College students' attitudes toward the professions.
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Attitude↗
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Results for “OCCUPATION AND PROFESSIONS”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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[Home nursing in the Netherlands since 1950].
This article describes home nursing in the Netherlands between 1950 and 2004. The developments in this period are described form the theoretical perspective on professions of Andrew Abbott: 'professions are exclusive occupational groups applying somewhat abstract knowledge to particular cases'. In 1950, home nursing was an all-round profession providing home nursing care and preventive care to all categories of patients, mainly in their own homes. It was - and still is - a profession situated in the 'periphery' of the health care system, where care and support to patients with pain, suffering and disabilities because of age or chronic illness are considered as belonging to a separate task domain, relatively independent of the mainly curative activities that are performed in the 'medical centre' of health care, especially in the academic hospitals. Typical compared to other countries is that an extensive network of private initiatives, in the form of Cross Organisations of different denominational signatures, existed in the Netherlands until 1990, covering the whole country with home nursing services. In that year, the provision of home nursing and home help were integrated and most home nursing organisations merged into large, regional home care organisations. In this article, six main social developments are described, that influenced the development of home nursing and resulted in the profession as it is now: a differentiated profession divided into different levels of care, working in an organisational, largely bureaucratic setting of home care organisations, where managers and external regional assessment organisations (RIO's) decide on the care to be provided. They now find themselves in a transmural setting, where boundaries between different forms of care no longer exist, and co-operation with other professionals, such as home helps, specialist nurses, GPs, and hospital physicians, is frequent. Currently, their professional autonomy and independent decision-making regarding diagnosis and therapy is affected, and elements of bureaucratisation and managementism (for example aspects such as time-writing) affect their daily work. However, home nursing can still be characterised as a relatively exclusive and independent profession, solving particular cases in the homes of patients by performing activities that are based on abstract, methodical knowledge.
History, 20th Century↗
Journalism as an occupation. A comparison with the legal and medical professions.
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Crime↗
Why students choose occupational therapy as a career.
To recruit students to occupational therapy, we need to know what prospective students seek in careers. A survey consisting of an attitude inventory was sent to 403 current occupational therapy students with a response rate of 54%. Earlier research identified that students had primarily altruistic goals in selecting occupational therapy as a profession, and this study continued to find that students wanted to help others; however, this was not a predictor of their favoring the profession. A factor analysis of the inventory revealed that students chose occupational therapy as a career because they liked the salaries, nationwide job availability, regular hours, and prestige that is associated with the profession. Students were more positive about the profession if they had experience working in occupational therapy departments, and 40% reported that no specific persons had influenced their career decision.
Adult↗
The 2003 Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture. Chaotic occupational therapy: collective wisdom for a complex profession.
In the tradition of Mosey's (1985) Eleanor Clarke Slagle lecture (p. 504) as a road map to where this presentation is going, I will present a short preface and first, talk about her story and our professional identity; second, use chaos theory as a way to look at occupation; third, introduce you to Charlotte's Web of Chaos; fourth, make some conclusions about chaos and occupational therapy; fifth, do an ending to this telling, and; sixth, do a summary and closing.
Forecasting↗
Power: an application to the nursing image and advanced practice.
When asked to put a mental picture to the word nurse, the image people see is often far removed from the image nurses wish to project. Many see nurses as the handmaidens to physicians, wearing white caps and stockings, and surrendering their chairs to physicians. Others see unflattering images from the media. Nursing's tarnished image is partially responsible for a perception of oppression in nursing. Much of nursing's image problem relates to how nurses perceive and use power. Regardless of how nurses perceive power, it is through power that advanced practice nurses (APNs) will be acknowledged as members of a profession versus an occupation. With a better understanding of power, APNs may be able to improve their use of power to advance the profession. This article presents and discusses power through a review of the literature in order to better understand the term as it applies to advanced practice nursing.
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗
[Occupational damage to fertility in welders].
The aim of the present study is to establish whether there is difference in the quality of the sperm of welders in comparison with members of other professions without potential occupational risks. There were examined 30 welders and a control group of 159 males. In all participants in the study by means of the case history and clinical examination the presence of other pathogenic factors besides the occupational influences was excluded. The percentage part of the males with deviations in the sperm mobility and morphology was significantly higher in the group of welders as compared with the control group (p < 0.001). There were discussed the possible mechanisms which can be responsible for the found changes.
Bulgaria↗
Dynamic performance analysis: a framework for understanding occupational performance.
Occupational therapy is now consistently described as a profession concerned with enabling occupation. A crucial step in enabling occupation is understanding the occupational performance of our clients. Dynamic Performance Analysis (DPA) is a new approach to occupational analysis that focuses on the client's actual performance. DPA, acknowledging that optimal performance is the product of the interaction of person, environment, and occupation, and thus highly individualistic, places the client and his or her occupation, in interaction with the environment, at the center of the analysis process. Embedded in a top-down framework, DPA is a dynamic, iterative process, carried out as the client performs the occupation. The purpose of DPA is to identify where performance breaks down and test out solutions. In this article, the rationale, origins, and basic assumptions of DPA are discussed, and a detailed description of the DPA process together with two clinical examples is presented.
Cognition↗
Commentary: two seminal contributions of S. A. Roach to the evaluation and control of hazardous substances in air.
S. A. Roach was a pioneer in the assessment and control of hazardous substances in the working environment during the second half of the 20th century. The two papers discussed in this commentary are generally regarded as his most important scientific contributions. The first paper (Roach, 1977) dealt with the determinants of the body burdens of toxic air contaminants. Using simple kinetic models, he showed how levels of toxicants rise and fall in the body according to the patterns of airborne exposures received during relevant time windows. This led to several useful rules of thumb, including the timing of grab samples for 'fast acting' substances, the appropriate duration of air samples relative to the biological half time, how to deal with unusual work schedules, and how to integrate exposure assessment with control. He also offered sage advice regarding the meaning and interpretation of exposure limits, the importance of repeated monitoring, and the extent to which unacceptable levels of exposure might be reduced. In concluding this work, Roach emphasized that the hygienist can fulfill a central role in occupational health simply by intervening to reduce the body burden. The second paper (Roach, 1981) dealt with the design of effective ventilation systems to control worker exposure to toxic airborne contaminants. By developing a series of simple differential equations, Roach evaluated the impact of turbulent diffusion upon industrial ventilation. He emphasized that the stationary contaminant concentration was proportional to the contaminant generation rate and that velocity alone was not a sufficient design criterion to control exposures. Rather, he argued that the equivalent ventilation rate (the ratio of the contaminant generation rate to the steady concentration in the breathing zone) should be the guiding criterion for ventilation design. Throughout both papers, Roach used fundamental principles to tie together exposure assessment and engineering control, and pointed the way to a science for occupational hygiene. The profession can still learn a great deal from these seminal contributions.
Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
[Occupational health: a wide open field in the nursing profession].
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Brazil↗
Physical, occupational, respiratory, speech, equine and pet therapies for mitochondrial disease.
Treatments for mitochondrial disease, while developing, remain limited. Therapies complementary to traditional medical and surgical approaches may benefit the patient with mitochondrial disease. The goals of the 'allied health professions' of physical, occupational, speech and respiratory therapies are to maintain and if possible, improve patients' existing strength, functioning and mobility. These therapists also play an important role in helping patients to compensate for disabilities and adapt to progressive symptoms. Novel forms of physical and occupational therapies, equine or "hippotherapy" and pet therapy, use the human to animal relationship to improve physical and emotional health. To enhance quality of life, an integrated team of experts, under the guidance and supervision of the physician, should be available to the patient with mitochondrial disease.
Journal Article↗
Burnout in occupational therapists.
Burnout is a job-related condition involving feelings of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1981a) is the instrument most widely used to measure job-related stress in human service professions, such as occupational therapy. This study explored the application of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for use with occupational therapists. The subjects were 99 registered occupational therapists residing in the southeastern United States. Mean scores lower than the aggregate occupational norms provided by the test's authors on the Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization subscales supported the need to develop specific norms for occupational therapists. Results of this study indicate that use of the aggregate norms would underestimate the level of experienced burnout. Correlational analyses delineated significant relationships between age and Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, education and Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, years of work as an occupational therapist and Depersonalization and Personal Accomplishment, years in the present position and Personal Accomplishment (intensity only), hours of direct patient contact and Emotional Exhaustion (intensity only), and hours of direct patient contact and Depersonalization (frequency only). These correlates of burnout furnish clues for understanding the development of work-related stress in occupational therapists.
Adult↗
A comparison of practice issues among occupational therapists in the rural Northwest and the Rocky Mountain regions.
The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that affected occupational therapy practice in the rural regions of the Rocky Mountains. It compared data from the Rocky Mountain region (Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona) to a previous study of the Northwest region of Alaska, Idaho, Montana, and Washington and expanded on the Northwest study. Results indicated that the two areas were similar in their demographics and problems, including need for more occupational therapists. The results also have implications regarding specialized preservice training for rural-based occupational therapists, other professions' availability of continuing education, and other support systems. The authors provide recommendations based on the results, other literature, and conjectures, for recruitment, training, and ongoing support of rural occupational therapists through cooperative consortiums and distance learning.
Alaska↗
Opportunity, not prescription: an exploratory study of the experience of occupational engagement.
Occupational therapy practice is based upon the belief that the use of occupation-as-means can promote the health and sense of well-being of individuals with disability. Despite a firm commitment to the construct of occupation by the profession, little empirical evidence has been generated which supports the basic tenets of practice. In the psychosocial literature, no studies could be located which directly investigated the use of occupation-as-means to mental health. An exploratory study was conducted with eight participants of an occupation-based, women's mental health group. In-depth interviews and participant observation were utilized to explore the meaning of occupational engagement for these women. The experience of occupational engagement is presented in the form of a conceptual model named occupational spin-off. Occupational spin-off represents conceptually the experience of occupational engagement for the participants in the research study and describes a process of occupation-as-means to mental health. The processes of affirmation, confirmation, actualization, and anticipation collectively contribute to and maintain occupational spin-off. The process of occupational spin-off contributes to an understanding of why these participants have remained out of hospital, and why they are feeling better. Implications of this process model for clinical practice and future research are suggested.
Data Collection↗
Occupation and the relevance of primatology to occupational therapy.
The adaptive functions of occupation during the phylogenetic history of the human species and the ontogenetic development of individual primates re examined through a review of relevant research of wild and captive nonhuman primates. This review suggests that the effectiveness of occupation as a therapeutic medium throughout life span development is fundamentally tied to humankind's phylogenetic history. It is accordingly argued that there is considerable justification to maintain occupational therapy's historical commitment to therapeutic occupation as the profession's primary treatment modality. To support this commitment, questions to guide practice and research are identified that emanate from the primate literature and that are highly germane to the therapeutic process in occupational therapy. These questions address: (a) the relationship between the press of the various environments in which occupational therapists practice and subsequent opportunities availed to patients for engagement in occupation; (b) the relationship between the extent to which patients are or are not empowered to exert real control over their use of time and their eventual development of disabling conditions; and (c) the therapeutic efficacy of occupation as compared with other treatment approaches that are not comparably holistic.
Animals↗
Transference, counter-transference and repetition: some implications for nursing practice.
AIMS: This discussion paper offers an introductory text for nurses and explores the psychoanalytic ideas of transference, counter-transference and repetition compulsion. Disguised case vignettes provide illustrations of the ideas as they might apply to nursing, including professional practice and occupational choice. BACKGROUND: The literature suggests that transference can be a source of creativity as well as destructiveness and influence important communications with oneself and others including the choice of nursing and other health professions as an occupation. Recognizing possibilities of transference, counter-transference along with repetitive patterns of behaviours, can help nurses of all specialities to address situations constructively by responding thoughtfully and appropriately. CONCLUSION: This discussion concludes with the suggestions that we know little about the motivational factors underlying nursing as an occupational preference; moreover, nursing does not have a culture of personal therapy. As such nurses are denied opportunities to understand the possible reasons underlying their occupational choice or gain experiential knowledge of interpersonal dynamics occurring between patients and colleagues. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Transference and counter-transference are thought to have some bearing on all relationships. Forming a natural part of the way human beings relate to each other, transference and counter-transference can bring about sincere human interest, caring and concern. However, there is also potential for disagreements. Recognizing the possible origins of relational difficulties can offer opportunities for professional development to nurses along with the benefits for health service users.
Nursing↗
Is dentistry a profession? Part 1. Professionalism defined.
Individual dentists and organized dentistry alike invariably claim to be (members of) a profession. This label is cherished because it suggests special social, moral and political status. However, almost every self-respecting occupation nowadays claims to be a profession. Hence, the question arises as to what exactly is meant when dentists claim to be professionals and, more important, whether they can justifiably lay claim to this label. Rather than reviewing the manifold and divergent discussions in the literature about professionalism, the author proposes--in this first of 3 consecutive articles--a definition of the term "profession" that is based on the literal origins of the word. Next, it is argued that a profession arises out of a social contract between the public and a service occupation that professes to give priority to the existential needs of the people served. In the second article, the author deduces several professional responsibilities. The third and final article examines whether and to what extent dentistry fulfills these responsibilities and outlines some future challenges.
Clinical Competence↗
The impact of preventive voice care programs for training teachers: a longitudinal study.
The teaching profession puts vocal health at a higher risk than other professions, causing what is referred to as "occupational dysphonia." There is a need for primary prevention of "occupational dysphonia" among the teaching profession, where good vocal health is promoted before a problem occurs. To investigate the primary prevention of occupational dysphonia among teachers, this study uses a sample population of 55 training teachers, in the postgraduate certificate of education (PGCE) course at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, who were randomly assigned to three training groups: control, indirect, and direct. The vocal performance of the three groups was measured at two points over the year of the PGCE course: first before any teaching or training began, and again after the first teaching practice. The training for the indirect and direct groups was provided before the teaching practices. Acoustic and self-perceptual measurements were used to assess the multidimensional outcomes. The results demonstrate interesting trends, that although not found to be significant, are approaching significance. Their voices will be reevaluated at a third point of measurement. The acoustic measurement reflects deterioration from time 1 to time 2 for the control group, improvement for the direct group, and no change for the indirect group, indicating that the training has proved beneficial. The self-rating scores vary in agreement with the acoustic results, presenting interesting findings. The findings of this study will be of benefit to teachers, their educators, voice therapists, health promoters, and human resource personnel.
Adult↗