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PubMed1981

Dopamine depletion by 6-hydroxydopamine prevents conditioned taste aversion induced by methylamphetamine but not lithium chloride.

Specific lesions of the central dopaminergic system produced by intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine with pargyline and desmethylimipramine pretreatment significantly attenuated conditioned taste aversions to a sweetened-condensed milk solution induced by methylamphetamine. Identically treated rats formed an aversion to the milk solution when lithium chloride was utilized. These results suggest that the methylamphetamine-induced aversion is dependent upon intact dopaminergic neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Bis[mu-P,P'-methylenebis(diisopropyl phosphonate)-kappa3O,O':O]bis[chlorolithium(I)]: a centrosymmetric dimer of lithium chloride with terminal chloride anions.

The molecule of the title dimeric compound, [Li(2)Cl(2)(C(13)H(30)O(6)P(2))(2)] or [LiCl([((i)PrO)(2)P(O)](2)CH(2))](2), lies about an inversion center and features tetrahedrally coordinated Li atoms. The neutral ligands each chelate to one metal center and bridge to the other center through P=O units. Unusually for lithium chloride complexes, the Cl- ions are in terminal rather than bridging positions. Principal dimensions include Li-O(four-membered ring) = 1.959 (3) and 2.056 (3) A, Li-O(phosphonate ring) = 1.929 (3) A, and Li-Cl = 2.293 (3) A.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Biological effects of lithium chloride on Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum and Blastocrithidia culicis (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae).

Lithium is widely used in medicine as an antidepressive drug and for myelosuppression attenuation during chemotherapy. In spite of abundant literature, questions on the biological action of lithium ions are far from being answered. We have here examined the effects of lithium (10-200 mM) on culture forms of the trypanosomatid protozoa Herpetornonas muscarum muscarum and Blastocrithidia culicis. Incubation of these parasites with LiCl inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner, but growth could be restored when the drug was removed from the medium. Furthermore, Li+ induced cell differentiation in H. m. muscarum. Light microscopy examination of cell viability, using erythrosin B staining, showed that all treated parasites remained viable with all drug concentrations used. Ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy showed that the cells presented no signs of degeneration. However, in H. m. muscarum the nuclei lost their peripheral heterochromatin and appeared filled with a homogeneous matrix, whereas in B. culicis an increased amount of lipid droplets was present in the cytoplasm. Our data show that LiCl treatment arrested the cell division process, stimulated cell differentiation, and affected the metabolism of these parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Molecular modeling of salt (lithium chloride) effects on the enantioselectivity of diethylzinc addition to benzaldehyde in the presence of chiral beta-amino alcohols.

Beta-amino alcohols (S,S,S)-1 and (R,R,S)-1, derived from cyclohexene oxide and containing alpha-phenylethyl auxiliaries, were examined as chiral promoters in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. In agreement with literature precedent, the N-alpha-phenylethyl chiral auxiliary had no significant impact on enantioinduction, which is determined by the configuration of the framework's C(OH), with unlike induction. Contrary to some literature reports, stereoinduction by lithium salt derivatives of (S,S,S)-1 and (R,R,S)-1 was lower than that obtained with the free amino alcohol. Remarkable lithium chloride salt effects were observed in the reaction. In particular, an opposite chiral induction was found with (S,S,S)-1-Li(2) as ligand and in the presence of "inert" salt. N-Alkylated derivatives (S,S,S)-3-7 proved to be more efficient ligands, providing higher yields and enantioselectivities in the formation of carbinols (R)- or (S)-2. BP86/DN**//PM3 theoretical calculations proved remarkably successful in reproducing the experimental observations and permitted expansion of Noyori's catalytic cycle [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6327] to understand the relevant N-substitution and medium salt effects that determine the enantioselection in this catalytic asymmetric reaction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

The effects of several barbiturates on lithium chloride induced taste aversion.

The effects of single doses of five barbiturates on LiCl induced saccharin aversion were examined. Twenty three hour fluid deprived rats were offered a novel 0.125% saccharin solution and then were injected with either 3.0 mEq/kg LiCl or 0.9% saline. On the first test day after conditioning the animals were injected with either 60 mg/kg sodium phenobarbital, 80 mg/kg sodium barbital, 30 mg/kg sodium amobarbital, 20 mg/kg sodium secobarbital, 9 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital or 0.9% saline, 15 min prior to the drinking session. Results indicate that only 9 mg/kg pentobarbital, 60 mg/kg phenobarbital, and 80 mg/kg barbital were effective in attenuating the LiCl induced saccharin aversion on the day of administration. In addition, dipsogenic effects for only 60 mg/kg phenobarbital and 30 mg/kg amobarbital were observed in the saline treated control groups. A synergistic interaction between the effects of LiCl and sodium phenobarbital, barbital, and secobarbital was also observed. Lithium chloride plus these barbiturates resulted in a longer term aversion to saccharin than LiCl alone and no barbiturate produced saccharin aversion when administered without LiCl.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of chronic lithium chloride on membrane adenosine triphosphatases in certain postural muscles of rats.

Lithium has been extensively used as an antidepressant in the treatment of manic depressive disorders requiring chronic administration. Here, we report a study of the effect of long-term lithium treatment on the activities of membrane adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) in certain postural muscles of rat. Specifically, Ca(2+)-ATPase, Na+,K(+)-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase activities were measured in the soleus, extensor digitorum longus and plantaris muscles following 6 weeks of treatment with LiCl. Increases were observed in the Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity whereas the Mg(2+)-ATPase activity decreased with prolonged LiCl treatment. The most pronounced effect was a highly significant (P < 0.001) increase in the mitochondrial Ca(2+)-ATPase and Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity to almost 50-100% above the control. The increases in the mitochondrial Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of extensor digitorum longus and plantaris were 70% and 100%, respectively. The corresponding increases in the Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity were 127%, 99% and 87% for soleus, extensor digitorum longus and plantaris, respectively. Irrespective of the differences in the fiber pattern and physiological function, all three muscles responded in a similar way to Li+. The changes in the membrane ATPases reflect a deranged ATP turnover, thus affecting the overall energy state of the animal. Based on these results, we hypothesize that Li+ produces its effects by interfering with cation transport processes. Since Li+ affects the neural excitability of the cell it is suggested that the stimulation of the ATPases may be important in the psychotropic properties of the ion.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2001

Gametogenic responses of the testis in spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata; Aves) to oral administration of lithium chloride.

In the present study, the effects of orally-administered lithium on testicular morphology were examined in the spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata), a seasonally breeding sub-tropical finch. Adult males were procured from natural populations during the month of August, a time when these birds begin to show seasonal reproductive maturity in an annual cycle. Both during the period of acclimation, and throughout the subsequent experimental period, the birds were maintained in an open aviary simulating natural environmental conditions. Lithium was dissolved in distilled water and was administered via the oral route by means of a commercially available stomach-tube. A total of five experimental groups were utilized. The first group (Group A) served as control and received lithium-free distilled water in a similar manner. In the remaining four groups, lithium was administered daily as follows: Group B (2.5 mEq/Kg body weight for 5 days); Group C (2.5 mEq/Kg for 10 days); Group D (5.0 mEq/Kg for 5 days) and Group E (5.0 mEq/Kg for 10 days). All lithium administrations were carried out between 14:00 and 15:00h. Twenty-four hours after the last oral lithium, final body weights were recorded, blood samples were obtained (by brachial vein puncture for the measurement of serum lithium) and the animals were sacrificed, and testes were collected for histological studies. Our results indicated that lithium treatment led to a significant reduction in testicular weight and seminiferous tubular diameter, and a marked degenerative changes in germ cells in that most of the spermatids and mature spermatozoa showed necrotic changes and were sloughed off from the seminiferous tubular epithelium. Complete desquamation and loss of germ cells, and their clump formation were also noted within many seminiferous tubular lumen. Notably these adverse effects were observed when serum lithium levels were within the therapeutic range for human. These results confirm our earlier report on lithium's adverse effects on testicular function, and extend further to show that lithium indeed has a significant adverse effect on the histomorphology, and, thus, the function of the testis in birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Comparing oral lithium carbonate and intraperitoneal lithium chloride chronic administrations on rats' activity levels.

This study compares the effects produced by two modalities of lithium administration on rats' activity levels. Lithium was administered for 21 days either as carbonate in the diet (2 g in 2 liters of water and 1,500 g lab chow) or as chloride through single daily intraperitoneal injections (1 mEq/kg LiCl). Both treatments resulted in similar decreases in spontaneous activity and exploratory behavior, as recorded in an open field with a hole-board. Neither treatment influenced the amount of food consumed on a daily basis nor the rate of growth as manifested by weight gains over the period considered, suggesting that these treatments were not adversely affecting the animals' health. Both treatments increased water intake over control levels, this effect being most marked with the diet lithium carbonate administration, particularly during the second week of treatment. This latter modality of lithium administration, but not the injections of lithium chloride, significantly increased NaCl intake over control levels.

Administration, Oral↗