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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Effects of potassium chloride concentration on protein content and polyphenylalanine synthesizing capability of 40S ribosomal subunits from canine pancreas.

Ribosomal small subunits from canine pancreas were used to survey the effects of potassium chloride in the concentration range from 0.4 to 1.25 M. When combined with 60S particles, the treated 40S subunits showed no significant change in phenylalanine incorporating activity until exposure to 0.95 M KCl. Decreases in protein content of the subunits were observed at high ionic strengths. Attempts to separate dissociated ribosomal protein and the remaining core particles treated with 1.25 M KCl by centrifugation of the salt-treated particles though a 40% sucrose cushion led to the observation that ribosomal subparticles isolated in this manner retained full phenylalanine incorporating activity, whereas centrifugation through other solutions resulted in inactive or less active particles. Experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanism by which the 40% sucrose cushion was stabilizing the high salt treated 40S subunits. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the proteins of the various particles isolated in the study was performed. The active 40S particles contained 23-31 protein spots. The isolation of fully active 40S subunits with fewer proteins than previously reported should simplify elucidating their role in the function of the small subunit.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Diuretic effect of a combined preparation of frusemide and slow-release potassium chloride.

An open randomized crossover study was carried out in 10 healthy volunteers to compare the diuretic effect of a single tablet combining 40 mg frusemide and a slow-release formulation of 600 mg potassium chloride with that of the two agents given in separate tablets. The results showed that both treatments had a similar effect on urinary volume and on sodium and potassium excretion, but the hourly urinary volumes during the first 6 hours suggested that the diuretic action of the combined formulation occurred slightly earlier after administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[The hemorrhagic infarction of the cecum. A complication after the intake of potassium-chloride tablets (author's transl)].

Case report of a 28 year old female patient who had a localized gangrene of the cecum after the intake of Kalinor-Dragées an enteric-coated potassium tablet. It is emphasized that the enteric-coated potassium-tablets have a higher complication rate of stenosis, ulceration and spontaneous perforation of the small bowel, than the slow-release tablets. One should remember potassium-chloride tablet as a possible cause of unexplained stenosis, localized gangrene, ulceration or perforation of the small bowel.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Rare variants of the gene encoding the potassium chloride co-transporter 3 are associated with bipolar disorder.

Recessive mutations of the potassium chloride co-transporter 3 gene ( SLC12A6 , KCC3 ) cause severe peripheral neuropathy frequently associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum and psychoses (ACCPN). SLC12A6 is localized on chromosome 15q14, a region where linkage to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder has previously been shown. Mutation analysis of SLC12A6 was carried out by direct sequencing of PCR-generated DNA fragments in two affected members of a multiplex family, and three non-affected individuals. A case-control study was performed to assess association of variants with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in a large sample. Several variants including two rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (G/A, G/A) in the promoter and 5'-UTR, and a thymidine insertion in intron 4 were found. The two G variants and the insertion variant were co-inherited with chromosome 15-related schizophrenia in a large family that strongly supports the region on chromosome 15q14-15 between markers D15S144 and D15S132. Furthermore, they are in linkage disequilibrium with each other, and significantly associated with bipolar disorder in a case-control study. Our data strongly suggest that rare variants of SLC12A6 may represent risk factors for bipolar disorder.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1977

[Potassium chloride and non-specific ulcers in the small intestine].

Gut toxicity due to potassium chloride preparations is well known, but there is little information concerning side effects of the newer slow release preparations. Small bowel ulceration due to the new slow release formulation is described. As far as the authors are aware this is the first such case published in Switzerland.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

Effect of nimodipine on canine cerebrovascular responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine and potassium chloride after exposure to blood.

The stainless steel cannula inserting method was used to investigate the blocking effects of nimodipine on vascular responses to intraluminal administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or potassium chloride (KCl) before and after application of abluminal blood containing thrombin in isolated and perfused canine basilar arteries. A transient elevation of perfusion pressure was observed initially, and during the course of the experiment the perfusion pressure gradually increased. Nimodipine significantly depressed both transient and prolonged changes of perfusion pressure. Dose-dependent vasoconstriction induced by 5-HT was significantly enhanced, while that evoked by KCl was significantly attenuated for up to 8 hours after the application of blood. Pretreatment with nimodipine inhibited vasoconstriction to 5-HT less effectively than to KCl both before and after application of blood. The proportion of the 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction, which was sensitive to nimodipine, was reduced after application of blood, while no such change was observed in the responses to KCl. It is suggested that the augmentation of cerebrovascular responses to 5-HT in the early stage of subarachnoid hemorrhage may be mediated mainly by changes in intracellular calcium utilization rather than by the increase of calcium influx through nimodipine-sensitive channels.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of a potassium chloride extract of Brucella abortus in an ELISA for detecting Brucella antibodies in bulk tank milk samples from cows.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using as antigen a potassium chloride extract of Brucella abortus strain 1119-3 for detecting Brucella antibodies in bulk tank samples of cow's milk. Three-hundred-thirty-four Milk Ring Test (MRT) suspicions milk samples originating from cattle herds in 13 states and 106 BRT negative milk samples were analyzed. Fifty-four of 334 MRT suspicious milk samples were positive on ELISA; bacteriologic examinations revealed B. abortus field strain was isolated from cows in 15 herds, B. abortus strain 19 was isolated from cows in 16 herds and serologic suspects were reported in 6 of the other 23 herds. Two-hundred-fifty-eight (85.6%) of the 301 MRT suspicious samples were negative on ELISA; field investigations and/or serologic tests on cattle failed to disclose Brucella infection in these herds. Suspicious ELISA reactions were detected in 22 MRT suspicious bulk tank milk samples; serologic suspects were reported in 8 of the 22 herds. No false positive ELISA reactions were detected in the 106 MRT negative bulk tank milk samples collected from dairy herds in 7 states.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Plasma parathyroid hormone and insulin concentrations in cows administered potassium chloride and sodium citrate.

Two age group of nonpregnant cows were used to study plasma changes in parathyroid hormone, insulin, and glucose, and renal clearance rates of magnesium, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus after intraruminal administration of 1.5 g potassium chloride (KCl)/kg body weight (BW) or 1.5 g sodium citrate/kg BW. Magnesium (2.4 mg/kg BW) was simultaneously infused intravenously for 120 minutes to facilitate the measurement of changes in magnesium clearance rate and kidney tubular resorption due to the treatments. Elevated plasma concentrations of potassium from intraruminal infusion of KCl increased plasma parathyroid hormone, insulin glucose, and magnesium levels. Net tubular resorption of magnesium (TMg) was also increased after potassium dosing, and the old cows had lower TMg values compared with the young cows. Plasma magnesium and calcium clearance rates were increased only by citrate, while phosphorous was not influenced by either treatment. These results provide evidence for a relationship between potassium and the endocrine factors, parathyroid hormone, and insulin; citrate appears to antagonize tubular resorption of magnesium and calcium.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of potassium chloride supplements on upper gastrointestinal mucosa.

Eight controlled 1- or 2-wk experiments involving 225 healthy male subjects and one study of 18 patients with hypertension, nine of whom were long-term users of a wax-matrix potassium chloride preparation, were conducted to evaluate the upper gastrointestinal safety of oral KCl supplements. All subjects in the short-term studies had normal upper gastrointestinal tracts. Subjects were examined again after at least 7 days of treatment with one of three commonly prescribed wax-matrix KCl tablets, KCl liquid, microencapsulated KCl, a potassium- sparer , or placebo. Some received an anticholinergic drug with treatment to induce delayed gastric motility. Diet and compliance to treatment regimens were controlled. Results indicate that upper mucosal injury, particularly erosions (43%) and ulcerations (11%), were more frequent after wax-matrix tablets. These changes occurred much less frequently after liquid KCl (0%), microencapsulated KCl (10.5% erosions, 1.2% ulcers), and the potassium-sparing drug (0%). More serious and more frequent lesions were associated with slowed motility. No occult bleeding was noted. Symptomatic complaints did not correlate with endoscopic findings. In the long-term study, patients with hypertension were examined endoscopically after 19 to 23 mo on KCl and again after 1 wk. Six of nine of the patients with hypertension treated for nearly 2 yr with a wax-matrix KCl supplement had significant lesions. One had developed ulceration after 7 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Delayed-Action Preparations↗
PubMed2005

Conservative management of live tubal pregnancies by ultrasound guided potassium chloride injection and systemic methotrexate treatment.

Unruptured live tubal ectopic pregnancies are often managed surgically. Significantly elevated beta-hCG levels in these patients make treatment with methotrexate ineffective. However, achieving cardiac asystole via sonographically guided injection of potassium chloride (KCl) along with systemic methotrexate can improve treatment outcome. We describe the successful conservative management of 3 cases of unruptured tubal pregnancy with cardiac activity and significantly elevated beta-hCG levels. Under sonographic guidance, KCl was injected into the fetal heart to achieve cardiac asystole, and patients concurrently received a systemic methotrexate injection. The resolution of ectopic pregnancy was achieved and surgery was avoided in all 3 cases. Conservative management may thus be an option for patients with live ectopic pregnancies.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed1980

[Effect of methanol, ethanol, propanol, chloral hydrate, and potassium chloride on the stability of rabbit skeletal muscle actomyosin].

The denaturation time (DT) of rabbit natural actomyosin (AM) and of actomyosin thread models has been detected under conditions of storage in the presence of methanol, ethanol, propanol, chloralhydrate or potassium chloride. DT--is the period of time during which, with the addition of ATP, actomyosin preparations maintain their ability to superprecipitation, and thread models--to contraction. All the organic substances examined taken in definite concentrations, were shown to increase the actomyosin DT as compared with the control probes. The greatest increase of DT was observed with the concentrations of methanol, ethanol and propanol being 8, 4 and 2% (v/v), resp. A dependence of the actomyosin DT on KCl concentration was noted. The thread model DT increased in the presence of ethanol--4% (v/v), and chloralhydrate--0.1 and 0.2% (v/v).

1-Propanol↗
PubMed2003

Intravesical protamine sulfate and potassium chloride as a model for bladder hyperactivity.

OBJECTIVES: An acute animal model for hyperactive bladder in rats was developed using intravesical infusion of protamine sulfate (PS), an agent thought to break down urothelial barrier function, and physiologic concentrations of potassium chloride (KCl). METHODS: Continuous cystometrograms (CMGs) were performed in urethane-anesthetized female rats by filling the bladder (0.04 mL/min) with normal saline followed by intravesical infusion of a test solution consisting of either KCl (100 or 500 mM) or PS (10 or 30 mg/mL) for 60 minutes. Subsequently, the 10 mg/mL PS-treated animals were infused intravesically with 100, 300, or 500 mM KCl. Some animals were pretreated with capsaicin (125 mg/kg subcutaneously) 4 days before the experiments. RESULTS: Unlike KCl (100 or 500 mM) or a low concentration of PS (10 mg/mL) alone, the intravesical administration of a high concentration of PS (30 mg/mL) produced irritative effects with a decreased intercontraction interval (by 80.6%). After infusion of a low concentration of PS, infusion of 300 or 500 mM KCl produced irritative effects (intercontraction interval decreased by 76.9% or 82.9%, respectively). The onset of irritation occurred more rapidly after 500 mM KCl (10 to 15 minutes) than after 300 mM KCl (20 to 30 minutes). Capsaicin pretreatment delayed the onset (approximately 60 minutes) and reduced the magnitude (intercontraction interval decreased by 35.5%) of irritative effects. CONCLUSIONS: Intravesical administration of KCl after PS treatment activates capsaicin-sensitive afferents and detrusor muscle and presumably capsaicin-resistant afferents. Modest, noncytotoxic affronts to urothelial barrier function can result in dramatic irritative responses. This model may be useful in the study of bladder irritation and hyperactivity.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed2001

[Relative bioavailability of effervescent tablet of potassium chloride in healthy volunteers].

AIM: To probe the approach by which the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of endogenous medicinal substances can be studied. METHODS: A randomized three-crossover study was performed in 18 healthy male volunteers. In two of the three study periods, a single 2 g dose of either effervescent tablet or common tablet of potassium chloride was administered; whereas in one of three periods no drug treatment was given to allow the nondrug-related (endogenous) potassium in urine to be determined. In each period the urine samples were collected at the following intervals: 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-12, 12-24, 24-48 h after dose. Urine potassium was determined and the cumulative urine potassium-time data were fitted to a one-compartment model with first-order absorption. Bioavailability was represented by cumulative amount of potassium excreted in urine during 48 hours after drug administration and the bioequivalence of the two formulations was evaluated by analysis of variance and two one-sided t-test. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: effervescent tablet T1/2 ke = (6 +/- 5) h, T1/2 ka = (0.08 +/- 0.08) h, ku = (0.09 +/- 0.04) h-1, Xmax/f = (18 +/- 8) mmol; common tablet T1/2 ke = (8 +/- 5) h, T1/2 ka = (0.11 +/- 0.11) h, ku = (0.07 +/- 0.04) h-1, Xmax/f = (18 +/- 8) mmol. Relative bioavailability of effervescent tablet was 97.5% +/- 15.2% compared with common tablet. CONCLUSION: The two formulations were of bioequivalence. The methods used in this study might be applicable to other similar studies involving endogenous medicinal substances.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The effect of hydrogen peroxide on hypoxia, prostaglandin F2 alpha and potassium chloride induced contractions in isolated rat pulmonary arteries.

We have investigated the action of the product of the enzyme NADPH oxidase; hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), on the first phase of the hypoxic contraction, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha)-induced contractions and potassium chloride (KCl)-induced contractions, in isolated rat pulmonary arteries in a wire myograph. Both concentrations of H2O2 (0.03 and 0.5 mM) produced initial contractions, and the higher concentration of H2O2 produced a significant inhibition of both the priming concentration of PGF2 alpha (5 microM) and the hypoxic contraction (P < 0.01 for both contractions). These effects were shown to be reversible, with contractions of a similar size to control values being seen to both PGF2 alpha (5 microM) and hypoxia following washout of H2O2 (P > 0.1 for both contractions). H2O2 (0.03 mM) was shown to have no significant effect upon either contraction (P > 0.1 for both contractions). H2O2 (0.5 mM) was also shown to have a significant inhibitory effect upon the efficacy (Emax) of the PGF2 alpha and KCl concentration-response curves (P < 0.01 for both contractions). This inhibition was again shown to be reversible. The higher concentration of H2O2 (0.5 mM) is clearly shown to be having a dual action, producing an initial contraction followed by inhibition of contractions to both PGF2 alpha and KCl. The mechanism by which H2O2 produces vasoconstriction is unclear, but it is suggested that H2O2 may inhibit the release of Ca2+ ions from intracellular stores as this is a common link between the modes of action of these two contractile agents. In addition to this, as an elevation in intracellular Ca2+ from intracellular stores appears to be a prerequisite for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), then this apparent mode of action of H2O2 could play an important role in the regulation of HPV and suggests a possible role for NADPH oxidase or a similar oxidoreductase as an oxygen sensor.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Transvaginal injection of potassium chloride and methotrexate for the treatment of tubal pregnancy with a live fetus.

A case of ectopic pregnancy with a gestational sac in the right tube of 25 mm diameter and beating fetal heart was treated conservatively by transvaginal, ultrasonically guided injection of potassium chloride and methotrexate. Serum levels of beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin returned to normal in 42 days and the tubal mass collapsed gradually and resolved in 7 weeks.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Inadvertent epidural administration of potassium chloride. A case report.

A 24-year-old black female presented for repeat elective Caesarean section. The procedure was performed under epidural anaesthesia. Sufentanil 25 micrograms, intended for postoperative analgesia, was inadvertently diluted to 10 ml with 15 per cent potassium chloride (KCl) instead of preservative-free normal saline (0.9 per cent NaCl). This solution was then injected via an epidural catheter into the epidural space at the conclusion of surgery. Two hours after injection of the sufetanil-KCl mixture, the patient had a level of sensory blockade to T1 and diaphoresis above this level. Painful muscle spasms had also developed below T1. One hour later she developed hypertension which required hydralazine 10 mg and labetalol 25 mg IV for treatment. The patient was treated supportively with oxygen. Dexamethasone 10 mg was administered intravenously to reduce spinal cord oedema. Intravenous diazepam 10 mg and meperidine 75 mg were given for sedation and analgesia. Complete recovery occurred within 12 hours.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Comparative effects of potassium chloride and bicarbonate on thiazide-induced reduction in urinary calcium excretion.

BACKGROUND: The chronic low-grade metabolic acidosis that occurs in various renal disorders and in normal people, and that is related both to dietary net acid load and age-related renal functional decline, may contribute to osteoporosis by increasing urine calcium excretion. Administration of potassium (K) alkali salts neutralizes acid and lowers urine calcium excretion. Urine calcium excretion also can be reduced by the administration of thiazide diuretics, which are often given with supplemental K to avoid hypokalemia. We determined whether the K alkali salt potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) and the thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) combined is more effective in reducing urinary calcium than KHCO3 alone or HCTZ combined with the conventionally coadministered nonalkalinizing K salt potassium chloride (KCl). METHODS: Thirty-one healthy men and women aged 50 or greater were recruited for a four-week, double-blind, randomized study. After a baseline period of 10 days with three 24-hour urine and arterialized blood collections, subjects were randomized to receive either HCTZ (50 mg) plus potassium (60 mmol daily) as either the chloride or bicarbonate salt. Another 19 women received potassium bicarbonate (60 mmol) alone. After two weeks, triplicate collections of 24-hour urines and arterialized bloods were repeated. RESULTS: Urinary calcium excretion decreased significantly in all groups. KHCO3 alone and HCTZ + KCl induced similar decreases (-0.70 +/- 0.60 vs. -0.80 +/- 1. 0 mmol/day, respectively). Compared with those treatments, the combination of HCTZ + KHCO3 induced more than a twofold greater decrease in urinary calcium excretion (-1.8 +/- 1.2 mmol/day, P < 0. 05). Both HCTZ + KHCO3 and KHCO3 alone reduced net acid excretion significantly (P < 0.05) to values of less than zero. CONCLUSIONS: KHCO3 was superior to KCl as an adjunct to HCTZ, inducing a twofold greater reduction in urine calcium excretion, and completely neutralizing endogenous acid production so as to correct the pre-existing mild metabolic acidosis that an acid-producing diet usually induces in older people. Accordingly, for reducing urine calcium excretion in stone disease and osteoporosis, the combination of HCTZ + KHCO3 may be preferable to that of HCTZ + KCl.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗