PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Introversion, Psychological”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Dextroamphetamine and individual susceptibility to reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning.

The present investigation was designed to study the relationships between extraversion, d-amphetamine and modes of reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. A factorial design involving two levels of extraversion (extraverts and introverts), two reinforcement conditions ('good' and 'electric shock') and three treatments (placebo and two doses, 7.5 and 12.5 mg, of d-amphetamine) with repeated measures on the last factor was used. Sixty postgraduate female students were individually subjected to Taffel's verbal conditioning procedure. The study supported the following conclusions: (1) under the placebo condition, the extraverted subjects condition better with the rewarding reinforcer while the introverted subjects condition better with the punishing reinforcer; (2) under the influence of d-amphetamine, the extraverted subjects condition better with the punishing reinforcer while the conditioning scores of introverted subjects decrease with the punishing reinforcer but are not influenced with the rewarding reinforcer.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Phenobarbitone and the relationship between extraversion and reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning.

The present investigation was designed to study the relationship between phenobarbitone, extraversion and modes of reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. A factorial design involving three treatments (placebo and two doses, 30 and 100 mg, of phenobarbitone), two levels of extraversion (extraverts and introverts) and two reinforcement conditions ('good' and 'electric shock') with repeated measures on the first factor, was used. Sixty postgraduate female students were individually subjected to Taffel's verbal conditioning procedure. The results support the following conclusions: (1) under the placebo condition, the extraverted subjects condition better with the rewarding reinforcer ('good') while the introverted subjects condition better with the punishing reinforcer ('electric shock'); (2) under the influence of the smaller dose of the drug, as compared with the placebo, the conditioning scores of extraverted subjects increase with the punishing reinforcer but decrease with the rewarding reinforcer, while the conditioning scores of the introverted subjects decrease with the punishing reinforcer, under the influence of the larger dose of the drug, but remain uninfluenced with the rewarding reinforcer.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Constructive processes in person cognition.

The notion of constructive memory processes is imported from research on eyewitness memory to the area of social cognition. Mere questioning about the applicability of personality attributes to a target person is shown to affect subsequent memory-based judgements of that person. These constructive influences are to be distinguished, conceptually, from the global notion of priming effects. In Expt 1, the target person was first described as an extravert; afterwards, subjects had to indicate whether either desirable aspects of extraversion (self-confidence) or undesirable aspects (exhibitionism) apply to the target or not. Mere questioning resulted in a congruent judgment bias towards the questioned attributes that did not generalize to a global halo effect. Experiment 2 replicated the basic finding and demonstrated that this phenomenon is independent of a generation effect (i.e. the memory advantage of self-generated inferences). These results are interpreted in terms of (a) a reframing of the categorical distribution representing the information about the target person in memory and (b) a regressive tendency to assume intermediate default values rather than extreme values for questioned attributes under uncertainty. Alternative explanations in terms of demand effects or a conformation bias cannot provide sufficient accounts. The relevance of constructive processes to understanding self-fulfilling prophecies and other phenomena in social interaction is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1972

Personality.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Achievement↗
PubMed1975

The problem of generalization in the operant conditioning of social speech in the severely subnormal. Use of reversal to establish generalizability.

Many severely subnormal patients talk little to each other. In this experiment, three pairs of subjects were reinforced for talking to each other, and learned to do so quite quickly. Whether social speech would continue to occur without the benefit of external reinforcement was examined by observing the subjects through a one-way mirror in a bare interview room adjacent to the teaching room immediately after each training session. On some occasions untrained subjects were observed in the bare room with the trained subjects. The reinforcement of social speech was demonstrated to be effective by the use of a reversal design (baseline, reinforcement, no reinforcement, reinforcement), where the rate of speech increased considerably when reinforcement was available but decreased when it was discontinued. Generalization of the increased social speech, however, was very poor and only significantly above baseline levels with the pair who seemed responsive to social as well as material reinforcement. The implications of this for training programmes are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The personality and mental health of flat dwellers.

The proportion of persons with neurotic personalities in flats was not significantly greater than that in houses. Extraversion was not correlated with psychiatric illness or with the tendency to consult a doctor. Flat dwelling, but not house dwelling, was sufficient stress for neurotic personalities to cause, among them, an increase in clinical psychiatric illness. The resulting increase in the overall level of psychiatric illness of all flat dwellers was too small to be significantly greater than that of all house dwellers.

Extraversion, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

High- and low-dose expectancies as mediators of personality dimensions and alcohol involvement.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the influences of personality dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism) on college alcohol involvement both (1) directly and (2) mediated by positive and negative alcohol expectancies across two imagined (high and low) alcohol doses. METHOD: Participants (N = 339; 176 women) were regularly drinking college students who completed a questionnaire battery on demographic characteristics, personality, expectancies, and alcohol use and problems. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling analysis of low- and high-dose models revealed partial support for the Social Learning Theory conceptualization of expectancies as mediators of more distal (personality) influences. Interestingly, patterns of association differed by dose. At high-expectancy doses, positive alcohol expectancies fully mediated the extraversion-use association. At low doses, positive expectancies did not play a critical role. Two distinct pathways from neuroticism to alcohol use were observed: a direct pathway, whereby neuroticism is a protective factor for alcohol use, and an indirect pathway, through positive expectancies, whereby neuroticism is a risk factor. The protective pathway was evident regardless of expectancy doses, whereas the risk pathway was evident only at high doses. Negative expectancies partially mediated the association between neuroticism and alcohol problems at both high- and low-expectancy doses. CONCLUSIONS: These data underscore the unique role of both positive and negative expectancies in the association between personality and drinking behavior and point to the importance of considering alcohol dose when assessing expectancies. Findings suggest that it may be beliefs about the effects resulting from heavy (rather than moderate) drinking that may be the active mechanism underlying drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗