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PubMed1987

History of residence and lung cancer risk in New Mexico.

Participants in a population-based case-control study of lung cancer in New Mexico between 1980 and 1982 were asked to identify all locations where they had resided for six months or more. These residential data were coded at the county and state levels and combined with county-level socioeconomic data from the 1910, 1930, 1950, and 1970 decennial censuses to generate indices of time lived in counties or metropolitan areas of different sizes, degrees of urbanization, or extents of employment in manufacturing industries. Urban residence was not associated with employment of male controls in jobs or industries considered to increase lung cancer risk. However, in the non-Hispanic white female controls, urban residence before age 30 years in a county of 500,000 or more residents was associated with a fourfold higher odds ratio for starting to smoke cigarettes. Male and female non-Hispanic controls who had ever lived in more populous counties smoked more cigarettes per day than did those who had not lived in such counties. Residential history patterns were the same in cases and controls; multiple logistic regression showed no consistent associations of the residence history variables with lung cancer risk.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Organochlorine pesticide accumulation and genotoxicity in Mexican free-tailed bats from Oklahoma and New Mexico.

The summer population of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) at Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, declined from an estimated 8.7 million in 1936 to 200,000 in 1974; thereafter, it increased to approximately 700,000 in 1991. This decline has been attributed primarily to organochlorine (OC) pesticide contamination and habitat disturbance. Similar declines have been observed in other populations of this species. This study examined the potential genotoxic effects of OC pesticide contamination on two populations of T. brasiliensis. Pesticide accumulation, frequencies of chromosomal aberrancy, and nuclear DNA content variation in spleen and testicular tissues were examined in specimens collected from Carlsbad Caverns and Vickery Cave, a maternity colony in northwestern Oklahoma, during the summers of 1990 and 1991. Pesticide residues in brain and carcass tissues were identified and quantified by electron capture gas chromatography. Genotoxicity was examined with the standard bone marrow chromosomal aberration assay and flow cytometry. Statistical relationships among pesticide content, observed chromosomal aberrancy, and nuclear DNA content variation were examined. Both populations demonstrated significant levels of DDE contamination; however, the Carlsbad Caverns population showed consistently higher pesticide loads. Males also demonstrated higher levels than females. No statistical differences in chromosomal aberrancy or nuclear DNA content variation were observed among sexes, sites, or collected periods. Positive correlations were detected between brain and carcass DDE concentrations for all bats examined. A significant negative relationship was found between brain DDE concentration and coefficients of variation in spleen DNA content only for males.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

Assessment of urinary metals following exposure to a large vegetative fire, New Mexico, 2000.

INTRODUCTION: In May 2000, a vegetative fire burned 47,000 acres in northern New Mexico, including 7500 acres of land administered by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. We evaluated potential human exposures from the fire. METHODS: We surveyed two populations (firefighters and the general population) in four cities for urine heavy metal concentrations. Reference concentrations were based on the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Multivariate linear regression assessed the association of urinary metal concentrations with smoke exposure. We also performed isotopic analysis of uranium and cesium on a subset of specimens. RESULTS: A total of 92 firefighters and 135 nonfirefighters participated. In both populations, urinary nickel, cesium, chromium, and uranium concentrations were greater than expected compared with NHANES III reference values. No values required immediate medical follow-up. Regression analysis demonstrated that for National Guard members, arsenic and cadmium levels were significantly related to smoke exposure, and for firefighters, cesium and arsenic levels were significantly related to exposure; however, only for cesium in National Guard members was this association in the positive direction. Isotopic analysis demonstrated that the cesium and uranium were naturally occurring. CONCLUSIONS: Some people had spot urine metal concentrations above nationally derived reference values, and values for some metals were associated with smoke exposure. These associations had little public health or clinical importance. Studies of exposures resulting from vegetative fires are difficult, and careful consideration should be given to the technical and communication processes at the outset of a fire exposure investigation. Recommendations for future investigations include testing as soon as possible during or after a fire, and early clinical consultation with a medical toxicologist.

Environmental Exposure↗

PubMed2006

Perchlorate in pleistocene and holocene groundwater in north-central New Mexico.

Groundwater from remote parts of the Middle Rio Grande Basin in north-central New Mexico has perchlorate (ClO4-) concentrations of 0.12-1.8 micro/L. Because the water samples are mostly preanthropogenic in age (0-28000 years) and there are no industrial sources in the study area, a natural source of the ClO4- is likely. Most of the samples have Br-, Cl-, and SO4(2-) concentrations that are similar to those of modern bulk atmospheric deposition with evapotranspiration (ET) factors of about 7-40. Most of the ET values for Pleistocene recharge were nearly twice that for Holocene recharge. The N03-/Cl- and CIO-/Cl-ratios are more variable than those of Br-/Cl- or S04(2-)/Cl-. Samples thought to have recharged under the most arid conditions in the Holocene have relatively high N03-/Cl- ratios and low delta 15N values (+1 per mil (% per thousand)) similar to those of modern bulk atmospheric N deposition. The delta 18O values of the N03- (-4 to 0% per thousand) indicate that atmospheric N03- was not transmitted directly to the groundwater but may have been cycled in the soils before infiltrating. Samples with nearly atmospheric N03-/CI- ratios have relatively high Cl04- concentrations (1.0-1.8 ug/L) with a nearly constant Cl04-/CI- mole ratio of (1.4 +/- 0.1) x 10(-4), which would be consistent with an average Cl04-concentration of 0.093 0.005 ,ug/L in bulk atmospheric deposition during the late Holocene in north-central NM. Samples thought to have recharged under wetter conditions have higher delta 15N values (+3 to +8 % per thousando), lower NO3-/Cl- ratios, and lower ClO4-/Cl- ratios than the ones most likely to preserve an atmospheric signal. Processes in the soils that may have depleted atmospherically derived NO3-also may have depleted ClO4- to varying degrees prior to recharge. If these interpretations are correct, then ClO4- concentrations of atmospheric origin as high as 4 microg/L are possible in preanthropogenic groundwater in parts of the Southwest where ET approaches a factor of 40. Higher Cl04- concentrations in uncontaminated groundwater could occur in recharge beneath arid areas where ET is greater than 40, where long-term accumulations of atmospheric salts are leached suddenly from dry soils, or where other (nonatmospheric) natural sources of ClO4- exist.

Ancient Lands↗

PubMed1995

Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the big bend slider, Trachemys gaigeae (Testudines: Emydidae), in New Mexico.

Twenty-nine Big Bend sliders Trachemys gaigeae (Hartweg, 1934) were collected from Socorro County, New Mexico, and their feces examined for coccidial parasites. Three (10%) of the turtles were found to be infected with at least 1 coccidian. Seven Eimeria spp. (E. chrysemydis, E. graptemydos, E. marginata, E. pseudemydis, E. pseudogeographica, E. stylosa, and E. trachemydis) were harbored by T. gaigeae. All represent new host and distributional records for these previously described coccidians. In addition, a single sympatric western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) harbored E. chrysemydis, E. graptemydos, and E. trachemydis. The latter coccidian is reported for the first time from C. picta bellii.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

A nursing screening program for diabetes in northern New Mexico.

This paper presents the results of a community screening program conducted by nurses in northern New Mexico. Seven hundred and ninety-nine persons were screened for diabetes following American Diabetes Association guidelines. Screening procedures included having participants complete a questionnaire and testing them for capillary blood glucose levels. Initial results found a 5.7% positive screening rate. A large proportion of those who tested positive (80%) were unavailable for follow-up procedures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Diarrheal deaths in children living in New Mexico: toward a strategy of preventive interventions.

We reviewed 26 childhood diarrheal deaths examined by the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator, from 1980 through 1989, to identify circumstances surrounding the illness that might lead to strategies for prevention. Children who died were younger than 9 months of age (88%) and were from minority groups (American Indian 54%, Hispanic 23%); 12 (46%) had seen a physician within 3 days of death. Interventions to avert these deaths include educating parents to seek earlier treatment and health care providers to recognize that acutely dehydrating diarrhea can be fatal.

Diarrhea, Infantile↗

PubMed1990

Toward a population-based assessment of death due to pulmonary embolism in New Mexico.

During a 5-year period (1981 through 1985), 586 of 46,512 (1.26%) deaths in New Mexico had pulmonary embolism (PE) listed on the death certificate. The frequency of death due to PE was mentioned more frequently in the autopsied than in the non-autopsied component of the study (2.4% v 1.1%). This observation, together with published data on the accuracy of clinical diagnostics among persons dying with autopsy-documented PE, suggests that the frequency of death due to this disease is considerably higher than previously thought. Among autopsied persons who died of PE, risk factors and associated diseases are not appreciably different for those who die in or out of the hospital. Important associations with respect to persons dying of PE include male gender, advanced age, serious medical or surgical disease, immobilization, and trauma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Spirometric prediction equations for Hispanic children and adults in New Mexico.

We conducted a population-based survey of respiratory diseases and lung function in a New Mexico Hispanic community, and developed spirometric prediction equations based on data from 576 children and adults. Spirometric test procedures were followed as recommended by the American Thoracic Society. For children 6 through 18 yr of age, we used a logarithmic model to predict spirometric parameters. We used simple linear regression for adults 25 through 80 yr of age. On the basis of exploratory analyses, we excluded adult subjects who were obese, defined as a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or greater. This report describes these regressions. We did not perform regression analysis for those subjects between 19 and 24 yr of age because of small numbers and the inappropriateness of grouping these subjects with older adults for regression analysis. As an alternative to a regression equation for this age group specifically, we propose linear interpolation between values obtained using prediction equations developed for children and for adults. Finally, we compared the percent predicted values obtained from our internal prediction equations with equations from other populations of white children and adults. In general, the comparison equations underestimated the percent predicted values in our population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Comparison of the total antioxidant content of 30 widely used medicinal plants of New Mexico.

Teas made from medicinal plants are commonly used by a majority of the inhabitants of New Mexico and Mexico to treat various ailments including infections, arthritis, heart disorders, headaches, fever, asthma and menstrual pain. However, little is known about the identity or chemical nature of the bioactive substances and compounds responsible for the therapeutic effects of the teas made from the leaves, seeds, flowers stems, and roots of these medicinal plants. Some of the beneficial effects of these teas may be attributable to antioxidants contained in the medicinal plants from which they are brewed. In the present study we collected 30 medicinal plants that are widely used in the Rio Grande Valley and, using a two-stage Trolox based assay, analyzed the total antioxidant capacity of aqueous extracts prepared from these plants. The antioxidant content of the aqueous extracts was substantial, ranging from 27 to 972 micromol Trolox equivalent per gram dry weight. An extract of the leaves of the plant Ilex paraguensis (Mate leaf) contained the highest amount of antioxidant, followed by the flowers of the Rosa sp. (Rosa de Castillo, 804 micromol/g), the bark of Chinchona sp. (Copalquin, 692 micromol/g), Rumex hymenosepalus stems (Cana Agria, 672 micromol/g) and the leaves of Marrubium vulgare (Mastranzo, 560 micromol/g). The plants that had the lowest antioxidant capacity were the seeds of Linum lewissii (Linasa, 29 micromol/g) and Yucca sp. plant root (Amole, 27 micromol/g). It will be useful to further analyze those plants that contain the most antioxidant activity in order to identify the active principles.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1997

CO2 enrichment influences yields of 'Florunner,' 'Georgia Red' and 'New Mexico' peanut cultivars.

Three peanut cultivars, 'Florunner,' 'Georgia Red,' and 'New Mexico,' were grown in reach-in chambers to determine response to CO2 enrichment. CO2 treatments were ambient (400 micromol mol-1) and 700 micromol mol-1. Growth chamber conditions included 700 micromol m-2 s-1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), 28/22C, 7O% RH, and 12/12 h photoperiod. Growth media consisted of a 1:1 mixture (v/v) of vermiculite and sterilized sand. Six 10 L pots of each cultivar were fertilized three times per week with 250 mL of nutrient solution containing additional Ca (10 mM) and NO3 (25 mM) and watered well. Beginning 21 days after planting (DAP) and every three weeks thereafter up to 84 days, the second leaf from the growing axis (main stem) was detached to determine CO2 effect on leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA) and dry weight. Plants were harvested 97 DAP, at which time total leaf area, leaf number, plant and root weights and pod production data were taken. Numbers of pods per plant, pod fresh and dry weights, fibrous root and plant dry weights were higher for all cultivars grown at 700 micromol mol-1 than at ambient CO2. Also, leaf area for all cultivars was larger with CO2 enrichment than at ambient. SLA tended to decline with time regardless of CO2 treatment. Percentage of total sound mature kernels (%TSMK) was similar for both treatments. Plants grown at 700 micromol mol-1 CO2 had slightly more immature pods and seeds at final harvest.

Arachis↗

PubMed2004

Dental disease control in Pine Hill, New Mexico.

One-year results of a community-operated dental disease control project in Pine Hill, New Mexico. The program uses fluoride, chiefly rinse, and has not only reduced the amount of decay in permanent teeth, but has markedly reduced the need for restorative care of primary teeth.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Hemorrhage and shock associated with invasive pneumococcal infection in healthy infants and children--New Mexico, 1993-1994.

From December 1993 through May 1994, four previously healthy children (including two infants) in New Mexico developed a severe illness characterized by septic shock and hemorrhage into the skin or internal organs. An investigation subsequently implicated Streptococcus pneumoniae as the cause of illness. The two infants attended the same child care center (CCC) and died 6 weeks apart. This report describes the syndrome, an investigation of potential transmission in the CCC, and prevention measures.

Child Day Care Centers↗

PubMed1985

Incidence of IgA-related nephritides in American Indians in New Mexico.

The racial distribution of the findings in 664 renal biopsies was studied for the state of New Mexico. The incidence of IgA-related nephritides (Berger's disease and Henoch-Schönlein purpura) was significantly greater in American Indians than in Hispanics and Anglos; IgA-related nephritides were found in 38 per cent of renal biopsies in American Indians. The clinicopathologic presentations of IgA-related nephritides were similar in the three ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

New Mexico safety restraint law: changing patterns of motor vehicle injury, severity, and cost.

The impact of the New Mexico safety belt law on patterns of injury, severity, and cost was evaluated (using an emergency department data base). Data collected from November 1985 through February 1986 compared the 2 months before the January 1986 law with 2 months after. Before the law, 22.2% of the 379 injuries included abrasions, contusions, and lacerations to face, neck, and head. Following the law, this category constituted only 13.8% of 356 injuries, representing a reduction of 38% (P less than .05). Cost and injury severity scores (ISS) for 436 injured patients covered by the law were not significantly different between the pre- and post-seatbelt law periods. However, significant cost and severity differences were observed after the law between belted and nonbelted occupants: +2,569 compared with +662; ISS of 3.6 compared with 2.0 (P less than .05). Methodologic problems of an emergency department-based study and the need for E coding (external causes of injury) are discussed.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1994

Cross-placental transfer of organochlorine pesticides in Mexican free-tailed bats from Oklahoma and New Mexico.

A total of 41 pregnant Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) were collected from Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, and Vickery Cave, Oklahoma, in May and June 1990 and May 1991 for organochlorine pesticide analyses. Residues of p,p'-DDE were detected by gas chromatography in 40 embryos at levels highly correlated with brain concentrations (r = 0.496) but were not correlated mother's body tissues (r = 0.060). Embryonic levels also did not correlate with either embryonic fat content (r = 0.018) or maternal fat content (r = 0.300), suggesting that placental membranes offer only marginal protection for developing embryos against exposure to lipophilic organochlorine pesticides.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Ethical considerations in rural health care: a pilot study of clinicians in Alaska and New Mexico.

To investigate differences in the experiences of rural versus non-rural clinicians, we surveyed caregivers in New Mexico and Alaska regarding ethical aspects of care provision. Consistent with past literature, rural compared to non-rural clinicians perceived patients as having less access to health care resources. They reported more interaction with patients and less awkwardness in relationships with their patients outside of work. Rural clinicians also reported their patients expressed more concern about knowing them in both personal and professional roles, had more concerns over confidentiality, and experienced more embarrassment concerning stigmatizing illnesses. Ethical issues and implications of these results for providing care in rural areas are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Smokeless tobacco consumption in Grant County, New Mexico.

A telephone survey was conducted in order to assess the prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption in Grant County, New Mexico. Systematic random sampling was used, and 1 out of 25 phone numbers were selected from the county telephone directory. One hundred seventy-eight respondents were surveyed. Thirty-three percent of 96 males and 7% of 82 females identified themselves as smokeless tobacco users.

Adult↗