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PubMed1977

A cellulose acetate membrane precipitin (CAP) test for amoebiasis.

A simple precipitin test (CAP) using cellulose acetate membrane has been devised and evaluated against the gel diffusion precipitin (GDP) test. In 251 sera tested by both methods, the CAP was never negative when the GDP was positive (110 sera). 34 sera were negative by the GDP but positive by the CAP; in all of these the patients either had a past history of amoebiasis or were considered to have active amoebiasis. The CAP is technically very simple, the result is available within four and a half hours, and the membranes can be impregnated with antigen and stored for several months. The CAP is slightly more sensitive than the GDP and remains positive longer after the patient has been cured; it seems to be equally specific.

Amebiasis↗
PubMed1973

California arbovirus (La Crosse) infections. II. Precipitin antibody tests for the diagnosis of California encephalitis.

Precipitin antibodies to California group arboviruses were studied by double agar gel immunodiffusion (ID) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CEP). Forty children with California encephalitis (CE), 12 patients with other forms of meningoencephalitis, and 120 residents of endemic CE areas were tested. Precipitin antibodies were detected only in the 40 patients with CE, whereas hemagglutination-inhibiting, neutralizing, and complement-fixing antibodies were also found in persons without a history of CE. Precipitin antibodies did not persist for more than a year, in contrast to the other three antibodies which may be detected for 2 or more years. Of the children with CE, 36% had precipitin antibodies in their acute sera by CEP and 44% by ID. Precipitin responses were subtype-specific, and the patients reacted most strongly with La Crosse virus. The results indicated that precipitin techniques would be useful for the early detection of CE in some patients and that the presence of precipitin antibodies in a patient with acute central nervous system infection is strongly suggestive of CE. In addition, precipitin tests can be used to distinguish the California subtype responsible for CE in a given area.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

Schistosomiasis japonica in Barrio San Antonia, Basey Samar, in the Philippines: III. The plasma circumoval precipitin test-procedure and use in epidemiologic studies.

A plasma circumoval precipitin test is proposed as the basic diagnostic tool for epidemiologic studies on schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines. The collection of plasma, the preparation of the COP test slide, and the reading and interpretation of results are described in detail with pertinent comments. The cost, advantages and usefulness of the test are also discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of commercial latex agglutination reagents for grouping streptococci.

A total of 155 strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci were serologically grouped by conventional techniques (Lancefield extraction and capillary precipitin testing) and by latex agglutination (LA). Agreement between conventional and LA techniques was 97% when the instructions of the manufacturer for the LA technique were followed. Agreement of 99% was obtained when modified autoclave extracts were used as antigens in the LA procedure. A total of 82 strains of non-beta-hemolytic streptococci were also tested by conventional, prescribed LA, and modified autoclave procedures. The agreement between conventional techniques and both LA procedures was 76%. However, when serological cross-reactions in the conventional grouping procedures were considered as errors, the accuracy of identification of both LA procedures was 88% among the non-beta-hemolytic strains. Of 13 strains of Streptococcus bovis, 10 did not react with the LA group D reagent but were serogroup D by conventional techniques. More S. bovis strains were grouped by the LA technique when extracts of 20 ml of broth cultures were used as antigens; however, cross-reactions were observed with non-group D strains when this technique was applied to them.

Hemolysis↗
PubMed1980

Potential health hazards of the water resources development: a health survey in the Phitsanulok Irrigation Project, Nan River Basin, Northern Thailand.

A health survey was carried out among residents of 33 villages under the Phitsanulok Irrigation Project Area, Nan River Basin, Northern Thailand, whereby general health conditions were examined including intradermal tests for schistosomiasis japonica, stools for intestinal parasites and sera tested by circumoval precipitin test for antibodies to S. japonicum and by agglutination test for leptospiral infection. Health investigations revealed that 913 (60.9%) of 1,499 people examined had experienced gastro-intestinal disorders, 254 (17%) had poor oral hygiene and a few had mild anemia. 799 (62%) of 1,298 examined had intestinal parasites. Hookworm (45%) was most common, followed by Opisthorchis viverrini (20%), Entamoeba coli (10%), Ascaris lumbricoides (6%), intestinal flukes (2%), Enterobius vermicularis (1%) and Giardia lamblia (1%). 149 (10%) of 1,422 people gave positive skin reaction to crude S. japonicum antigen. Circumoval precipitin test was strongly positive in 7 (1.6%) persons out of 449 tested for schistosome infection and 6 (4.0%) out of 1,358 people were positive for leptospiral infection. The significant endemic diseases as potential health problems in this water resources development are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The quantitation of antibody in farmer's lung syndrome using a radioimmunoassay. Results of a clinical survey and comparison of three serological methods.

Three serological tests for antibody to Micropolyspora faeni, the precipitin test (Ouchterlony double diffusion test in two dimensions) the fluorescent antibody test (double-layer technique using patient's serum in middle layer) and a quantitative radioimmunoassay for IgG antibody were applied to cases of farmer's lung syndrome and compared as to their value in diagnosis and management of these cases. Of twenty-one cases with clinical symptoms only ten (48%) had positive precipitin tests, while all (100%) showed a positive fluorescent antibody test. Sixteen (76-4%) were found by the radioimmunoassay to have antibody in excess of the normal controls. The remaining five cases with symptoms had a range of antibody levels which overlapped with those of symptom-free individuals (with sera negative to fluorescent antibody tests). The precipitin test was positive above a level of 75 mug/ml of IgG antibody as determined by the radioimmunoassay, whilst the cases judged by the fluorescent antibody test to be positive were all above a level of 35 mug/ml of IgG antibody. Application of the radioimmunoassay to a group of farmers in the West of Scotland successfully detected high antibody levels in all with clinical evidence of farmer's lung syndrome; farmers who were symptom-free also had measurable antibody. The advantages of a quantitative test for antibody levels in the management of cases of this disease are discussed.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1988

Epidemiologic studies on schistosomiasis japonica in a newly found habitat of Oncomelania snails in Japan.

Epidemiologic studies' on schistosomiasis japonica were carried out in the Obitsu River basin of central Boso Peninsula, a newly found habitat of Oncomelania snails in Japan. Forty-five (4.1%) of 1,102 schoolchildren and 64 (10.4%) of 618 junior high school students were positive for the skin test with veronal buffered saline-extracted Schistosoma japonicum antigen. None was positive by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, complement fixation test, double diffusion test in agar, and circumoval precipitin test. About one fifth of 356 adult inhabitants showed positive reactions in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and complement fixation test as well as in the skin test, although only 25 individuals (7%) were positive for the circumoval precipitin test. All of 70 individuals who had shown positive reactions in at least two of the immunological tests were negative for a series of 5 stool examinations with the AMS III method. Release of S.japonicum cercariae was not observed in 15,000 O. hupensis nosophora collected in this area. Repeated examinations by dipping mice into irrigation ditches were negative. These observations, with the fact that all of 15 patients reported from nearby hospitals to have schistosome eggs in their tissues were over 45 years old, suggest that schistosomiasis has become a disease of the past in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Late asthmatic reactions to inhalation of fractions from extracts of Candida albicans and Asperguillus fumigatus.

To investigate the mechanism of late respiratory reactions after exposure to extracts of C.albicans and A.fumigatus, patients with asthma were studied with skin tests, inhalation tests and serologic tests including precipitin tests, using purified polysaccharide fraction (PS) and protein fraction (P). Thirty five inhalation tests in 30 patients separated reactors with late onset into two groups, 7 patients with precipitins, intermediate dermal and respiratory reactions, and 10 patients with delayed skin reaction and delayed dyspnea. Exposure to PS could elicit immediate and intermediate respiratory reactions but not delayed reactions, which had been observed after exposure to Prut or crude extract, suggesting that the delayed respiratory reactions observed were immunologically different from those caused by Arthustype allergy. Skin test with PS elicited immediate, intermediate, or both reactions, and those with P evoked immediate, intermediate, or delayed reactions or some combinations of these. The same relationship of purified fractions to patterns of skin reactions as well as respiratory reactions existed in guinea pigs immunized with C.albicans. Taking the results to animal experiments into consideration it would appear that some of the late responses after exposure to Prot or crude extract of C.albicans and A.fumigatus were due to allergic mechanism of the delayed type.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Cellulose acetate membrane precipitin (CAP)test in amoebiasis using antigens from four different strains of Entamoeba histolytica.

A simple cellulose acetate membrane precipitin (CAP) test was evaluated against immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) test using saline extract from 4 different strains (HK-9, HT-10, HT-12 and HT-31) of axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica as the antigens. All 81 sera from patients with amoebic liver abscess were positive in the IEP against the antigens from all 4 strains. With the CAP test the number positive against antigens from HK-9, HT-10, HT-12 and HT-31 were 79,77,79 and 71 respectively Sera from 100 blood donors were negative by both IEP and CAP tests against antigens from all 4 strains. Comparison between the number of precipitating bands demonstrated by either IEP or CAP test showed that strain HT-12 was the best source of antigen in exhibiting significantly more number of precipitating bands, strain HT-31 was the poorest. The strain HT-10 was comparatively superior to strain HT-31 in the CAP test whereas in the IEP test strain HK-9 and HT-31 were both inferior to strain HT-10.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1991

Fleas as an allergen in Egyptian asthmatic patients.

Fleas are widely distributed and partially host specific ectoparasites of man and animal. The aim of this work was to study the role of fleas as one of the causative allergens of bronchial asthma in Egyptian patients. Two flea extract antigens were locally prepared. The first from the head and the salivary glands and the second from the abdomen. The sensitivity of the first antigen (head and salivary glands) was evaluated among a known group of flea bite allergic individuals and normal control group using two dilutions 1/50 and 1/100, and proved to be sensitive. Regarding bronchial asthma and fleas, two groups of individuals were examined, asthmatic patients and control ones, using flea extract antigen and common inhalant antigens as skin test as well as precipitin test using flea extract antigen. This test was done by prick method using the routine allergens (house dust, cotton dust, mixed mould, mixed pollens, cat hair, dog hair, wool, feather) and also with locally prepared two flea extracts: one was prepared from the head and salivary glands, the second was prepared from the abdomen. Out of these sixty asthmatic patients, only six (10%) gave positive skin reactions to the antigens of fleas extract. All the control gave negative skin reaction. The precipitin test using the double immuno diffusion method gave positive results with one case who showed reaction to flea extract skin antigen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Circumoval precipitin (COP) test using air-dried eggs of Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni.

In an attempt to establish a simplified circumoval precipitin (COP) test for the diagnostic purpose of schistosomiasis, air-dried eggs of both Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni were tested as antigens for this assay. Twenty-six sera from mice infected with S. japonicum showed positive COP reactions as assessed by air-dried eggs. Among 36 serum samples from patients with schistosomiasis japonica, five exhibited false negative reaction when assessed with air-dried eggs and showed a minimum level of COP reaction when assessed with lyophilized eggs. Similarly, all of 30 serum samples from jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) infected with S. mansoni gave positive COP reaction when assessed using air-dried egg. Diagnostic sensitivity of air-dried egg-system was comparable to those of fresh egg-or lyophilized egg-systems. A simple COP technique employing air-dried eggs, instead of lyophilized or fresh ones, would be thus useful for the serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis in local endemic areas, where sophisticated laboratory facilities are not available.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A comparison of competitive enzyme immunoassay and precipitin inhibition tests in the analysis of polysaccharide antigenic determinants of oral streptococci.

A rapid and convenient method of competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was explored for the immunological analysis by MAbs of polysaccharide antigens prepared from the mutans group of streptococci, and optimal conditions for it were established. These included the concentrations of antigen, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and labelled antibody, temperature, pH and reaction time. The results were compared with those obtained by precipitin inhibition tests using the classical quantitative precipitin reaction, and they were found to be consistent with the latter method. It was concluded that the EIA system can be extended to the immunological study of polysaccharide antigens of oral streptococci using MAbs which perform poorly in precipitation reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Improved diagnostic accuracy using monoclonal antibody group A streptococcal carbohydrate.

Monoclonal mouse antibody to streptococcal group A carbohydrate was evaluated in diagnostic microbiology laboratory. A total of 262 isolates of beta-hemolytic streptococci were classified with commercial reagents and the monoclonal antibody to group A carbohydrate by using immunofluorescence and Lancefield precipitin tests. Both nonoclonal and commercial antibodies were identifically reactive by the precipitin test but significantly different by immunofluroescence. Monoclonal antibody gave the same reactivity as seen in the precipitin test, but commercial antibodies gave both false-positive and false-negative results. These results suggest that monoclonal reagents may be superior to conventional antisera.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A rapid staphylococcal coagglutination technic to differentiate group A from other streptococcal groups.

A rapid staphylococcal coagglutination technic for differentiating group A from other streptococcal groups properly classified 500 isolates of beta-hemolytic streptococci when compared with the results of a reference capillary precipitin test. Presumptive classification of the same 500 isolates by bacitracin susceptibility produced a significant number of incorrect identifications. The findings further document the inherent inaccuracy of the bacitracin susceptibility test and suggest that the staphylococcal coagglutination technic may be a simple, accurate, inexpensive alternative for identification of group A streptococci.

Agglutination Tests↗