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PubMed1994

Cloning, sequencing and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding component S of the coenzyme B12-dependent glutamate mutase from Clostridium cochlearium.

Adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B12) dependent glutamate mutase catalyzes the carbon skeleton rearrangement of (S)-glutamate to (2S,3S)-methylaspartate. This is the first step of the fermentation of glutamate by the strict anaerobic bacterium Clostridium cochlearium. The enzyme consists of the two protein components E and S. The gene encoding component S (glmS) was cloned in Escherichia coli and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence showed very strong identities to the sequence of the glmS (also called mutS) gene (80%) and to component S (82%) from the related C. tetanomorphum, respectively. Cell-free extracts of E. coli carrying the glmS gene showed glutamate mutase activity which was strictly dependent on the addition of coenzyme B12 and component E purified from C. cochlearium. Enzyme activity of the recombinant protein was achieved up to 2200 nkat/g wet cells which is due to a ten-fold overexpression compared with the activities determined in cell-free extracts of C. cochlearium. This is the first report of overexpression of an active component of glutamate mutase. A rapid purification procedure consisting only of ammonium sulfate precipitation and a gel filtration step was developed to obtain large amounts of pure component S in a short time.

Amino Acid Isomerases↗

PubMed1999

3-Hydroxylaminophenol mutase from Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 catalyzes a Bamberger rearrangement.

3-Hydroxylaminophenol mutase from Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 is involved in the degradative pathway of 3-nitrophenol, in which it catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxylaminophenol to aminohydroquinone. To show that the reaction was really catalyzed by a single enzyme without the release of intermediates, the corresponding protein was purified to apparent homogeneity from an extract of cells grown on 3-nitrophenol as the nitrogen source and succinate as the carbon and energy source. 3-Hydroxylaminophenol mutase appears to be a relatively hydrophobic but soluble and colorless protein consisting of a single 62-kDa polypeptide. The pI was determined to be at pH 4.5. In a database search, the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the undigested protein and of two internal sequences of 3-hydroxylaminophenol mutase were found to be most similar to those of glutamine synthetases from different species. Hydroxylaminobenzene, 4-hydroxylaminotoluene, and 2-chloro-5-hydroxylaminophenol, but not 4-hydroxylaminobenzoate, can also serve as substrates for the enzyme. The enzyme requires no oxygen or added cofactors for its reaction, which suggests an enzymatic mechanism analogous to the acid-catalyzed Bamberger rearrangement.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

MeaA, a putative coenzyme B12-dependent mutase, provides methylmalonyl coenzyme A for monensin biosynthesis in Streptomyces cinnamonensis.

The ratio of the major monensin analogs produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis is dependent upon the relative levels of the biosynthetic precursors methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) (monensin A and monensin B) and ethylmalonyl-CoA (monensin A). The meaA gene of this organism was cloned and sequenced and was shown to encode a putative 74-kDa protein with significant amino acid sequence identity to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) (40%) and isobutyryl-CoA mutase (ICM) large subunit (36%) and small subunit (52%) from the same organism. The predicted C terminus of MeaA contains structural features highly conserved in all coenzyme B12-dependent mutases. Plasmid-based expression of meaA from the ermE* promoter in the S. cinnamonensis C730.1 strain resulted in a decreased ratio of monensin A to monensin B, from 1:1 to 1:3. Conversely, this ratio increased to 4:1 in a meaA mutant, S. cinnamonensis WM2 (generated from the C730.1 strain by insertional inactivation of meaA by using the erythromycin resistance gene). In both of these experiments, the overall monensin titers were not significantly affected. Monensin titers, however, did decrease over 90% in an S. cinnamonensis WD2 strain (an icm meaA mutant). Monensin titers in the WD2 strain were restored to at least wild-type levels by plasmid-based expression of the meaA gene or the Amycolatopsis mediterranei mutAB genes (encoding MCM). In contrast, growth of the WD2 strain in the presence of 0.8 M valine led only to a partial restoration (<25%) of monensin titers. These results demonstrate that the meaA gene product is significantly involved in methylmalonyl-CoA production in S. cinnamonensis and that under the tested conditions the presence of both MeaA and ICM is crucial for monensin production in the WD2 strain. These results also indicate that valine degradation, implicated in providing methylmalonyl-CoA precursors for many polyketide biosynthetic processes, does not do so to a significant degree for monensin biosynthesis in the WD2 mutant.

Acetoacetates↗

PubMed2005

Identification and partial characterization of two eukaryotic UDP-galactopyranose mutases.

Galactofuranose metabolism is valued as an important target for the development of new antituberculosis drugs. UDP-galactopyranose mutase, a central enzyme in galactofuranose biosynthesis, is essential for the growth and viability of mycobacteria. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of UDP-galactopyranose into UDP-galactofuranose, the donor used by various galacto-furanosyltransferases. While D-galactofuranose residues are often found in important surface glycoconjugates of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and protozoan parasites, they are absent in the mammalian host, and thus their biosynthesis is an attractive target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In contrast to mycobacteria, the importance of galactofuranose for eukaryotic pathogens has not been ascertained because the enzymes involved in galactofuranose metabolism are unknown. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the first eukaryotic UDP-galactopyranose mutases. The genes encoding the enzymes were cloned from two different human pathogens: the parasite Leishmania major and the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The newly identified eukaryotic enzymes exhibit 51% sequence identity, but are less than 20% identical to the prokaryotic counterparts. The sequence identity between pro- and eukaryotic enzymes is concentrated at amino acid residues that are involved in substrate and cofactor binding. Therefore, an inhibitor of UDP-galactopyranose mutase might be effective against a wide range of pathogenic organisms.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1982

The presence of glutamate mutase in a methanol-utilizing bacterium, Protaminobacter ruber.

Cell-free extracts of a facultative methylotroph and strict aerobe, Protaminobacter ruber, could catalyze formation of beta-methylaspartate from glutamate. beta-Methylaspartate formed was further converted to mesaconate. From these results, it was found that the cells of P. ruber contained a sequential reaction system of glutamate mutase and beta-methylaspartase. The level of glutamate mutase activity was almost constant throughout the period of cultivation. When P. ruber was grown on several non-one-carbon compounds in addition to methanol as a sole carbon source, the activity of glutamate mutase was not markedly affected by the kinds of carbon sources.

Amino Acid Isomerases↗

PubMed1979

Mechanism of phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase.

Kinetic studies of phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase (EC 2.7.5.2) for the following reactions: 1) Glc-1-P in equilibrium Glc-6-P and 2) GlcNAc-1-P in equilibrium GlcNAc-6-P have been conducted in the presence of Glc-1,6-P2 and GlcNAc-1,6-P2, respectively. In the first reaction, the initial velocity studies at various concentrations of one substrate showed a series of parallel lines in the Line-weaver-Burk plot when the concentrations of the other substrate were changed at several fixed levels. For both reactions, the initial velocity studies performed at fixed ratios of both substrates showed linear lines in the double reciprocal plot. The competitive substrate inhibition pattern was observed in the second reaction. A ping-pong mechanism is proposed for phosphoacetyl-glucosamine mutase. In addition, phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase can be phosphorylated by the addition of Glc-1-[32P]P probably via the reaction of Glc-1-[32P]P with the phosphoenzyme followed by the release of glucose-monophosphate leaving the 32P with the phosphoenzyme. The linkage between the phosphoryl residue and enzyme is stable in acid, but labile in alkali, suggesting phosphoserine (or phosphothreonine) as the phosphorylated amino acid. Biphasic heat denaturation curves suggest the existence of heat-stable and heat-labile forms of this enzyme.

Acetylglucosamine↗

PubMed2004

Erythrocytosis due to bisphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency with concurrent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency.

A 28-year-old asymptomatic male of Iranian Jewish (Meshadi) heritage was found on routine exam to have an erythrocytosis (RBC = 6.22 x 10(12)/l, Hgb = 19.2 g/dl, Hct = 58.9%). Splenomegaly was absent on physical exam. There was no family history of erythrocytosis. His oxygen dissociation curve was left-shifted with a p50 of 19 mmHg (normal = 25-32 mmHg). Hemoglobin electrophoresis showed no abnormalities. DNA sequencing of the hemoglobin beta globin gene and both alpha globin genes did not reveal a mutation. A 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) level was markedly decreased at 0.3 micromol/g Hb (normal = 11.4-19.4 micromol/g Hb). The patient's bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM) enzyme activity was also markedly decreased at 0.16 IU/g Hb (normal = 4.13-5.43 IU/g Hb). A red cell enzyme panel revealed a markedly decreased G-6-PD level (0.3 U/g Hb, normal = 8.6-18.6 U/g Hb). His parents and a brother were also available for evaluation. Both parents showed normal 2,3-BPG levels but BPGM activity approximately 50% of normal. Paradoxically, the brother showed normal BPGM activity but a slightly decreased 2,3-BPG level. All family members had markedly decreased G-6-PD activity. DNA sequencing of the BPGM gene showed the propositus to be homozygous for 185 G-->A, Arg 62 Gln in exon 2. Thus, the erythrocytosis in this patient is secondary to low 2,3-BPG levels, due to a deficiency in BPG mutase. This appears due to consanguinity within this family.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Use of immobilized metal ions as a negative adsorbent for purification of enzymes: application to phosphoglycerate mutase from chicken muscle extract and horseradish peroxidase.

Two enzymes, phosphoglycerate mutase and peroxidase, were purified by using an immobilized metal ion adsorbent for the removal of unwanted proteins. The mutase was obtained pure from a single column, whereas the purification of peroxidase required the use of a thiophilic adsorbent in a tandem. The capacity was 2.5 mg pure peroxidase per mL gel.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2003

Preorganization and reorganization as related factors in enzyme catalysis: the chorismate mutase case.

In this paper a deeper insight into the chorismate-to prephenate-rearrangement, catalyzed by Bacillus subtilis chorismate mutase, is provided by means of a combination of statistical quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulation methods and hybrid potential energy surface exploration techniques. The main aim of this work is to present an estimation of the preorganization and reorganization terms of the enzyme catalytic rate enhancement. To analyze the first of these, we have studied different conformational equilibria of chorismate in aqueous solution and in the enzyme active site. Our conclusion is that chorismate mutase preferentially binds the reactive conformer of the substrate--that presenting a structure similar to the transition state of the reaction to be catalyzed--with shorter distances between the carbon atoms to be bonded and more diaxial character. With respect to the reorganization effect, an energy decomposition analysis of the potential energies of the reactive reactant and of the reaction transition state in aqueous solution and in the enzyme shows that the enzyme structure is better adapted to the transition structure. This means not only a more negative electrostatic interaction energy with the transition state but also a low enzyme deformation contribution to the energy barrier. Our calculations reveal that the structure of the enzyme is responsible for stabilizing the transition state structure of the reaction, with concomitant selection of the reactive form of the reactants. This is, the same enzymatic pattern that stabilizes the transition structure also promotes those reactant structures closer to the transition structure (i.e., the reactive reactants). In fact, both reorganization and preorganization effects have to be considered as the two faces of the same coin, having a common origin in the effect of the enzyme structure on the energy surface of the substrate.

Bacillus subtilis↗

PubMed2002

Molecular studies in mutase-deficient (MUT) methylmalonic aciduria: identification of five novel mutations.

Mutase-deficient (MUT) methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of organic acid metabolism, resulting from a functional defect in the nuclear encoded mitochondrial enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) (EC.5.4.99.2). The enzyme requires 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin as a cofactor. Isolated MMA results from either apoenzyme or cofactor defects, and is classified into several genotypic classes and complementation groups. These are designated mut(-) or mut(0) (together termed mut), depending on minimal or no apoenzyme activity respectively and cobalamin A or B (cbl A/B) for cofactor defects. To date various studies have identified over 53 disease-causing mutations from patients with mut(0/-) MMA. These are predominantly missense/nonsense nucleotide substitutions. In this study, we report the genotype analysis on 7 patients diagnosed with mut MMA. Five novel mutations were identified (R403stop, 497delG, P615T, 208delG and R467stop) and one novel polymorphism (c712A->G). The previously reported R228Q mutation was found in one patient, who is a compound heterozygote for this mutation and the R467stop mutation. A recently reported N219Y mutation was found in one patient. The 497delG mutation was detected as a homozygous deletion. The remaining mutations were observed in compound heterozygotes, with the second mutation yet to be identified. Many of the unidentified mutations may occur within the promotor or intronic regions.

Genotype↗

PubMed1998

A superfamily of metalloenzymes unifies phosphopentomutase and cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase with alkaline phosphatases and sulfatases.

Sequence analysis of the probable archaeal phosphoglycerate mutase resulted in the identification of a superfamily of metalloenzymes with similar metal-binding sites and predicted conserved structural fold. This superfamily unites alkaline phosphatase, N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, and cerebroside sulfatase, enzymes with known three-dimensional structures, with phosphopentomutase, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase, phosphoglycerol transferase, phosphonate monoesterase, streptomycin-6-phosphate phosphatase, alkaline phosphodiesterase/nucleotide pyrophosphatase PC-1, and several closely related sulfatases. In addition to the metal-binding motifs, all these enzymes contain a set of conserved amino acid residues that are likely to be required for the enzymatic activity. Mutational changes in the vicinity of these residues in several sulfatases cause mucopolysaccharidosis (Hunter, Maroteaux-Lamy, Morquio, and Sanfilippo syndromes) and metachromatic leucodystrophy.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1993

Manganese(II) activation of 3-phosphoglycerate mutase of Bacillus megaterium: pH-sensitive interconversion of active and inactive forms.

The effects of manganese(II) ions and of pH were studied on 3-p-glycerate mutase purified from Bacillus megaterium. Mn2+ ions converted the enzyme within a few minutes from a catalytically inactive form to one that was catalytically active even after Mn2+ had been removed. The enzyme reverted over 60-90 min to the inactive form, from which further activation-deactivation cycles could be elicited. The slow, temperature-dependent, activation, and deactivation is suggestive of change in protein conformation. No other metal ion was found that activated more than 4% as much as Mn2+. Activation by Mn2+ was strongly pH-dependent in the physiological pH range, consistent with displacement of 2 H+. Together with the pH dependence of the catalytic activity itself, the system displayed pronounced pH sensitivity in the pH range 6.5-8.0. The findings suggest that pH changes, documented for forming and germinating spores of B. megaterium, can account for much of the mutase control associated with accumulation and later utilization of 3-phosphoglycerate depots.

Bacillus megaterium↗

PubMed1995

[Omega-(adenosin-5'-O-yl)alkyl]cobalamins mimicking the posthomolysis intermediate of coenzyme B12-dependent rearrangements: kinetic investigations on methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.

Coenzyme-B12 analogues carrying oligomethylene chains (C3-C7) inserted between the central Co atom and the 5'-O atom of the adenosine moiety mimicking the putative posthomolysis intermediate in coenzyme B12-dependent rearrangements were synthesized and examined for their effects on methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from Propionibacterium shermanii. All analogues proved to be inhibitors of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and in all cases competitive inhibition with respect to coenzyme B12 was found. Inhibition constants (Ki) were determined by two independent methods and showed in both cases the predicted trend: the Ki values versus chain length had minima at the C6 analogue in which the distance is about 10 A between the central Co atom and the 5'carbon of the adenosine, assuming a zig-zag chain conformation. This is the postulated distance between the Co and 5'-methylene paramagnetic centers generated in the methylmalonyl-CoA-coenzyme B12 complex after homolytic cleavage of the Co-C bond.

Adenosine↗

PubMed1994

Isolation and characterization of cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase gene from maize.

The isolation and characterization of cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase gene from maize (Zea mays) is here reported. This gene sequence constitutes the first described from this enzyme. The gene spans 5.4 kilo base pairs and has nine exons in the translated region. Canonical TATA and CCAAT and Sp1-like boxes are present upstream of the gene. Comparison with cofactor-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase genes revealed no similarity between both groups of enzymes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

A 1.3-kb upstream 5' region of the rat phosphoglycerate mutase m gene confers testis and skeletal muscle-specific expression in transgenic mice.

Spermatogenesis is a complex process that occurs in successive mitotic, meiotic and post-meiotic phases and involves a highly regulated selective gene-expression pattern. However, this process has not been well characterised at the gene expression level due to the absence of germinal cell lines. We previously demonstrated that the rat skeletal muscle-specific gene for the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase is also specifically expressed in meiotic and haploid male germ cells from testis (12). To analyse the promoter elements that regulate the transcription of the phosphoglycerate mutase m gene (pgam-m)during spermatogenesis, we developed transgenic mice for a construct containing 1.3 kb from the pgam-m promoter linked to the Escherichia coli LacZ gene. RNA analysis by retrotranscription and PCR amplification of transgene expression showed transcriptional activity in the testis with a pattern during testis development that was identical to the endogenous gene. The transgene was also active in skeletal muscle but not in the adult heart in all the transgenic lines analysed. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the 1.3 kb pgam-m promoter contains sufficient sequences to specify temporally regulated testis-specific expression as well as skeletal-muscle expression.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Expression of recombinant human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase: in primary mut fibroblasts and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase is an adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzyme which catalyzes isomerization of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. Previous reports have described cloning and sequencing of a cDNA for human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. This clone does not express an active apoenzyme after gene transfer into primary MCM-deficient fibroblasts and contains several sequences which differ from the consensus sequence of other cDNA clones. We describe reconstruction of a functional MCM cDNA and expression of recombinant enzyme activity in primary fibroblasts and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This consensus human MCM cDNA is capable of complementing the inherited defect in mut MMA and overexpressing an enzyme in yeast with kinetic properties indistinguishable from the enzyme in murine or human tissues.

Acyl Coenzyme A↗

PubMed1997

Investigation of the enzymatic mechanism of the yeast chorismate mutase by docking a transition state analog.

The structure of the complex of the chorismate mutase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a transition state analog is constructed using a suite of docking tools. The construction finds the best location for the active site in the enzyme, and the best orientation of the analog compound in the active site. The resulting complex shows extensive salt links and hydrogen bonds between the enzyme and the compound, including those mediated by water molecules. A network of polar interactions between amino acid residues is found to solidify the active site of the enzyme. The enzymatic mechanism suggested for a bacterial chorismate mutase, that the active site is by design capable of selecting an active conformer of the substrate, and of stabilizing the transition state, is apparently intact in the yeast enzyme. No direct evidence is found to support an alternative mechanism which involves specific catalytic groups, although the possibility is not eliminated. This finding reinforces the notion of a function being evolutionarily conserved via a common mechanism, rather than via sequential or structural homology.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed1990

Fractionation in two-phase systems of red cells during rat development: changes in pyruvate kinase and bisphosphoglycerate mutase activities in relation to red cell switching.

An inverse relationship between 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate levels and the ratio calculated from pyruvate kinase and bisphosphoglycerate mutase activities has been observed in red populations of rats during animal development. Counter-current distribution in aqueous two-phase systems of these cells populations shows a displacement of distribution profiles towards the high-numbered cavities of the rotor as animal ages. Heterogeneity of cells after distribution is only observed during the switching process from fetal to adult red cells taking place along the postnatal stage of development. Values for the pyruvate kinase/bisphosphoglycerate mutase ratio in these fractions suggest the separation of fetal (liver) from adult (bone marrow) red cells.

Animals↗