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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

A confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Investigators have recently identified a two-factor structure underlying posttraumatic stress symptoms through the use of exploratory factor analysis. [Taylor et al. (1988). The structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 154-160]. These two factors, which were labeled as Intrusion and Avoidance, and Hyperarousal and Numbing, are consistent with current theoretical models of posttraumatic stress disorder--PTSD [e.g. Foa et al. (1992). Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: An animal model. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 218-238]. However, the authors of the Taylor et al. study issued caution in interpreting their findings because there has yet to be a systematic replication of their results. This paper presents a confirmatory factor analysis of the two-factor structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms in 217 survivors of serious motor vehicle accidents with varying degrees of PTSD symptoms. A hierarchical, confirmatory-factor analysis conducted with a structural equation modeling statistics package confirmed that the model proposed by Taylor et al. can adequately account for the presentation of PTSD symptoms in this sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. The implications for the assessment and diagnosis of PTSD are discussed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A model of survivors' psychological responses following a residential fire.

Residential fires result in loss of life, property, and displacement from one's neighborhood. It would be expected that grief experienced in the aftermath of residential fires has a significant impact on survivor's recovery and reintegration into the community. Although there is some research on psychological responses to community-wide fires and large scale disasters, little is known about such responses among survivors of home fires that occur episodically. Appropriate interventions cannot be developed until more is learned about variables influencing survivors' psychological response to a residential fire. A theoretical model of survivors' psychological response post-fire is proposed.

Disasters↗
PubMed2006

Explaining medically unexplained symptoms: toward a multidimensional, theory-based approach to somatization.

In spite of the apparent clinical importance of somatization, the concept does not have a single meaning. The focus of the present article is therefore not on scrutinizing existing diagnostic categories but rather on the different dimensions that relate to somatization and on the relevance of psychological models such as social learning theory, stress coping, illness cognition, and self-regulation models for explaining more carefully the predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors of (different types of) somatization. This combined approach could lead to the definition of more homogeneous and, therefore, clinically more meaningful subgroups of somatization.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Imagination and dissociation in hypnotic responding.

A neodissociative model of mind is better equipped than a social-psychological model to deal with the complexities of hypnosis, and of human behavior generally. It recognizes, as Coe's (1992) model does not, that behavior can be more automatically activated than strategically enacted. In particular, Coe's emphasis on human behavior as purposeful and goal directed does not distinguish between goal-directed behavior that serves a purpose, and goal-directed behavior that is performed on purpose. It is this distinction that permits goal-directed behavior to be dissociated from a person's conscious plans and intentions. In addition to offering a critique of Coe's "limited process" view of hypnosis, 4 main points are made in the interest of developing a slightly modified, neodissociation view of hypnosis. First, it is argued that goal-directed fantasies are more limited in their ability to mediate hypnotic responding than is commonly appreciated; as well, they do not seem to account for the nonvolitional quality of hypnotic responding. Second, it is argued that hypnotic ability is not unidimensional, with compliance and social influence more apt to account for the low than for the high hypnotizable's responsiveness to suggestion. Third, compared to low hypnotizables, the hypnotic responsiveness of high hypnotizables seems more likely to result from dissociated control. In other words, for high hypnotizables, hypnotic suggestions may often directly activate subsystems of cognitive control. Consequently, the need for executive initiative and effort to produce hypnotically suggested behavior is minimized, and such responses are therefore experienced as nonvolitional. Fourth and finally, while goal-directed fantasies typically accompany hypnotically suggested responses, they are in many cases more a marker of dissociated control than a mediator of suggested effects.

Awareness↗
PubMed1995

Parental and work role salience, everyday problems, and distress: a prospective analysis of specific vulnerability among multiple-role women.

Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to model psychological distress and physical complaints among 106 working mothers experiencing chronic stressors. Moderator variables included parental and occupational role value and commitment as measured by the Life Role Salience Scales. Both concurrent and prospective relationships were examined by means of a two-wave longitudinal design. A specific vulnerability model was tested by aggregating stressors according to role domains and matching stress variables to role salience variables. The psychological salience of social role occupation was hypothesized to intensify the impact of role-related stressors. Multiple regression analyses partially supported a specific vulnerability model. Parental role commitment and occupational role value significantly interacted with corresponding role-related stressors in predicting prospective health outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Etiological theories and treatments for chronic back pain. I. Somatic models and interventions.

This is the first part of an extended review of the etiology and treatment of chronic back pain (CBP). This paper will address the pathophysiology of CBP, the somatic conceptualizations that have been developed, and the treatment modalities that have been employed to alleviate the symptoms. The adequacy of the different models and treatments will be critically examined. The second paper in this set will examine psychological models and interventions. Common problems to both somatic and psychological approaches will be discussed at the close of the second paper.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Variations in associations of health risk behaviors among ethnic minority early adolescents.

PURPOSE: To investigate patterns of vulnerability and protection factors associated with risk behaviors and the co-occurrence of risk behaviors in minority ethnicity early adolescents. METHODS: Analysis of data from the Research with East London Adolescents Community Health Survey (RELACHS), a school-based study of a representative sample of 2789 adolescents age 11-14 in 2001 (sample 73% non-Caucasian, 21% born outside the United Kingdom). Questionnaire data were obtained on sociodemographic variables, ethnicity, smoking, drinking, drug use, psychological well-being, physical health, and social support from family and peers. Models of associations for each behavior and co-occurrence of risk behaviors (defined as engaging in > or = 2 behaviors) were developed by hierarchical stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-two (10.9%) reported 1 risk behavior, 84 (3.1%) reported 2, and 25 (0.9%) reported 3 behaviors. In multivariate models, psychological morbidity was associated with higher risk of all behaviors and co-occurrence, while higher family support was associated with lower risk in all models. Non-Caucasian ethnicity was associated with lower risk of regular smoking and co-occurrence but not drinking or drugs. Birth outside the United Kingdom was associated with lower risk for individual behaviors but not co-occurrence. Religion and religious observance were associated with lower risk of smoking and drinking but not drug use or co-occurrence. Peer connectedness was associated with drug use, but with increased risk. Socioeconomic status was associated only with smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of associations of personal, family, and environmental factors appear to differ between smoking, drinking, lifetime drug use, and the co-occurrence of these behaviors. Hypotheses regarding common factors related to health risk behaviors may be misleading in ethnic minorities and immigrants. Co-occurrence may represent a distinct behavioral domain of risk that is partly culturally determined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Causes and consequences of harsh parental punishment. An empirical investigation in a representative sample of 570 German families.

This article examines a multifactorial model of causes and consequences of harsh parental punishment. The social-psychological model as developed by Gelles was extended to also include the antecedent conditions leading to rigid assertion of parental power relating to the child. Furthermore, personality problems of the child observable as consequences of harsh parental punishment were included in our model. The conditions which predict harsh parental punishment are--in the rank order of their importance: a child perceived as difficult to handle, i.e., a "problem child"; parental anger-proneness; the rigid assertion of parental power; and intra-familial problems and conflicts. As consequences of harsh parental punishment and rejection as perceived by the child, two types of personality problems were observed: a syndrome named "Conduct Disorder" and a syndrome including personality problems such as anxiety and helplessness.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Training improves acoustic pattern perception.

Pitch changes that occur in speech and melodies can be described in terms of contour patterns of rises and falls in pitch and the actual pitches at each point in time. This study investigates whether training can improve the perception of these different features. One group of ten adults trained on a pitch-contour discrimination task, a second group trained on an actual-pitch discrimination task, and a third group trained on a contour comparison task between pitch sequences and their visual analogs. A fourth group did not undergo training. It was found that training on pitch sequence comparison tasks gave rise to improvements in pitch-contour perception. This occurred irrespective of whether the training task required the discrimination of contour patterns or the actual pitch details. In contrast, none of the training tasks were found to improve the perception of the actual pitches in a sequence. The results support psychological models of pitch processing where contour processing is an initial step before actual pitch details are analyzed. Further studies are required to determine whether pitch-contour training is effective in improving speech and melody perception.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1999

Safeguarding care gains: a grounded theory study of organizational change.

The orientation towards a community focus of care challenges the need for National Health Service day hospital provision for people with dementia, thus forcing day hospitals to reorganize, relocate or close. Day hospitals were originally opened in the mid-1970s as cost-effective alternatives to the traditional in-patient care for the dementia sufferer. Ironically, day hospitals are now under threat because they are considered an expensive luxury. Advances in dementia care have included the move away from the mechanistic model of care (routines and tasks), to the development of the social psychological model of dementia care. This paper examines the process of changes experienced by a group of staff working in a day hospital for people with dementia. Where the staff experienced a period of prolonged change and loss, their perception of support differed from that of the organization. When threats to the future and low support were encountered, defensiveness and risk containment allowed the mechanistic model of care to predominate. The concept of 'safeguarding care gains' was contained in the actions the staff took to prevent further perceived erosion of their care practice.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Clarifying the concept of normalization.

PURPOSE: To refine and develop the concept of normalization. While firsthand accounts, clinical observation, and numerous studies suggest that parents of children with chronic conditions often strive to lead a normal family life, the distinguishing characteristics of normalization need to be understood before evaluating the feasibility and consequences. Conceptualizing these efforts as normalization, researchers have identified cognitive and behavioral strategies used by parents to normalize family life. SOURCES: A total of 33 articles representing 14 studies were selected through computer-assisted searches of the topic from 1966-1997, hand searches of nursing journals from 1970-1997, and analysis of reference lists. Key words in the searches included: adaptation, psychological; chronic disease; disabled persons; family; child; adolescence; parent-child relations; models, psychological; and nursing theory. Articles (N = 19) that applied and expanded the concept comprised the sample used in the analysis. A normalization construct was used. METHODS: Attributes for normalization were inductively derived based on the most recent methods for refining and developing concepts, with special attention to how family and illness affect manifestations of normalization. FINDINGS: The attributes identified in 1986 remained relevant, but required revision and expansion to reflect a contemporary understanding of normalization. Unique manifestations of normalization were identified within certain illness and family contexts. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge synthesized from previous studies can enhance how normalization is used in future qualitative and quantitative research and in theory development. Findings indicate the need for researchers to build on the current state of knowledge and continue to further develop the concept. Understanding the findings can also sensitize clinicians to the complex process of normalizing when a child has a chronic condition.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Citizenship in practice.

The idea of citizenship dates back to classical antiquity. It was originally concerned to address legitimacy of occupancy in the public sphere. Our empirical study contributes to the project of developing a social psychology of the citizen by focusing on the dynamics of such membership, specifically rights and identities. The authors briefly describe a number of existing psychological models of the citizen. Drawing on the main theoretical principles of discursive psychology, rather than asking, 'who is the citizen?' in terms of mental states, we suggest a shift in focus to the more social question, 'how do people claim citizenship and to what ends?'. We present an analysis of private letters of complaint that formed part of a larger mixed data set used in a recent research programme centred on disputes over Britain's newer travellers' rights of settlement. Specifically our analysis demonstrates how some of the letter writers generate a basis for claims-making by making relevant a citizenship/ governance alignment of identities. We also demonstrate how the entitlements associated with the category citizen are built up and action-oriented rather than flowing from the (unproblematic) assumption of citizenship. Finally we discuss how citizenship can be used for the purposes of inclusion and exclusion.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1989

Amygdala, depression and drug treatment.

The problem of the mechanisms of depression and action of the depressive drugs needs theoretical analysis and multichannel investigations. Animal models of depression are important for such investigations. Various neurochemical behavioral and psychological models were analysed in the present paper. Amygdalar model of depression seems to be one of the most important models. The effects of the treatment by amphetamine, imipramine and chlorpromazine on the amygdalar depressive syndrome in dogs were described. The individual differences were stressed, both in respect to forms of particular depression and to the sensitivity to drug treatment.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2003

Dynamical evolutionary psychology: individual decision rules and emergent social norms.

A new theory integrating evolutionary and dynamical approaches is proposed. Following evolutionary models, psychological mechanisms are conceived as conditional decision rules designed to address fundamental problems confronted by human ancestors, with qualitatively different decision rules serving different problem domains and individual differences in decision rules as a function of adaptive and random variation. Following dynamical models, decision mechanisms within individuals are assumed to unfold in dynamic interplay with decision mechanisms of others in social networks. Decision mechanisms in different domains have different dynamic outcomes and lead to different sociospatial geometries. Three series of simulations examining trade-offs in cooperation and mating decisions illustratehow individual decision mechanisms and group dynamics mutually constrain one another, and offer insights about gene-culture interactions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Nonphysician psychotherapist-physician pharmacotherapist: a new model for concurrent treatment.

In the last century the mental health field has vacillated between a biologic versus a psychologic model of the mind. Only in the last two decades have proponents of both views calmly discussed their virtues and limitations. As a result, clinicians have begun to promulgate the concept of an integrated, concurrent psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. While this debate has raged in the psychiatric field there has been a parallel proliferation of nonphysician mental health professionals. Most of these mental health clinicians come from training programs steeped in the traditions of a psychodynamically based treatment that occurs within the interpersonal context. Today more and more of these clinicians compete for the increasing population of those seeking relief. The result of these two movements has been the introduction of a unique form of treatment in which a patient sees two therapists. In this triangular treatment, the pharmacotherapist prescribes medications and the psychotherapist provides the interpersonal therapy. In order for all practitioners to participate in this form of triadic treatment they must appraise themselves of not only the historical debates preceding this therapeutic concordance but of the transference and countertransference potentials. Some patients can have idealizing, magical, and nurturing transferences toward either therapist in the triangular relationship. Other patients can be narcissitically wounded, with a negative devaluing response toward either therapist. Paralleling the patient's transference distortions are the therapists' countertransference reactions. These can run from the omnipotent identification with the patient's idealization to the devalued, distancing response toward oneself or the patient. If these distortions are not checked they can intrude on the treatment, acting out the patient's internal split self-object representations and ultimately sabotaging treatment. Successful attention to transference and countertransference phenomena can lead to an enhanced treatment in which the biologic and psychologic treatments have a synergistic effect. Only then will we be capable of fully evaluating and researching the positive and negative effects of combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy with two different therapists. The outgrowth of this research will be improved patient care by enhancing our capacity to identify those patients and therapists who are good candidates for this triangular treatment relationship.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1996

Patterns of grief reaction after pregnancy loss.

Analysis of three waves of Perinatal Grief Scale scores for 194 bereaved subjects over the course of two years revealed patterns of change different from those commonly noted in the literature. Less than half the sample matched the "normal" model; the rest exhibited non-normal patterns that did not fit the alternative psychological models. Demographic variables and pregnancy history, both before and after the loss, help explain some of the differences in direction of the grief response.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗