Ig sera and mitogens were used to demonstrate the distribution of sensitized lymphocytes over different lymphoid organs. The capacity of these cells to produce antigen-specific Ig was determined by in ovo translation of their mRNA. Oral administration of antigen resulted in the appearance of K88-positive cells in lymphoid organs. In lactating sows, sensitized cells preferentially occurred in the mammary lymph nodes, whereas after suppression of lactation such a distribution was not seen. A possible route of migration of sensitized lymphocytes is discussed in relation to the local immune response. The antibody isotype produced by sensitized lymphocytes seemed to depend on the immunization schedule. The most effective schedule was one starting early in gestation and comprising frequent administration of antigen. This caused an optimal distribution of sensitized lymphocytes capable of IgA production.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparative investigation of the safety of hexavalent vaccines for primary scheduled infant immunizations in Germany over a time period of 2 years.

BACKGROUND: Confidence in hexavalent vaccines has recently been shattered in Germany, after 5 infant deaths occurred shortly after such a vaccination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of hexavalent vaccines over a time period of 2 years. MATERIAL/METHODS: With the written informed consent of the parents, we enrolled in the study all healthy infants who attended our office for a primary scheduled infant immunization during the study period from July 1, 2001, to June 30, 2003. This period was divided into two parts: (1) In a pilot study (July 1 to December 31, 2001), the two hexavalent vaccines licensed in Germany, Hexavac and Infanrix hexa, were compared to each other to evaluate if one of these vac-cines would be better tolerated. (2) During the follow-up study period (January 1, 2002, to June 30, 2003), that hexavalent vaccine was to be used, if any, which had been shown to have lower side effects during the pilot period. The trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine Priorix was applied to all infants during both study periods. The parents were advised to immediately consult our office in any case of suspected or proven side effect from the vaccination. RESULTS: 3,658 polyvalent (hexavalent and trivalent) vaccinations were applied to 1997 infants. Local reactions were observed after application of Priorix in 0.0%, of Infanrix hexa in 0.46%, and of Hexavac in 3.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The safety of Priorix and Infanrix hexa in particular could be established. Hexavalent vaccines can be recommended for introduction in all European countries for primary scheduled infant immunizations.

Germany↗