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PubMed2002

Evaluation of the nutritional characteristics of a finger millet based complementary food.

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), peanuts (Arachis hypogoea), and mango (Mangifera indica) were processed separately and then combined, on the basis of their amino acid scores and energy content, into a complementary food for children of weaning age. The finger millet and kidney beans were processed by germination, autoclaving, and lactic acid fermentation. A mixture containing, on a dry matter basis, 65.2, 19.1, 8.0, and 7.7% of the processed finger millet, kidney beans, peanuts, and mango, respectively, gave a composite protein with an in vitro protein digestibility of 90.2% and an amino acid chemical score of 0.84. This mixture had an energy density of 16.3 kJ.g(-1) of dry matter and a decreased antinutrient content and showed a measurable improvement in the in vitro extractability for calcium, iron, and zinc. A 33% (w/v) pap made from a mix of the processed ingredients had an energy density of 5.4 kJ.g(-1) of pap, which is sufficient to meet the energy requirements of well-nourished children of 6-24 months of age at three servings a day and at the FAO average breast-feeding frequency.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2004

Nutrient utilization profile of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae from palm wine in tropical fruit fermentation.

The nutrient utilization pattern of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from palm wine was studied using tropical fruits as substrate. Starter cultures were prepared by growing 15-18 h old stock cultures of the yeast in successively larger bottles containing pasteurized fruit must. Microvinification, substrate utilization and assay of yeast activity were performed. Soluble solute (SS) content of the juices ranged from 10-18 Brix. Pinapple must had the highest SS content (18 Brix) while pawpaw had a low SS value of 10 Brix. These SS values were low compared to that of grape juice. The wines produced from the fruit must had percentage alcohol levels ranging from 10.6 to 12.6. Volatile activity ranged from 0.25 to 0.32 while crude protein values ranged from 0.58 to 0.68%. Palm wine yeast and all the other yeast strains fermented and utilized the fruit must for growth with specific growth rates ranging from 0.18 to 0.22. Sugar loss in Brix was gradual for all the fruit musts from 20.0-24.0 Brix to a range of 4.8 to 6.0 Brix. Pineapple was highly preferred for tropical wine making. Mango, cashew and pawpaw had equal ranking for commercial scale fermentation though more sugar will be needed to ameliorate cashew and pawpaw than mango juice. Palm wine yeast (OW-11) compared favourably with the other wine yeasts (CBS 8066 and ATCC 4126) both in nutrient utilization pattern and growth performance. A high degree of adaptability was observed in palm wine yeast recommands it for industrial wine production.

Beverages↗

PubMed2006

Equity, by what measure?

Equity has in many instances been framed around the notion of fairness. But the metric used to determine what is fair leaves some people at a disadvantage because the things that they value are not always taken properly into account. If I value mangoes and you value oranges is a measure of fairness based on how many oranges I seek appropriate? If I am expected to give up my love of mangoes in order to get ahead is that fair? The debate about judging equity - about measuring fairness - needs to find the conceptual and methodological space to allow the voices and claims of the other to be heard.

Australia↗

PubMed1999

Incidence of patulin in fruits and fruit juices marketed in Campinas, Brazil.

One hundred and eleven samples of processed fruit juices (apple, grape, pineapple, papaya, guava, banana and mango) and 38 samples of sound fruits (apple, papaya, mango, pear and peach) produced and marketed in Brazil, were analysed for patulin by HPLC. Only one out of 30 samples of apple juice was found positive at 17 micrograms/l. Patulin was not detected in the other foodstuffs. It was found in 14 samples of spoiled fruit samples of apple (150-267 micrograms/kg), pear (134-245 micrograms/kg) and peach (92-174 micrograms/kg). Confirmation of the identity of patulin was based on the UV spectrum obtained by the HPLC diode array detector, compared with that of standard patulin, TLC developed by several solvent systems and sprayed with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone, and by acetylation with acetic anhydride.

Beverages↗

PubMed2001

Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan Frontal Thrust, India.

The Black Mango fault is a structural discontinuity that transforms motion between two segments of the active Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) in northwestern India. The Black Mango fault displays evidence of two large surface rupture earthquakes during the past 650 years, subsequent to 1294 A.D. and 1423 A.D., and possibly another rupture at about 260 A.D. Displacement during the last two earthquakes was at minimum 4.6 meters and 2.4 to 4.0 meters, respectively, and possibly larger for the 260 A.D. event. Abandoned terraces of the adjacent Markanda River record uplift due to slip on the underlying HFT of 4.8 +/- 0.9 millimeters per year or greater since the mid-Holocene. The uplift rate is equivalent to rates of fault slip and crustal shortening of 9.6(-3.5)(+7.0) millimeters per year and 8.4(-3.6)(+7.3) millimeters per year, respectively, when it is assumed that the HFT dips 30 degrees +/- 10 degrees.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Community assessment of availability, consumption, and cultural acceptability of food sources of (pro)vitamin A: toward the development of a dietary intervention among preschool children in rural Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin A deficiency remains a public health problem in Burkina Faso and elsewhere in the developing world. Dietary diversification is a promising strategy that needs to be explored to strengthen the country's ongoing supplementation program. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify locally available and acceptable (pro)vitamin A-rich foods to be included in a dietary intervention addressing vitamin A deficiency in children aged six months to three years. METHODS: A food ethnographic study combining recall methods, observation, and focused group discussion was conducted in the dry and rainy seasons. Thirty-five mother-child pairs were randomly selected and included in the study. RESULTS: The dietary pattern of children was characterized by low diversity with extremely low energy and vitamin A intake in both seasons. The study identified the availability of numerous (pro)vitamin A-rich foods, but these foods are either not consumed or consumed by few in low amounts and/or in low frequencies. The main constraining factors identified are related to financial accessibility (for liver), seasonal availability (for egg, milk, mango, papaya, and green leafy vegetables), and beliefs related to consumption and preparation (for green leafy vegetables). However, the study also revealed that the study population associated all identified (pro)vitamin A-rich foods with positive attributes such as health, strength, and vitamin richness, which might offer an entry point for designing and implementing dietary interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of this formative research, intervention strategies with mango and liver are proposed to improve the vitamin A intake and status of children in the rural areas of Burkina Faso.

Anthropometry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of lipid and 2-alkylcyclobutanones from irradiated foods by supercritical fluid extraction.

The 2-alkylcyclobutanone method was adopted as a European Standard (EN1785) and MAFF Validated Method (MAFF V37) in 1996 for the detection of irradiated food containing fat. As the method requires a relatively long period (ca 2 days) of time for extraction of the 2-alkylcyclobutanones from a foodstuff, a means was sought to increase the speed at which these irradiation markers could be isolated while at the same time decreasing the amount of organic solvents required. Thus, the technique of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was investigated. Results showed that SFE can be used for the rapid extraction (60 min) of lipid from irradiated foods such as chicken, pork, liquid whole egg, ground beef, and from the seeds of irradiated mango and papaya with only 10 mL n-hexane being necessary for collection of the extracted sample. A method was also developed whereby the 2-alkylcyclobutanones can be selectively extracted from irradiated foods without prior extraction of the lipid. The sample extract, in 10 mL n-hexane, is purified through a Florisil SPE cartridge which is washed with 10 mL n-hexane and the 2-alkylcyclobutanones eluted with 10 mL 2% diethyl ether in n-hexane before analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone were selectively extracted from irradiated chicken meat, liquid whole egg, ground beef, and mango as well as from beef burgers and baked products containing irradiated ground beef and liquid whole egg, respectively. Using this method, samples can be analyzed for irradiation treatment within 6 h as opposed to the 2-day period required for the EN1785/MAFF V37 validated method.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

White-faced monkey (Cebus capucinus) ecology and management in neotropical agricultural landscapes during the dry season.

Habitat use by a C. capucinus troop was studied in an agricultural landscape during late dry season (March-April 1994) in northwest Costa Rica. Riparian forests, palm canals and living fence rows accounted for 82% of observations, significantly more than the other six habitats present. The study troop consumed 24 species of plants and five animals. Feeding concentrated on the introduced African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) (33.6%) and mango (Mangifera indica) (27.2%), found mostly in palm canals and mango orchards respectively. The troop rested between 0930-1330 hr and fed and moved between 0530-0930 hr and 1330-1730 hr. Living fence rows were used as travel routes or corridors and less intensively for other activities.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Xishuangbanna of Southern Yunnan].

In the study, an all year round monitoring through lure-traps in 1997, 2000 and 2003 was conducted on the population dynamics of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Xishuangbanna of Southern Yunnan, and the factors in relation with its population fluctuation, including temperature, rainfall, and host species were analyzed. The fruit fly occurred year-round in Xishuangbanna, with a low population level from November to February, and increased steadily from March to July or August. An increasing peak appeared in July or August, depending on the rainfall amount in that year. Afterwards, the fly population declined markedly until to October. Temperature, rainfall, and host fruits were supposed to be the major factors affecting the population fluctuation. The monthly average temperature in Xishuangbanna was in the ranges suitable for the development and reproduction of the fly, but the monthly average minimum temperature from December to February appeared to be lower than the suitable temperature, which was suggested to be responsible for the low populations in the winter months. Rainfall was another essential factor affecting population fluctuation. The population was depressed when the monthly rainfall amount was lower than 50 mm, but increased when the amount ranged between 100 and 200 mm. Under conditions the monthly rainfall amount was higher than 250 mm, the fruit fly population was reduced markedly, which explained the decreasing population in July or August when the heavy rain occurred. Mango, orange, pear, longan, and peach were the main host species of the fly, among which, mango and longan were most preferred by the fly. Therefore, their planted area, fruiting period and productivity exerted essential effects on the fly population fluctuation, and regarded as another major factor affecting the fly population in this area.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The effect of preservatives on the sterility of microorganisms introduced into different fruit juices.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of sterility of some fruit juices post manufacture and to determine how effective the preservatives in them aid the killing of some microorganisms introduced into them. MATERIAL/METHODS: Blackcurrant/raspberry, apple, guava, orange, mango, and mixed fruits were each checked for sterility by inoculating 100 microl separately in tryptone soy broth, Robertson's cooked meat, and Sabouraud broth and incubating for growth for 72 hours at 37 degrees C. Twenty-milliliter aliquots of each juice were subsequently kept in a 37 degrees C water bath and inoculated separately with S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. At predetermined time intervals, a 1:250 dilution of each juice with the individual organism was made and the dilutions were plated on blood and Sabouraud plates for viable counts. Each 1:250 dilution was then incubated along with the plates. The pH of each undiluted juice was determined. RESULT: All the juices were found to be sterile. The growth inhibition exhibited by each juice was bactericidal or bacteriostatic, fungicidal or fungistatic, depending on the type of juice. The p[H of the juices varied from 2.53-3.75. CONCLUSIONS: We found the juices to be bacteriologically free of organisms associated with food infection. Though the juices were sterile, they could allow the survival of some bacteria and yeasts if these gained access into them. We found the orange, blackcurrant/raspberry, and mango juices to be bactericidal and fungicidal, while pineapple, mixed fruit, and guava were fungistatic, though with varying bactericidal activities.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

[Extraction and spectral properties analysis of innoxious ultraviolet absorbents].

Some dozens of ultraviolet absorbents were extracted from leaves of pure natural plants, such as frangipani, mango, and sweet-scented osmanthus. Then the spectral properties of these ultraviolet absorbents were analyzed. The plant that has the best effect of absorbing ultraviolet ray was selected by comparing one with the others. And the method of extracting ultraviolet absorbent was studied. The results showed that the method, which used leaves of mango as material, distilled water as extracted solvent, and alcohol as precipitator, was satisfactory. When the concentration of ultraviolet absorbent solution is 1% (w/w), the ultraviolet ray transmission is smaller than 1% in 200-400 nm. The rate of production is 1.5%. It is innoxious.

Plant Extracts↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Operator contamination during pesticide application to tropical crops.

Investigations to determine dermal contamination of rural farmers during pesticide application to tropical crops are described. Contamination patterns and levels vary according to crop type and height, and application method. Non-toxic model pesticides and tracer dyes were applied to rice, vegetable, mango, cotton and coffee crops in the Philippines, Thailand, Tanzania and Malawi, using knapsack and ULV spinning disc sprayers. Tracer dye falling on the operator during application was measured for each type of crop sprayed. Mean gross dermal deposits of dye were: rice 97 mg/hr; mango 257 mg/hr; vegetables 103 mg/hr; cotton 220 mg/hr; coffee 95 mg/hr. The implications of these gross dermal deposit figures in relation to pesticide contamination and hazard are discussed.

Agriculture↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of bacterial spoilage in some fruit flavoured ultra-high temperature milks in Nigeria.

Statistical analyses of pH measurements and microbiological methods have been employed to monitor microbial activity (spoilage) in a brand of non-refrigerated mango and vanilla flavoured ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk drinks in Nigeria. The mango flavoured milks were more sensitive to changes in storage conditions than was the vanilla flavoured milks. The aerobic bacterial flora in the spoiled flavoured milks was dominated by Gram-positive cocci, both catalase-positive and catalase-negative types. Coliforms and pseudomonads were also detected. The importance of this study to the methods for detecting spoilage in quality control and to the storage conditions of such products in the tropics is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

[Contact allergy to Anacardiaceae. A review and case reports of poison ivy allergy in central Europe].

In Europe, as opposed to North America, poison-ivy rash is hardly known. For this reason a detailed review of the allergenic members of the Anacardiaceae family is given, and the misleading nomenclature of "poison ivy", "poison oak", and some other species of this family are discussed. An up-to-date representation of the chemical structure of the allergenic substance group (denoted as "Urushiol") from this family is provided as well as botanical information regarding the plants themselves. Prevention of this dangerous sensitization and the therapy of this allergic reaction are discussed. The four cases presented are as follows: a young German woman who became sensitized to poison ivy or poison oak while in the USA and showed a cross reaction to other Rhus species (R. copallina, R. javanica (semialata), R. trichocarpa) as well as to Choerospondias axillaris var. japonica and to mangoes; a landscape gardener with an occupationally acquired allergy to Anacardium occidentale; and two control persons giving positive results to skin tests with Urushiol and Rhus trichocarpa respectively, to which the source of sensitization could not be clarified. Tests with three kinds of pistachio and two native-European Anacardiaceae (Rhus typhina and Cotinus coggygria) yielded negative results in each case. Prophylaxis to sensitization requires familiarity with the numerous Anacardiaceae and derivative products to which one could come in contact. These substances, summarized in a table, include mango, cashew and "sweet pepper".

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Toxocariasis. A possible cause of the Palm Island mystery disease.

Toxocariasis may have been the cause of the outbreak of a hepatitis-like illness amongst residents of the Palm Island community in 1979. Baby fruit bats on the island were infected with Toxocara pteropodis, and many eggs of this worm were recovered from mangoes. The lifecycle of T. pteropodis is described and compared with that of T. canis. If T. pteropodis was responsible, the infection could be prevented by washing the mangoes before eating them.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Smoke as a form of personal protection against mosquitos, a field study in Papua New Guinea.

Smoke from burning different kinds of vegetation or wood is often used as a cheap personal protection measure against mosquitos during the evening. To test the efficacy of smoke, a comparative field trial was conducted in the Wosera District, Papua New Guinea. Repellency of smoke from burning wild mango wood (Mangifera spp), leaves from betelnut (Areca catechu), wild ginger (Alpinia spp) and coconut husks (Cocos nutifera) was assessed using man-biting catches. A mosquito species and smoke specific repellency was found. An. karwari was repelled by coconut husks (66% CI 17-86%), ginger (69% CI 25-87%) and betelnut (84% CI 62-94%) leaves. Culicines were repelled by mango wood (57% CI 6-80%), coconut husks (62% CI 18-83%), ginger (75% CI 45-88%) and betelnut (64% CI 22-84%) leaves. For An. koliensis no repellency due to smoke was found. In combination with untreated or impregnated bed-nets, smoke may contribute to a reduction of mosquito transmitted diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Management of childhood splenic trauma--the Jos experience.

We studied retrospectively 22 children who were managed for splenic injuries at Jos University Teaching Hospital between September 1988 and October 1995. Sixteen were males and six were females (M:F = 2.7:1) with their ages between five and 15 years and a mean of 10.3 years. Eleven were knocked down by vehicles while crossing the freeway, playing or hawking goods; seven fell from slippery mango trees after a downpour of rain while two were passengers in a vehicle that was involved in a head-on collision and another two were kicked in the abdomen as a result of assault. All had surgery. Four sustained Uphadhyaya and Simpson's Type 1 injuries while six sustained Type IV injuries. Twelve had total splenectomy, seven had total splenectomy with heterotopic autotransplantation of splenic wafers while three had splenorrhaphy augmented with omentoplasty. An average of 1.5 units of blood per patient were transfused. There was only one death. Considering that the majority (18) of these children sustained their splenic injuries while crossing the freeway (playing or hawking goods) and from falls from mango trees after the rains, we believe that there are preventable causes. Mandatory primary and junior secondary school education as well as legislature against child labour will help keep these children safe out of harm's way and thus drastically reduce the incidence of childhood splenic injuries in our environment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Abbreviated injury scale unification: the case for a unified injury system for global use.

BACKGROUND: The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), developed by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine is the most widely used anatomic injury severity scale in the world (Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The Abbreviated Injury Scale; 1985 and 1990 revisions. Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine). However, different user groups have modified the AIS system to fit their needs, and these modifications prevent ready comparison and trending of data collected in these systems in the United States and throughout the world. The United States currently has five AIS-based severity systems and two AIS-based impairment systems in use, with additional revisions forthcoming. Other modified AIS systems are known to be in use in the United Kingdom and Japan. The data collected in these systems cannot be accurately combined or compared without re-coding or the use of complex "mapping" methodologies. Furthermore, the expanding use of data linked from multiple databases to answer complex medical, engineering, or policy issues emphasizes the need for coordination between severity and other injury systems. Linkage of state-wide motor vehicle crash data with data from hospital injury classification systems, mortality files, trauma registry, and national crash databases brings into immediate focus the lack of well defined relationships between the severity coding systems and these other widely used injury systems (Mango N, Garthe E. SAE Congress, February, 1998; Johnson, S, Walker, J. NHTSA Technical Report. DOT HS 808 338, Washington, DC: NHTSA; January, 1996). With the expanding use of linked data in state and national policy decisions, it is vital that consistent standards for injury descriptions, severities, and impairments be available for clinical, engineering, and policy users. METHODS: This paper compares five anatomic severity systems and two impairment systems in terms of purpose, code structure, and use and discusses the reasons for the differences between these systems. With global "harmonization" encouraging greater sharing of international data, the paper also presents the relationship of the severity and impairment systems to US morbidity and reimbursement and worldwide mortality classification systems. RESULTS: To resolve compatibility issues resulting from multiple injury systems, the authors propose that a "unified" system for global use be developed, configured by inputs from major "data owners," users, and analysts. The proposed unified system has six key attributes: backward compatibility with historical data through "maps" so no data are lost; "scalability" to allow a simple level of use for developing countries, a more complex level for crash research and a detailed level for clinical hospital use, all with data compatibility; the ability to satisfy the needs of the engineering community for injury location information and aspect, and also the clinical requirement for precise injury description; inherent integration with whole body severity scores to permit easy computation; compatibility with other injury data systems such as mortality, morbidity, and reimbursement systems; and a mechanism and process to maintain and upgrade the system into the 21st century. CONCLUSION: The authors believe that a "unified" injury system is a necessary and crucial advance from the currently fragmented injury system situation. Unified data can provide a pool of consistent international data to support a variety of important research and prevention and treatment efforts and is essential to satisfy the global needs of the medical and engineering communities.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗