PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Pain Perception”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

The effects of induced anxiety on pain perception: a signal detection analysis.

This investigation assessed the effects of induced anxiety on pain perception. Anxiety was documented by self-report verbal indices and physiological indices. Measurement procedures bases on signal detection theory were employed to separate discriminability and response bias in reporting pain. The major finding of the study was that induced anxiety, as defined by the combination of physiological and verbal indices, decreases pain sensitivity and the tendency to report sensations as painful. However, induced anxiety as defined by less stringent criteria (i.e., physiological or verbal indices alone), decreased discriminability, but not response bias, and the decrease was less than in patients who were defined as anxious by the more comprehensive criteria. The importance of documenting anxiety independently of the experimental manipulation and the value of using pain stimuli producing sensations similar to clinical pain is discussed.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of pain perception of elderly African Americans and Caucasians.

This study explored the differences and similarities in pain perception reported by 32 elderly African Americans and 32 elderly Caucasian subjects. Using the McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire, the study revealed that both groups chose the word nagging most frequently to describe their pain. A 2 by 2 analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant difference between the subjects in terms of the present pain intensity (PPI) (F = 6.30, df = 1, P = .015). Pearson's Product Moment Correlation revealed a moderate correlation (r = .36, P = .01) between PPI and ethnicity.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Genetic basis for individual variations in pain perception and the development of a chronic pain condition.

Pain sensitivity varies substantially among humans. A significant part of the human population develops chronic pain conditions that are characterized by heightened pain sensitivity. We identified three genetic variants (haplotypes) of the gene encoding catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT) that we designated as low pain sensitivity (LPS), average pain sensitivity (APS) and high pain sensitivity (HPS). We show that these haplotypes encompass 96% of the human population, and five combinations of these haplotypes are strongly associated (P=0.0004) with variation in the sensitivity to experimental pain. The presence of even a single LPS haplotype diminishes, by as much as 2.3 times, the risk of developing myogenous temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), a common musculoskeletal pain condition. The LPS haplotype produces much higher levels of COMT enzymatic activity when compared with the APS or HPS haplotypes. Inhibition of COMT in the rat results in a profound increase in pain sensitivity. Thus, COMT activity substantially influences pain sensitivity, and the three major haplotypes determine COMT activity in humans that inversely correlates with pain sensitivity and the risk of developing TMD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[The brain and the pain: neurotransmitters and neuronal pathways of pain perception and response].

The pain, an unpleasant feeling, induces several central nervous system mechanisms, like sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective activities, behavioral changes and it activates various responses, including antinociceptive actions. Accordingly, signals from the nociceptive neurons in the spinal cord and the sensory trigeminal nucleus ascend in various neuronal pathways and target several brain areas. Here, five ascending pain-conducting neuronal pathways and two spinal reflex routes are briefly summarized. The spinal and supraspinal antinociceptive mechanisms are described in more detail. During the past two decades, endogenous opioids, cannabinoids and their receptors have been discovered, localized and cloned. Five groups of endogenous opiates are known: beta-endorphin, enkephalins, dynorphins, endomorphins, and nociceptin. Two endogenous cannabinoids have already been described in the brain: the anandamide and the 2-arachidonyl-glycerol. The site of their antinociceptive (analgesic) actions in the brain are briefly summarized.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1996

Geriatric pain. Pain perceptions in the old.

Pain is likely to be a different problem in the old-old and the frail elderly compared to the young-old. Little attention has been paid to date to the impact of pain on quality of life in dementia patients, in postfracture patients, or in nondemented nursing home residents. It is likely that pain is a major source of depression and suffering in these individuals. Although currently available pain assessment tools are appropriate for the young-old, their usefulness in the old-old has not yet been evaluated. Additional pain assessment tools are needed for uncommunicative patients. The effectiveness of pain relief treatments in such patients cannot be evaluated without appropriate assessment. Such assessment may depend upon well-developed behavioral and observational techniques, particularly in individuals with later-life dementias such as dementia of the Alzheimer's type-a condition responsible for in excess of 60% of nursing home residents.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Experimentally induced pain perception in men and women in the morning and evening.

The literature regarding whether or not there are diurnal differences in pain perception in men and women is equivocal. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of time of day on experimentally induced pain threshold in men and women. A secondary purpose was to measure selected psychological and physiological responses. Pressure (3000 gm force) was applied to the middle digit of the left forefinger for 2-min with the Forgione-Barber pain stimulator. Twenty-nine volunteers (women = 14; men = 15) completed two randomly assigned sessions between 6.00-8.00 in the AM and PM. Selected psychological variables (STAI,POMS) and physiological variables (BP, HR, TEMP) were assessed before application of the pressure stimulus. Data were analyzed with a 2x2 ANOVA. Results indicated that men had significantly higher (p<.05) systolic blood pressure and pain thresholds than women however, there was not a significant time of day effect for pain threshold. Significant time of day effects (p<.05) were found for systolic blood pressure and tympanic temperature. Heart rate, and tympanic temperature were found to be significantly higher (p<.05) in women in comparison to men. It is concluded that pain threshold did not differ in the AM and PM. Furthermore, men were found to have higher pain thresholds compared to the women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differences in pain perception associated with intravenous catheter insertion.

Seven intravenous catheter brands were compared for differences in pain perception associated with catheter insertion. A sample population included 210 healthy volunteers. Three key elements emerged from data analysis: 1) first insertions were viewed as less painful than second insertions; 2) thin-walled catheters were viewed as less painful than thick-walled catheters; 3) differences between brands exist. Catheters viewed as more painful were Travenol (Quik-Cath, Travenol Laboratories, Inc., Deerfield, Illinois) and Terumo (Surflo, Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). No catheter was viewed as less painful, but Insyte (Deseret Medical, Inc., Sandy, Utah) did approach statistical significance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Pain perception, mechanisms of action of local anesthetics and possible causes of failure].

First, the fundamentals of impulse transmission and pain perception are revised. The role of the primary afferent nociceptors is explained. Dental pain is described as a form of acute pain and the mechanism of nociception is fundamental. Peripheral and central sensitization can evolve. The second part covers the pharmacological aspects. Local anesthetics reduce impulse transmission by interfering with the mechanism of normal depolarisation. Binding to specific receptors located at the nerve membrane, more specifically on the sodium channel, results in decreased or eliminated permeability to sodium ions and leads to interruption of nerve conduction. The different types of local anesthetics used in dentistry are discussed in more detail with respect to their physico-chemical characteristics and analgetic properties. The importance of factors such as lipophilicity, degree of protein binding and dissociation constant pKa are explained together with the clinical implications of pH and possible toxic effects. Failure of local anesthesia can be the result of problems with the administration of the product or can have a pharmacological basis. Injection of the anesthetic should take place in amounts large enough, with suitable volume and as close as possible to the nerve. When infection and inflammation are present, the intravascular resorption of the anesthetic will accelerate and the lowered pH influences diffusion negatively. Repetitive administration can induce the phenomenon of tachyfylaxis (decreased anesthetic effect).

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed2003

[Roles of histamine receptors in pain perception: a study using receptors gene knockout mice].

To study the participation of histamine H1- and H2-receptors in pain perception, H1 and H2 receptor knockout (KO) mice were examined for pain threshold by means of three kinds of nociceptive tasks. These included assays for thermal, mechanical, and chemical nociception. H1KO mice showed significantly fewer nociceptive responses to the hot-plate, tail-flick, tail-pressure, paw-withdrawal, formalin, capsaicin, and abdominal constriction tests. Sensitivity to noxious stimuli in H1KO mice was significantly decreased when compared to wild-type mice. The antinociceptive phenotypes of H2KO were relatively less prominent when compared to H1KO mice. We also examined the antinociceptive effects of intrathecally-, intracerebroventricularly-, and subcutaneously-administered morphine in H1KO and H2KO mice. In these nociceptive assays, the antinociceptive effects produced by morphine were more enhanced in both H1KO and H2KO mice. The effects of histamine H1- and H2-receptor antagonists on morphine-induced antinociception were studied in ICR mice. The intrathecal, intracerebroventricular and subcutaneous co-administrations of d-chlorpheniramine enhanced the effects of morphine in all nociceptive assays examined. In addition, intrathecal co-administrations of cimetidine enhanced the antinociception of morphine in the hot plate tests. These results suggest that existing H1 and H2 receptors play an inhibitory role in morphine-induced antinociception in the spinal and supra-spinal levels.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMed2001

The use of pre-cannulation local anaesthetic and factors affecting pain perception in the emergency department setting.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the use of subcutaneous local anaesthetic (lignocaine) is associated with a reduction in cannulation pain in the emergency department setting. METHODS: Patients over 18 with a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 15 and conversational English were allocated into one of three groups: Group 1 were cannulated after routine skin preparation; Group 2 received 1% lignocaine 0.1 ml via a 27 gauge needle and diabetic syringe before cannulation; Group 3 were injected as for Group 2 but saline was substituted for lignocaine. The cannulator and subject were blinded to the ampoule. The pain was measured using a 100 mm visual analogue scale. SETTING: A large urban university hospital emergency department. RESULTS: 366 patients were recruited and the data on 322 analysed. Those receiving lignocaine before cannulation reported lower pain scores (1.9 cm) than the saline (4.1 cm) or immediate cannulation (3.6 cm) groups, p<0.0001. Other factors such as the experience of cannulator, patient characteristics, the presence of a painful underlying condition and cannula size did not effect pain scores. CONCLUSION: The use of lignocaine before cannulation reduced cannulation pain in the emergency department setting. Other factors examined did not influence pain perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Individual variation in rapid eye movement sleep is associated with pain perception in healthy women: preliminary data.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep-deprivation experiments suggest that sleep loss increases pain sensitivity. It is unclear from preliminary studies, however, whether sleep-related processes are directly associated with pain perception or whether hyperalgesia is due to the secondary effects of sleep deprivation and/or demand characteristics. Consequently, we sought to evaluate relationships between sleep architecture and laboratory measures of pain processing in healthy women, sleeping under normal conditions. DESIGN: Correlational, 2-night polysomnographic study with laboratory pain testing conducted on subsequent days. SETTING: General clinical research center inpatient unit with private room. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen healthy, female, pain-free good sleepers, free from centrally acting agents (mean age = 24 +/- 4.5 years). MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS: Standard polysomnographic sleep-continuity and architecture variables and subject responses to standard noxious thermal stimuli delivered to the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the forearm via thermal sensory analyzer. Ratings of thermal pain threshold as well as suprathreshold indices of central pain processing (mean/peak ratings and intensity of painful aftersensations) were obtained. Averaging across nights/days, we found significant negative relationships between rapid eye movement sleep latency and suprathreshold pain ratings, ie, measures of heightened central pain processing (r = -.64 to -.73, P < .01). Significant positive relationships were also found between percentage of rapid eye movement sleep and suprathreshold ratings(r = .56 to .66, P < .050). CONCLUSIONS: These data are the first to demonstrate a relationship between individual variation in rapid eye movement sleep and pain-modulatory processes. The results have implications for the etiology of pain disorders and suggest that neurobiologic substrates regulating sleep may also play a role in central pain processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The influence of food on pain perception in healthy human volunteers.

The aim of this study was to investigate if food could reduce pain perception in a group of 16 healthy human volunteers (8 male and 8 female), and to explore the differential effects of macronutrient composition on the response to cold-induced pain. All subjects underwent the cold pressor test (CPT) on 3 occasions in a counterbalanced order, before and after administration of isoenergetic high-fat low-carbohydrate (CHO) and high-CHO low-fat meals, and when no meal was given. The CPT was carried out 4 times on each test day, once before the meal, and 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 h after the meal, and at the equivalent times on the day when no food was given. Radial pulse and blood pressure measurements and visual analogue scales of mood/emotional state were carried out before and after each CPT. Mean pain scores were significantly reduced following both meals compared with the no-food condition. The maximum reduction in pain occurred 1.5 h after ingestion, and a significantly greater effect was exerted by the high-fat low-CHO meal compared with the high-CHO low-fat meal. These results demonstrate that food, particularly when rich in fat, significantly reduces the pain induced by the cold pressor stimulus in healthy human subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Sex differences in pain perception and cardiovascular responses in persons with parental history for hypertension.

We investigated gender differences in cardiovascular and pain responses to the cold pressor (CP) test in persons with positive (PH+) or negative parental history (PH-) for hypertension. Previous work has suggested an attenuated sensitivity to painful stimulation in hypertensive men and more recently in men with parental disposition for hypertension. It is not known whether this hypoalgesic effect is present in PH+ women. In this study, we evaluated differences in pain perception between men and women with PH+ or PH- using an assessment method to measure current as well as delayed pain. Participants rated their pain every 15 s during a 90-s hand CP (0-4 degrees C) and a 90-s post-CP rest period. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before, during, and after the CP. PH+ and PH- groups did not differ in age, height, weight, education, resting SBP, DBP, or HR. PH+ men showed greater DBP responses to the CP than PH- men, while female groups did not differ in cardiovascular responses to the CP. Although pain ratings during the CP did not differ between groups, post-CP reported pain receded faster in the PH+ men than in the PH- men. PH+ women, on the other hand, tended to report greater pain than PH- women. These findings question the generalizability of the hypoalgesic effects in hypertension-prone women.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Pain perception to nerve conduction and needle electromyographic procedures.

Pain survey was administered to 77 patients undergoing nerve conduction (NC) and needle electromyographic (EMG) procedures. The patient was asked to rate the pain immediately after the electrodiagnostic study was completed. Statistical analyses were performed to determine if there were relationships between pain and any of the technologic and physiologic variables. The findings revealed no significant correlation between age and pain from the NC or needle EMG procedure. The body mass index (BMI) also showed no correlation to pain from the procedures. Also, there was no correlation between pain and the EMG needle gauge or length. Pain from needle EMG was correlated with NC pain, and EMG was perceived as more painful than the NC procedure. Multiple regression analysis showed that age, sex, and needle size were not significantly related to pain from the EMG examination. Again, the age, sex, and BMI showed no significant relationship to pain from the NC test. From this survey, the individual's age, sex, habitus, and size of the EMG needle (to some extent) do not seem to influence significantly the perception of pain during electrodiagnostic procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A psychophysical evaluation of the relationship between trait anxiety, pain perception, and induced state anxiety.

UNLABELLED: The present study examined the interactive effects of state and trait anxiety on pain threshold and subjective pain intensity. State anxiety was manipulated in 15 low trait anxious (LTA) individuals and 17 high trait anxious (HTA) individuals, who rated their anxiety level and subjective pain intensity in response to noxious electrical experimental pain stimuli. A difference in pain threshold between HTA and LTA participants was not found; however, higher state anxiety led to an increase in reported pain intensity for all participants. Furthermore, HTA individuals reported significantly higher levels of anxiety and pain intensity than LTA individuals across all pain and anxiety conditions. There was no interaction between state and trait anxiety on pain perception and anxiety ratings. These findings show an additive rather than synergistic effect between state-trait anxiety and subjective pain intensity. PERSPECTIVE: Use of anxiety-reducing techniques for individuals experiencing pain might reduce the perceived severity/intensity of pain. Furthermore, individuals with higher trait anxiety (a greater disposition to experience anxiety) might benefit from these techniques because higher trait anxious individuals tend to exacerbate perceived pain stimulations more than lower trait anxious individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Preoperative pain training. No influence on postoperative pain perception in patients undergoing cardiac surgery].

BACKGROUND: The present research was performed to investigate the influence of preoperative information on pain given by the nursing staff on postoperative pain perception in patients. METHODS: A randomized controlled interventional study was conducted in 93 patients undergoing cardiac surgery at the University Hospital Erlangen. One day before the surgery all participants were evaluated using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, patients of the treatment group were additionally trained by a member of the nursing staff in pain behaviour. After discharge from the intensive care unit the pain experience of the patients was evaluated using standardized questionnaires. RESULTS: Of the 93 patients, 73 finished the study protocol and were analyzed. The pain experience was not significantly different between the two study groups. Patients with increased levels of neuroticism (characterized by emotional lability) regardless of study group more frequently reported pain values above 3/10. CONCLUSION: No significant modulation of postoperative pain experience was achieved by preoperative information on pain. However, it cannot be ruled out that this intervention, particularly in view of the reduction in anxiety, may form a significant element of perioperative pain management.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2003

Volume transmission and pain perception.

Volume transmission (VT) is the diffusion through the brain extracellular fluid of neurotransmitters released at points that may be remote from the target cells with the resulting activation of extrasynaptic receptors. VT appears to play multiple roles in the brain in normal and abnormal activity, brain plasticity and drug actions. The relevance of VT to pain perception has been explored in this review.

Animals↗