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PubMed2004

To know or not to know: the case of communication by and with older adult Russians diagnosed with cancer.

This paper describes the ways in which group identifications and stereotypes can inform our understanding of cancer treatment and survivorship, as well as the more general social processes surrounding the communicative experiences of older adult Russians diagnosed with cancer, by providing a theoretical essay (with some modest illustrative data) to shed light on salient cross-cultural health and identity issues. Utilizing an approach grounded in social identity theory, it describes the ways in which understanding primary identities associated with large social collectives such as cultural groups, secondary identities associated with health behaviors and tertiary identities associated with a cancer diagnosis can help explain certain cancer-related social processes. Subtle cultural differences in approaches to health care, particularly with older adult populations, are likely influenced by assumptions embedded in their economic, social, and political systems.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2003

Caregiving to children and grandchildren and risk of coronary heart disease in women.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship between burden of providing care to non-ill children and grandchildren and incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) among women. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted as part of the Nurses' Health Study among 54,412 women aged 46 to 71 years who were registered nurses. Women answered questions about their child care responsibilities. RESULTS: We documented 321 incident cases of CHD during 4 years of follow-up. Multivariate analyses showed that caring for non-ill children 21 hours or more per week and caring for non-ill grandchildren 9 hours or more per week (vs no caregiving) were associated with an increased risk of CHD (relative risks were 1.59 and 1.55, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: High levels of care provision to grandchildren (and possibly children) may increase the risk of CHD among women.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Latina grandmothers raising grandchildren: acculturation and psychological well-being.

Grandparent involvement in raising grandchildren has become increasingly prevalent and represents the family's strength for managing crises and transitions. This study examined acculturation, socioeconomic resources, and family factors related to well-being among 357 Latina caregiving grandmothers. Positive affect was related to greater language acculturation and factors suggesting participation in mainstream society-income and health. In contrast, higher life satisfaction and lower negative affect were more evident among the less acculturated. These relationships disappeared with controls, explained by greater social resources among less acculturated grandmothers: more were married and had the parent at home; fewer assumed care because of the parent's substance-related problems. The parent's presence in the household was related to a higher level of grandmother's well-being until more sensitive family factors were considered. Furthermore, raising grandchildren with behavior problems was related to the grandmother's negative affect. Results suggest that professions should target economic needs of new immigrants, as well as assisting with troubled grandchildren and dysfunctional parents.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1995

Grandparents as a source of support for parents of children with disabilities: a brief report.

Measures of emotional adjustment and perceived emotional and instrumental support by grandparents were administered to parents of young children with developmental disabilities. A significant positive correlation between paternal adjustment and grandparent support was found. Grandparents' most frequent forms of assistance were babysitting and buying clothing. These results were discussed relative to the importance of grandparents as a source of support to families with a child who has a disability.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Embracing the young employee: the key to the future of health care.

With staffing problems a common concern throughout health care, it has become critical for today's health care businesses to start taking proactive steps in recruitment and retention efforts. Many organizations are putting recruitment, selection and retention teams together to assist with their efforts toward consistent service delivery. These teams have begun to address the issues associated with the new work force. This is particularly important as it relates to dealing with younger employees joining today's organizations. If we want an organization in the future that delivers service in a quality manner on a consistent basis, without undue worry, we must tackle the young employee opportunity.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Population growth with variable family size.

"The Sharpe-Lotka continuous time deterministic model of population growth is developed to take account of some possible forms of mother-daughter fertility association.... Model specific results relating the intergenerational fertility effect to the long term population growth rate and magnitude are established. The quantitative implications of the theory are illustrated by a consideration of a general bilinear form of A and in this context numerical results illustrating the finite time growth and also the long term distribution of fertility levels in the stable female population are obtained. In particular, it is shown that different fertility specific subpopulations can coexist indefinitely."

Demography↗

PubMed2006

Online mentoring: the promise and challenges of an emerging approach to youth development.

This paper reports on an electronic mentoring program, the Digital Heroes Campaign (DHC), in which 242 youth were matched with online mentors over a two-year period. Survey, focus group, and interview data, in addition to analyses of the e-mails that pairs exchanged, were examined in order to assess the nature, types, and quality of the relationships that were formed. Despite youths' generally positive self-reports, deep connections between mentors and mentees appeared to be relatively rare. The findings suggest that online mentoring programs face significant challenges and that further research is needed to determine under what conditions online mentoring is likely to be most effective.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gender issues and Japanese family-centered caregiving for frail elderly parents or parents-in-law in modern Japan: from the sociocultural and historical perspectives.

This paper presents a sociocultural and historical literature review of gender related issues associated with family-centered caregiving for frail, elderly relatives in modern Japan. Issues addressed from a Japanese perspective are (a) women and social norms of caregiving, (b) feminine identity and caregiving, (c) women in the workforce, and (d) women and caregiving. Implications for research are also discussed.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Extended family, immediate family and caregiver contacts of 100-year-old patients in Hungary].

In the year 1987, 218 centenarians lived in Hungary. First the main demographic data were reported by the surveyors of the Central Statistics Office. The basis of the experience was gained on a limited population (123 subjects). The physicians' team was organized by the Gerontology Center of the Semmelweis University of Medicine. They carried out the detailed medical and environmental check-up. The medical and environmental experiences of the gerontologists were published (1). In our present paper we would like to show the different familial and other relationships of the oldest people. The 123 centenarians were scattered over the whole country, altogether in 67 larger or smaller settlements. More of them lived with a daughter (42%), with a son (14%), with a grandchild (7%), with other relatives (5%) and 3 persons lived together with their wives. We found that the subjects who lived with relatives had a better chance to live an active and meaningful life. The co-existence of several generations, the multilateral contacts of centenarians have a beneficial effect on the quality of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

[Ethical dimension of generation solidarity].

Safeguarding mutual support between generations is vital in an aging society and leads inevitably to a number of sociopolitical challenges. Not only material solidarity, but also immaterial transfers within and outside the family are called for. But in order to develop a sustainable idea of generational solidarity, the traditional definitions of generations on the one hand and of solidarity on the other should be questioned. The following contribution describes main aspects of generational relations and brings up concepts of event based generations and horizontal solidarity for discussion. In the light of a demographic ethic, prerequisites for a promising cohesion between adults with and without children are derived.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Adaptive, growth-oriented, and positive perceptions of mother-daughter elder caregiving relationships: a path-analytic investigation of predictors.

One hundred twenty-two pairs (n = 244) of filial caregivers (daughters) and care recipients (mothers) were interviewed separately, to investigate the factors underlying positive, growth-oriented caregiving relationships. The outcome variable examined was the type of caregiving pair (positive, negative, mixed, and neutral), as determined by "blind" raters. Based on existing research, factors examined as being significant predictors of this outcome variable were perceived roles (role changes, role relations) and individual-difference characteristics (personality dimensions, fluid intellectual ability). The results of the path model tested support the importance of individual-difference factors in understanding positive mother-daughter elder caregiving relationships.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Mother-daughter relationships and child sexual abuse: a pilot study of 35 dyads.

In a pilot study, the authors examine features of mothers' relationships to their mothers, spouses, and daughters associated with their daughters' male-perpetrated child sexual abuse. Fifteen inner-city Latino mothers and daughters (ages 1-9 years), referred by child protective agencies for highly suspect or confirmed child sexual abuse, were compared to 20 matched control dyads. Significantly more case mothers than controls reported relational disturbances intergenerationally, including hostility toward their daughters. Mother-daughter relationships should be thoroughly assessed when evaluating a child for child sexual abuse.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Estimation of parental IQ.

217 undergraduates, their parents, and grandparents were asked to estimate the IQs of themselves as well as those of their parents. Previous research has shown the existence of a gender-related bias that affects the ability of younger adults to estimate the IQs of their parents. The results of this survey showed that, in contrast to young and middle-aged individuals, older adults estimated the IQs of their parents to be equal to their own.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Leaving home in Spain: a regional analysis.

"This paper compares regional patterns of leaving home in Spain during the 1970s and 1980s based on analysis of the 1991 Spanish Sociodemographic Survey. The purpose of this analysis is to demonstrate that while nationally Spain is representative of a southern European pattern of leaving home, (i.e. relatively late and closely associated with partnership formation), there is considerable regional variation in timing, incidence and initial destinations on leaving home. These differences are explored using hazard rates of leaving home by destination and birth cohort for 11 Spanish regions."

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1993

Family financial and household support exchange between generations: a survey of Chinese rural elderly.

This study examines the pattern of social support exchange between Chinese elderly and their adult children, based on a 1989 rural Chinese household survey. Following social exchange theory, we found reciprocity in household support but not in financial support. Elderly with greater resource capacities (i.e., health, income, education, and social network) were more likely to provide than receive assistance, whereas those with fewer resources had the opposite patterns. The exchange of support was more likely to be related to affective and nonfinancial instrumental support than financial instrumental support. Because only 42% of elderly with one or two children were living with their children, a formal pension and elderly care system is needed to complement the informal support system.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship of caregiving stressors, resources, and sociodemographic variables to caregiver depression and perceived physical health.

Racial and ethnic differences in the association of stressors, resources, and sociodemographic characteristics with depressive symptoms and perceived physical health were investigated. Data from 653 White non-Hispanic caregivers, 278 African American, and 218 Hispanic Alzheimer's caregivers (209 males, 940 females) who were assessed at the baseline data collection of the REACH study, a multisite trial of caregiver interventions, was obtained. Multiple sample analysis, which allows testing whether a pattern of relationships is invariant across different samples, was used. Results support the hypothesis that, despite significant differences in resources and stressors, the predictors of depression and health are relatively uniform across groups. Ethnic differences were found for the effect of age, income, gender, and care receiver's self-care impairments on caregiver depression. For perceived physical health, there were ethnic differences for the effect of income, gender, and type of caregiver relationships.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Family of origin and current relationship influences on codependency.

This study investigated codependency in Caucasian individuals within the framework of Bowen's Family Systems Theory. The sample consisted of a group of couples, in which one member of the couple was a recovering alcoholic in an aftercare program, and a group of matched, comparison couples. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Friel Codependency Assessment Inventory, and the Personal Authority in the Family System (PAFS) Questionnaire. The findings confirmed that codependency levels were higher in clinical than in comparison couples. Moreover, within the clinical group, there was little difference between alcoholics and their spouses with respect to dysfunction in their families of origin, current families, or their codependency levels. The findings further suggested that the etiology and function of codependency are different in clinical and nonclinical families. In the clinical sample, the family of origin and current relationship characteristics were related to codependency in patterns consistent with previous theory and research. For the nonclinical sample, however, the findings contradicted conventional codependency theory. The findings suggest that, in contrast to clinical populations, codependency in nonclinical populations has some links with favorable characteristics of family functioning.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

[Everlasting solidarity? Longevity and generational relations].

Demographic development of industrial societies is determined by continuous low birth rates and increasing life expectancy. The dramatic change in generational structure will be an enormous challenge not only for the public social security systems; as an original place of inter-generational relations, family is particularly faced with increasing life expectancy and the chances and risks of longevity. Need for nursing care is such a risk of longevity, realizing that only about 3% aged between 60 and 80 are in need of care, but about 25% at the age of 80 or older. The majority of nursing cases is well-cared at home, mostly by relatives. Although one might care for relatives for many reasons--not only for love and altruism--empirical data insist on indicating strong family ties based on senses of solidarity and commitment. The focal point of the following article is a case review describing highly emotional family relationships in a home care situation. On the one hand, the description clarifies family solidarity representing the basis of German long-term care insurance since 1995; on the other hand it demonstrates the enormous burden caring for an old mother or father. Increasing life expectancy might even intensify burdens, so that fewer and fewer relatives might be able or willing to accept them. In this matter, new mixtures of private and public services will attain increasing importance. Considering German long-term care insurance a pioneer, it expresses a new sense of limited public responsibility assuming the existence of sufficiently strong family ties.

Aged↗