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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

A physiological role of breast milk leptin in body weight control in developing infants.

OBJECTIVE: Leptin, a hormone that regulates food intake and energy metabolism, is present in breast milk. The aim of this study was to determine whether milk leptin concentration is correlated with maternal circulating leptin and BMI and with body weight gain of infants. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A group of 28 non-obese women (BMI between 16.3 and 27.3 kg/m(2)) who breast-fed their infants for at least 6 months and their infants were studied. Venous blood and milk samples were obtained from mothers at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months of lactation, and leptin concentration was determined. Infant body weight and height were followed until 2 years of age. RESULTS: During the whole lactation period, milk leptin concentration correlated positively with maternal plasma leptin concentration and with maternal BMI. In addition, milk leptin concentration at 1 month of lactation was negatively correlated with infant BMI at 18 and 24 months of age. A better negative correlation was also found between log milk leptin concentration at 1 and at 3 months of lactation and infant BMI from 12 to 24 months of age. DISCUSSION: We concluded that, in a group of non-obese mothers, infant body weight during the first 2 years may be influenced by milk leptin concentration during the first stages of lactation. Thus, moderate milk-borne maternal leptin appears to provide moderate protection to infants from an excess of weight gain. These results seem to point out that milk leptin is an important factor that could explain, at least partially, the major risk of obesity of formula-fed infants with respect to breast-fed infants.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Childbirth and infant development knowledge gaps in interpersonal settings.

The knowledge gap hypothesis predicts that infusions of information into an environment will lead to knowledge gain by groups with higher socioeconomic status (SES) at rates that outpace the knowledge gain of lower SES groups, leading to a growing relative gap between them. Four information source variables were examined in the present study: education, baby care experience, friend and relative networks, and interpersonal communication in a parent education setting. Study subjects were mothers and fathers in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and mothers in Belfast, Northern Ireland. In the sample, the classic pattern of widening gaps due to education was not supported by time trend data, although one-time data showed gaps. The interpersonal communication condition contributed most to knowledge levels and to widened knowledge gaps.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Processes of transport and absorption in the developing infant intestine.

An understanding of changes in the processes of absorption, detoxification, and intoxication in the intestine of infants, especially during the perinatal period, may aid in reaching an understanding of why the syndrome of infant botulism is restricted to the first six months of life. Some of the important metabolic changes associated with both the perinatal and the postnatal period of development are emphasized in these studies. A more complete understanding of the processes by which substances are absorbed into the intestine and then reexposed via the enterohepatic circulation may provide clues about why infant botulism occurs.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1975

Infants' development of object permanence: a refined methodology and new evidence of Piaget's hypothesized ordinality.

To investigate Piaget's theory of object concept development, a series of 6 tasks was administered in a combined longitudinal/cross-sectional design incorporating a number of methodological controls. The tasks spanned the entire sensorimotor period and included single versus sequential displacements combined with visible or invisible hidings. 36 infants from 5 to 32 months of age at initial testing were drawn equally from day-care and home settings. All infants received the 6 tasks during each of 3 testing sessions over a 6-month period. Clear evidence was obtained for task ordinality as proposed by Piaget, with ordinality coefficients ranging from .71 to .82 for the 3 testing sessions. Performance changes across the 3 sessions were also ordinal in 80% of the cases. Expected age, task, and session effects and accompanying interactions were also obtained.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Assessment of infant development during an 18-month follow-up after treatment of infections in pregnant women with cefuroxime axetil.

BACKGROUND: Choices of antibacterial for infections in pregnancy are limited because of potential risks to the fetus, particularly in the early months. However, infections may result in preterm labour or other problems and so treatment is needed. Increasingly, resistance is reported among common pathogens to older agents, such as ampicillin or amoxicillin, that have been widely used in pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of infections during pregnancy. DESIGN: This was a retrospective analysis of case records for women who were treated with cefuroxime axetil at some point during pregnancy. SETTING: Patients were treated at one centre in Lubliniec, Poland in 1996 and 1997. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: The study included 78 women aged 19 to 38 years (mean 26 years) and their 80 infants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS: Efficacy in treating maternal infections was assessed, and the physical and mental development of children born to treated mothers was evaluated for at least 18 months after birth. 13 women were treated in the first trimester, 19 in the second trimester and 46 in the third trimester. There were no abnormalities causing concern in terms of physical or mental development in any of the children, and no abnormality that was attributable to the treatment the mother had received. CONCLUSIONS: The results add clinical support for the use of cefuroxime axetil in pregnancy if an antibacterial is needed, thus offering an alternative if antibacterial resistance to older agents is an issue for the pregnant mother.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Distribution of slow-wave EEG activity across the night in developing infants.

Adults show distinctive patterns of slow-wave (delta) electroencephalogram (EEG) activity across each sleep cycle and across the night. We examined the ontogeny of slow-wave EEG patterning in infants. Twelve-hour overnight physiological recordings were obtained from 25 normal infants at 1 week and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months of age. The EEG activity was band-pass filtered, leaving primarily activity ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 Hz (the delta frequency). Filtered EEG traces were full-wave rectified and integrated over 1-minute periods. Nighttime recordings were divided into four 3-hour segments, beginning at sleep onset, and the mean integrated delta activity during quiet sleep was determined for each segment of the night. In addition, patterns of delta activity across extended periods of quiet sleep (15 minutes or longer) were determined. Beginning at 2 months of age, integrated delta activity declined significantly over the night. Moreover, beginning at 3 months of age, delta activity increased significantly over individual periods of quiet sleep; in neonates up to 1 month of age, delta activity decreased significantly within epochs of quiet sleep. Beginning at 2-3 months of age, infants show patterns of delta activity similar to those found in adults.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2002

Generalized imitation within three response classes in typically developing infants.

Effects of modeling and contingent praise on infant imitation of three different responses was analyzed. Generalization to nonreinforced probe models was assessed both within and across response types. Three 12- to 14-month-old infants and their mothers participated in this study. During baseline the mothers provided models only. During treatment mothers modeled and also praised contingent upon infant matching of the training models. During interspersed probe trials the mothers modeled different responses, which, if matched by the infant, produced no praise. The three responses modeled were motor-with-toy, motor-without-toy, and vocal responses. The dependent measure was the percentage of maternal models that were matched by the infant within 6 s. Nonmatching responses of the same response type were also measured. Results showed a systematic increase in the percentages of training and probe models matched by the three infants following the introduction of the model-and-praise treatment condition. Nonmatching responses did not systematically increase. Thus, imitation generalized within response class, but not across response classes.

Child Development↗