SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Memory”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Content memory and temporal order memory for performed activities after severe closed-head injury.

Thirty severe closed-head injured (CHI) participants (more than 1 year postinjury) and 30 matched controls completed eight different cognitive activities. Participants' free recall and recognition of the activities provided a measure of content memory. Temporal order memory was assessed with a reconstruction task. CHI participants recalled and recognized fewer activities than did controls. However, the CHI and control groups did not differ in temporal order memory. For both groups, recognition memory was not correlated with temporal order memory. These results demonstrate intact temporal order memory for performed activities in a severe CHI population, and support the notion of separate processing of content memory and order information. Issues related to automaticity and the roles of the frontal lobes in temporal order memory are also discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Environmental influences on primary memory development: a cross-cultural study of memory span in Lao and American children.

Although research examining Auditory-Verbal and Visual Memory Span in adults has failed to provide compelling evidence for the modality specificity of such tasks, Fastenau, Conant, and Lauer (1998) suggested that these processes may be dissociable in children until around the age of 8 years when visuospatial memory span appears to become more verbally mediated perhaps as a function of formal reading training. A subsequent cross-cultural study in Zaïre (now Democratic Republic of Congo) by Conant and colleagues (1999) supported that hypothesis. However, other differences in the sociocultural environments of American and rural Zaïrian children such as nutritional and health care factors could potentially account for the findings. The present study examines the relationships among Auditory-Verbal, Visual, and Cross-Modal Memory Span tasks with 46 Lao and 56 American children. Both samples were divided into younger and older groups, and separate partial correlational analyses were performed on Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) data from each group. In younger Lao and American children, Auditory-Verbal Memory Span was not significantly correlated with Visual Memory Span or Cross-Modal Memory Span, whereas significant correlations were found between Auditory-Verbal Memory Span and these other tasks in older children from both countries. The similar pattern in both cultures, together with findings from Zaïre, supports the hypothesis that the relationship between Auditory-Verbal and Visual Memory Span may change with reading training.

Aging↗

PubMed1999

Standardized memory tests and the appraisal of everyday memory.

Although ecological validity of traditional tests of memory has been questioned, use of these tests remains the standard in clinical practice. More recently, however, standardized measures with more emphasis on ecological relevance have been developed. One hundred and nineteen adults with diagnosed brain injuries completed traditional instruments of memory assessment, the Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery Memory Scale (LNNB-M) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). Subjects also completed the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), an instrument designed to measure everyday memory. Additionally, clinicians rated subjects' day-to-day memory functioning at the rehabilitation facility. Results suggest that RBMT is most accurate in classifying severity of memory impairment as rated by clinicians. The LNNB-M and WMS-R were relatively accurate at classifying severely impaired and unimpaired subjects, but were much less accurate at classifying subjects in the mild and moderate impairment ranges. Implications for interpretation and use of these instruments in rehabilitation settings are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A re-evaluation of the phonological similarity effect in adults' short-term memory of words and nonwords.

The phonological similarity effect (PSE) was studied in two tasks of serial recall, in one task of serial recognition and one item identification task. PSE occurred only in the former three tasks involving memory of order when study items were words and nonwords with an associative connectedness to long-term memory. Nonwords that, according to a reaction time assessment of associative value, were less well connected to long-term memory mechanisms, were not sensitive to phonological similarity. These results are discussed in relation to contemporary models of short-term memory that explain the PSE as a result of confusions of items that are similarly encoded in a phonological layer. This layer is identified as a higher-level phonological space that is accessed by words and nonwords of high associative value and not by nonwords of low associative value.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Validation of the WMS-III Facial Memory subtest with the Graduate Hospital Facial Memory Test in a sample of right and left anterior temporal lobectomy patients.

A number of studies have shown visuospatial memory deficits following anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) in the right, nondominant temporal lobe (RATL). The current study examines 26 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent ATL in either the right (RATL, n = 16) or left temporal lobe (LATL, n = 10) on two tests of facial memory abilities, the Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) Faces subtest and the Graduate Hospital Facial Memory Test (FMT). Repeated measures ANOVA on the FMT indicated a significant main effect of side of surgery. The RATL group performed significantly below the LATL group overall. Both groups showed a slight, but non-significant, improvement in performance from pre- to postsurgery on the FMT immediate memory, likely due to practice effects. Repeated measures ANOVA on the WMS-III Faces subtest revealed a significant interaction of group (RATL vs. LATL) by delay (immediate vs. delayed). Overall, the LATL group showed an improvement in recognition scores from immediate to delayed memory, whereas the RATL group performed similarly at both immediate and delayed testing. No effects of surgery were noted on the WMS-III. Following initial data analysis the WMS-III Faces I and II data were re-scored using the scoring suggested by Holdnack and Delis (2003), earlier in this issue. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a trend toward significance in the three-way interaction of group (RATL vs. LATL) x time of testing (pre- versus postop) x delay (immediate vs. delayed memory). On the Faces I subtest, both the RATL and LATL groups showed a decline from preoperative to postoperative testing. However, on Faces II the LATL group showed an increase in performance from preoperative to postoperative testing, while the RALT group showed a decline in performance from preoperative to postoperative testing. While the FMT appears to be superior to the WMS-III Faces subtest in identifying deficits in facial memory prior to and following RATL, the application of the scoring methodology presented by Holdnack and Delis earlier in this issue does serve to increase the clinical utility of the WMS-III Faces subtest in this population.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Age-associated memory impairment--pathological memory decline or normal aging?

The aim of the study was to determine whether the memory capacity of individuals with age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) over a period of approximately 3 1/2 years declines more, if at all, than the memory capacity of persons without AAMI. Four computerized and three non-computerized memory tests, a naming test, and a test of visuo-motor speed were administered twice. Two estimates of intellectual capacity were made, one at the first examination and the other 3 1/2 years later. One person in the AAMI group (n = 44) developed vascular dementia. The group of AAMI subjects did less well on two of the seven memory tests after 3 1/2 years than they did initially; the control group (n = 18) had lower scores on one memory test at follow-up than they had previously. The data suggest that the memory capacity of subjects with AAMI is not pathologically impaired. The general intellectual level significantly influences whether an individual with memory complaints will be classified AAMI or not. People with high intelligence are less likely than people with lower intellectual capacity to fulfill the AAMI criteria. This suggests that AAMI lacks in construct validity.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Working memory in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: evidence from a colour memory experiment.

BACKGROUND: This paper reports information on the visual and verbal short-term memory of individuals with Down syndrome. METHODS: Colour memory in 16 children and adolescents with Down syndrome was compared with that of 16 typically developing children matched for receptive vocabulary. It was suggested that focal colours should be remembered more successfully than non-focal colours on the basis that the former could be remembered using a verbal recoding strategy. However, children with Down syndrome, for whom a deficit in verbal short-term memory makes the use of such a strategy unlikely, should remember focal and non-focal colours equally well. More importantly, if individuals with Down syndrome have more developed visual memory abilities than control children, they should outperform them in recognising non-focal colours. RESULTS: Although the group with Down syndrome demonstrated significantly better Corsi blocks performance than controls, and displayed similar levels of colour knowledge, no advantage for colour memory was found. Non-focal colours were remembered by individuals with Down syndrome as successfully as focal colours but there was no indication of a visual memory advantage over controls. Focal colours were remembered significantly more successfully than non-focal colours by the typically developing children. CONCLUSION: Their focal colour memory was significantly related to digit span, but only Corsi span was related to focal colour memory in the group with Down syndrome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

A context-specific single contingent-reinforcing stimulus boosts intermediate-term memory into long-term memory.

Following operant conditioning of aerial respiration in Lymnaea, memory forms. Depending on the training procedure either intermediate memory (ITM, < 3 h) or long-term memory (LTM, > 6 h) results. ITM is dependent on de novo protein synthesis whilst LTM is dependent on both transcription and de novo protein synthesis. LTM formation requires the soma of RPeD1 (one of the central pattern generator neurons) to be present. Following activation of a memory, it re-enters a labile state and undergoes a reconsolidation process to restabilize it. During reconsolidation, memory may be updated and/or changed. We add here another consequence of memory reactivation: a single contingent-reinforcing stimulus (SCRS), given in the same context as previous ITM training, boosts a residual memory trace to LTM. Separate cohorts of snails first received the ITM training procedure. In the cohort that received the SCRS 24 h after the last ITM training session, LTM was observed on the following day. LTM was not observed in cohorts that were: (i) given a single noncontingent stimulus; (ii) given the SCRS in a context other than the ITM training; (iii) given a 48-h gap between the last ITM training session and the context-specific SCRS; (iv) cooled immediately after the last ITM training session; (v) cooled immediately after the delivery of the context-specific SCRS; (vi) had the soma of RPeD1 ablated before the presentation of the context-specific SCRS; (vii) received a yoked control procedure. These data lead us to conclude that the context-specific SCRS reactivates a residual molecular memory trace in RPeD1 and boosts it into becoming the substrate for LTM.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

CD40 ligand-mediated interactions are involved in the generation of memory CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) but are not required for the maintenance of CTL memory following virus infection.

CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a key role in the control of many virus infections, and the need for vaccines to elicit strong CD8(+) T-cell responses in order to provide optimal protection in such infections is increasingly apparent. However, the mechanisms involved in the induction and maintenance of CD8(+) CTL memory are currently poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the involvement of CD40 ligand (CD40L)-mediated interactions in these processes by analyzing the memory CTL response of CD40L-deficient mice following infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The maintenance of memory CD8(+) CTL precursors (CTLp) at stable frequencies over time was not impaired in CD40L-deficient mice. By contrast, the initial generation of memory CTLp was affected. CD40L-deficient mice produced lower levels of CD8(+) CTLp during the primary immune response to LCMV than did wild-type controls, despite the fact that the LCMV-specific effector CTL response of CD40L-deficient mice was indistinguishable from that of control animals. The differentiation of naïve CD8(+) T cells into effector and memory CTL thus involves pathways that can be discriminated from each other by their requirement for CD40L-mediated interactions. Expression of CD40L by CTLp themselves was not an essential step during their expansion and differentiation from naïve CD8(+) cells into memory CTLp; instead, the reduction in memory CTLp generation in CD40L-deficient mice was likely a consequence of defects in the CD4(+) T-cell response mounted by these animals. These results thus suggest a previously unappreciated role for CD40L in the generation of CD8(+) memory CTLp, the probable nature of which is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Memory effects of benzodiazepines: memory stages and types versus binding-site subtypes.

Benzodiazepines are well established as inhibitory modulators of memory processing. This effect is especially prominent when applied before the acquisition phase of a memory task. This minireview concentrates on the putative subtype selectivity of the acquisition-impairing action of benzodiazepines. Namely, recent genetic studies and standard behavioral tests employing subtype-selective ligands pointed to the predominant involvement of two subtypes of benzodiazepine binding sites in memory modulation. Explicit memory learning seems to be affected through the GABAA receptors containing the alpha1 and alpha5 subunits, whereas the effects on procedural memory can be mainly mediated by the alpha1 subunit. The pervading involvement of the alpha1 subunit in memory modulation is not at all unexpected because this subunit is the major subtype, present in 60% of all GABAA receptors. On the other hand, the role of alpha5 subunits, mainly expressed in the hippocampus, in modulating distinct forms of memory gives promise of selective pharmacological coping with certain memory deficit states.

Amnesia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between subjective memory complaints, objective memory performance, and depression among older adults.

A growing number of studies have investigated the relationship between the elderly subjective memory complaint and their actual memory performance. If memory complaints can be used as indicators of actual memory deficits, these complaints could be an invaluable test for early detection and management of dementia disorders. This study examined the relationships between the elderly subjective memory complaint and their objective memory performance while taking into account several factors such as health and depression. The individuals with subjective memory deficits scored higher on the depression scale in comparison to the individuals without subjective memory problems. However, the alert elderly subjective complaints should be taken seriously while evaluating for dementia.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Loss of memory B cells impairs maintenance of long-term serologic memory during HIV-1 infection.

Circulating memory B cells are severely reduced in the peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected patients. We investigated whether dysfunctional serologic memory to non-HIV antigens is related to disease progression by evaluating the frequency of memory B cells, plasma IgG, plasma levels of antibodies to measles, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and enumerating measles-specific antibody-secreting cells in patients with primary, chronic, and long-term nonprogressive HIV-1 infection. We also evaluated the in vitro production of IgM and IgG antibodies against measles and S pneumoniae antigens following polyclonal activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients. The percentage of memory B cells correlated with CD4+ T-cell counts in patients, thus representing a marker of disease progression. While patients with primary and chronic infection had severe defects in serologic memory, long-term nonprogressors had memory B-cell frequency and levels of antigen-specific antibodies comparable with controls. We also evaluated the effect of antiretroviral therapy on these serologic memory defects and found that antiretroviral therapy did not restore serologic memory in primary or in chronic infection. We suggest that HIV infection impairs maintenance of long-term serologic immunity to HIV-1-unrelated antigens and this defect is initiated early in infection. This may have important consequences for the response of HIV-infected patients to immunizations.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2003

Decreased effector memory CD45RA+ CD62L- CD8+ T cells and increased central memory CD45RA- CD62L+ CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Although a role for CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been suggested, the precise nature of their involvement is not fully understood. In the present study we examined the central and effector memory phenotypes of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with RA and systemic lupus erythematosus. Terminally differentiated effector memory CD45RA+CD62L-CD8+ T cells were significantly decreased in RA patients, whereas the central memory CD45RA-CD62L+ CD8+ T-cell population was increased as compared with levels in healthy control individuals. Naïve and preterminally differentiated effector memory CD45RA-CD62L- CD8+ T cells did not differ between RA patients and control individuals. The CD45RA-CD62L+ central memory CD4+ T-cell subpopulation was increased in RA patients, whereas the naïve and effector memory phenotype of CD4+ T cells did not differ between RA patients and control individuals. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus the distribution of naïve/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells did not differ from that in age- and sex-matched control individuals. These findings show that peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from RA patients exhibit a skewed maturation phenotype that suggests a perturbation in the homeostasis of these cells. The central memory CD45RA-CD62L+ CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell numbers were increased in RA, suggesting an accelerated maturation of naïve T cells. The decreased numbers of terminally differentiated CD45RA+CD62L- effector memory CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of RA patients may reflect increased apoptosis of these cells or enhanced migration of these cells to sites of inflammation, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of RA.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Memory in pregnancy. I: Subjective experiences and objective assessment of implicit, explicit and working memory in primigravid and primiparous women.

This study investigated the belief held by over 50% of parous women that they are more forgetful during pregnancy and postpartum relative to other times. Comparisons were made between both the reported and objective memory performances of three groups of women (n = 20 per group), (1) primigravid, (2) primiparous (baby younger than 12 months), and (3) never been pregnant, matched on age and education levels. Participants completed a questionnaire on demographic, health, and sleep details, the Inventory of Memory Experiences, and tests of implicit, explicit, and working memory. The groups did not differ on self-rated levels of physical or emotional health, or anxiety level. The primigravid and primiparous groups reported overall poorer memory performance since pregnancy relative to controls. The primigravid group also reported significantly more sleep disruption, with this being a significant predictor of reported memory change. On the objective tests, there were no differences between groups on the implicit and explicit memory tests, but the primigravid and primiparous groups scored significantly lower on a test of working memory. Self-reports of memory change during pregnancy and postpartum may be related to life changes, such as sleep change, and may reflect changed perceptions rather than objective changes.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The cognitive, emotional, and social impacts of the September 11 attacks: group differences in memory for the reception context and the determinants of flashbulb memory.

The authors examined group differences in memories for hearing the news of and reactions to the September 11 attacks in 2001. They measured memory for reception context (immediate memory for the circumstances in which people first heard the news) and 11 predictors of the consistency of memory for reception context over time (flashbulb memory). Shortly after 9/11, a questionnaire was distributed to 3,665 participants in 9 countries. U.S. vs. non-U.S. respondents showed large differences in self-rated importance of the news and in memory for event-related facts. The groups showed moderate differences in background knowledge and emotional-feeling states. Within non-U.S. groups, there were large differences for emotional-feeling states and moderate differences for personal rehearsal, background knowledge, and attitudes toward the United States. The authors discuss the implications of those findings for the study of group differences in memory and for the formation of flashbulb memories.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The generation effect: dissociating enhanced item memory and disrupted order memory.

Generating stimuli at encoding typically improves memory for occurrence (item memory) but might disrupt memory for order. In three experiments, the relationship between generation and order memory was examined by using familiar stimuli, which give rise to the standard generation advantage in item memory, and unfamiliar stimuli, which do not. The participants generated or read words and non-words in Experiments 1 and 2 and familiar and unfamiliar word compounds in Experiment 3. For the familiar stimuli, generation enhanced item memory (as measured by recognition) but disrupted performance on the order-reconstruction test. For the unfamiliar stimuli, generation produced no recognition advantage and yet persisted in disrupting order reconstruction. Thus, the positive effects of generation on item memory were dissociated from its negative impact on order memory.

Association↗

PubMed1990

Encoding information for future action: memory for to-be-performed tasks versus memory for to-be-recalled tasks.

What is the nature of the representation underlying memory for future tasks such as calling the doctor or buying milk? If this representation consists of a verbal instruction that is translated into action at the time of retrieval, then memory should be better when tested via verbatim recall of the instruction than when tested via actual performance. Three experiments rejected this possibility, indicating better memory for a perform mode of report than for a recall mode of report. This was true in Experiment 1 in which subjects saw a series of verbal instructions (e.g., "move the eraser," "lift the cup," "touch the ashtray"), with advance information regarding the mode of report required during testing. In Experiment 2, the advance cue was valid only in 75% of the trials. Memory depended more heavily on the expected mode of report than on the actual mode of report, suggesting that the perform superiority is due to processes that occur during encoding. In Experiment 3, subjects learned 20 phrases depicting minitasks. More tasks were remembered by subjects tested via performance than by subjects tested via verbatim recall. A second part of Experiment 3 also indicated superior memory when a perform test was expected, regardless of which mode of report was actually required. The results were compared with the finding that subject-performed tasks are better remembered than are their verbal instructions, which suggests that the representation underlying memory for future assignments may take advantage of the imaginal-enactive properties of the envisaged acts. Other possible differences between memory for to-be-recalled tasks and memory for to-be-performed tasks are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Validity of the Japanese version of Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test for evaluation of everyday memory function in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease].

OBJECTIVE: To validate the Japanese version of Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) in evaluating everyday memory function in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Subjects were 100 patients with probable AD of very mild or mild stages of dementia as measured by the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Scores of the Japanese version of RBMT were correlated with scores of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive part (ADAS-J Cog) and of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). The everyday disability caused by the impairment of memory function was also assessed with the Memory Checklist (CL), and was correlated with the RBMT scores. In addition, the diagnostic value of the RBMT was examined in 46 pairs of AD patients and healthy subjects; the patients were chosen from the present subjects and the healthy subjects from the participants in the previous RBMT standardization study as one-by-one matched for age, sex, and educational level. RESULTS: Both of the total screening score and profile score of RBMT were significantly correlated with all of the weighted sum scores of verbal, visual, general, and delayed memory tests of the WMS-R and the word recall subtest score of the ADAS-J Cog. Both of the RBMT scores were also highly correlated with the CL score and the memory subscale of the CDR. In the analysis of the diagnostic accuracy, both of the RBMT scores correctly classified 98% of AD patients and 96% of normal volunteers by setting the cut-off scores of 6/5 for the total screening score and of 14/13 for the total profile score. CONCLUSIONS: The RBMT is a useful tool in evaluating everyday memory function in patients with mild AD. This test also accurately differentiates AD patients from healthy individuals.

Aged↗