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PubMedDate not supplied

A framework for the assessment of non-lethal weapons.

In many government, police and military circles, attention is being given to so-called 'non-lethal' weapons as means of reducing many of the negative effects directly or indirectly associated with the use of force. Despite the purported ability of the adoption of such weaponry to lessen grounds for contention and concern, past experience suggests the need for scepticism regarding the purported benefits. Rather than relying on poorly substantiated claims, comprehensive procedures are needed to ensure the appropriateness of force options. This article outlines some of the institutional structures required for 'carefully evaluating' and 'carefully controlling' non-lethal weapons, with a discussion of the perennial tensions associated with ensuring the relative 'acceptability' of the use of force.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

International law and law enforcement firearms.

Several international agreements set constraints on the legitimate use of firearms as representing lethal force. Their meaning in terms of weapons technology must take into account their operational frame of reference, and legitimate warfare can be regarded as a law enforcement operation with similar principles on the use of force. Changes in weapons technology, such as new types of ammunition, transforming firearms into weapons with less-lethal and even humanitarian options, require new interpretations of the legislation. A division into lethal and non-lethal weapons is an oversimplification and the separation of international humanitarian law into military and law enforcement provisions can be questioned from the technical aspect. The type of technology acceptable for law enforcement use of firearms should be defined. An assessment for weapon injury should not be based on lethality, but rather on the potential for tissue damage and its reversibility.

Firearms↗
PubMed1979

Assessment of hazardous air pollutants from disposal of munitions in a prototype fluidized bed incinerator.

As part of the control technology development for the disposal of waste munitions, an assessment of potential emissions of hazardous air pollutants from a prototype fluidized bed incinerator was conducted. Assessment program elements included identification of potentially toxic emissions through material input analysis and computer simulation modeling of the combustion cycle; development of emission limitations criteria for substances having no present air pollution emission standards; evaluation and development of analytical procedures; and design of a sampling system to condition an emission stream characterized by high temperature and humidity resulting from burning water slurries of explosive materials. Emphasis is placed on the potential emission of nickel and its compounds, particulate and vapor emissions of cyanides, nitrogen oxides, and TNT and RDX energetic residuals.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of shipboard formation of a neurotoxicant (trimethylolpropane phosphate) from thermal decomposition of synthetic aircraft engine lubricant.

MIL-L-23699 lubricants that are composed principally of trimethylolpropane triheptanoate (TMP) and tricresyl phosphate (TCP) have been shown to form a neurotoxicant, trimethylolpropane phosphate (TMPP), during pyrolysis and/or combustion. Mechanistically, TMPP is thought to irreversibly inhibit the GABA-mediated inhibitory response and thereby produce epileptiform clonic/tonic seizures with convulsions followed by death. Thermal decomposition of MIL-L-23699 lubricant produces TMPP under laboratory conditions, but this product has not been detected in the workplace following actual fires. This study has examined whether TMPP is produced during an actual shipboard fire by placing the synthetic lubricant in a fire environment aboard the ex-U.S.S. Shadwell, Mobile, Alabama. Both biological and chemical analyses were performed on the thermally decomposed lubricant to ensure detection of the neurotoxic material. Under the conditions of this study, the formation of TMPP during a shipboard fire was confirmed. The implications of this finding for safe management of post-fire cleanup are discussed.

Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic↗
PubMed1994

Visual field loss while wearing full-face respiratory protection.

The loss of visual field was quantified for 21 test subjects while they wore three full-face respirators. Changes in visual field were quantified for each type of respirator using a modified Goldmann projection perimeter. The loss of visual field was determined by calculating the area under the curve while wearing a respirator to that while wearing no respirator. Distinct patterns of visual field loss were apparent for the different style respirators. Analysis of the patterns could lead to the design of full-face respirators with improved visual qualities, which could improve worker safety for certain occupations. This technique also could be of help when selecting models of respiratory protection when certain visual fields must be maintained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Military infrared technology advances diabetes research.

All living organisms produce heat as a by-product of metabolism. For centuries, clinicians and scientists have been interested in measuring heat output (thermogenesis) as an indicator of metabolic state. This paper briefly reviews current methods for metabolic measurements and describes recent results in diabetes research with a novel infrared thermal imaging technology, Thermal Signature Analysis (TSA). TSA measures unique thermal signatures in cells and animals that are indicative of disease, genetic variations, or drug function.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Defense.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of the new type of military bullet and rifling.

The 5.56-mm caliber SS 109 projectile was fired from 7.7'' and 12'' twist rifles, respectively, into soap blocks and porcine thighs at 50-metre range using a standardized experimental setup. For comparison, the effects of the 5.56-mm M 193 bullet fired from the 7.7'' twist barrel and M-16 assault rifle were tested. The volume of residual cavity in soap, the shape and sizes of live tissue wounds, and the mass of surgically debrided devitalized tissue were measured. The effects of the two projectiles at 7.7'' twist were found similar in soap; the SS 109 produced more tissue damage than the M 193 missile. Using the 12" twist rifle, a significant increase in wounding capacity of SS 109 projectile was found. In conclusion, nonsignificant differences in local effects between the two projectiles using the 7.7'' twist rifles were found, and markedly increased effects of the SS 109--12'' system were ascribed to decreased essential stability and its earlier tumbling in penetrating a target. The soap as a live tissue simulant has proven its reliability in testing small-caliber arms.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Problem solving: a comparison between medical and military art.

Compares the methodology of the medical decision-making process with that of the military. The key to both professions is reliable, efficient decision making. Effective decision makers use the hypothetical-deductive approach which utilizes intuition to generate ideas which are tested by the available evidence. Medicine is developing a holistic, conceptual and student-centred education process which compares with the more rigid, external system of military training. The military system has a better methodology for communication both verbally and in writing than medicine. Suggests that both professions may benefit from an examination of each professional culture.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

From tanks to tumors.

"Tanks to Tumors" succeeded in bringing several different communities together--medical, military, academic, industrial, and engineering. They worked together in panels to determine how the United States might adopt thermal imaging diagnostic technology in an orderly and demonstrable way for the early detection of breast cancer and other conditions. The panel recommendations will serve to guide the transition of military technology developments in ATR, the VDL, and IR sensors to the civilian medical community. The result will be a new tool in the war against breast cancer--a major benefit to the military and civilian population. A CD of the workshop proceedings is available at no cost through Advanced Concepts Analysis, Falls Church, Virginia; +1 703 914 9237; e-mail: diakides@erols.com.

Breast Neoplasms↗