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PubMed2000

Pasteur, Koch and American bacteriology.

This study traces American awareness of the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch from the 1860s to the 1890s. In the years before the Civil War, American interest in germ theories had appeared at times of epidemics and persisted to a limited extent among physician-microscopists. Discussions of Pasteur's work occurred primarily in the context of spontaneous generation and antisepsis. Few Americans imitated his work on immunology or studied with Pasteur, but his work on immunity influenced their faith in the potential of bacteriology as a solution to problems of infectious disease. Koch's discoveries of the bacterial agents of tuberculosis and cholera stimulated American medical and public health interest in bacteriology in a more practical way. Americans learned Koch's methods by taking his courses and imported them directly into their own laboratories. A context of enthusiasm for science, educational reform, and problems of infectious disease associated with urbanization and changes in agriculture aided the growth of bacteriology in the American context.

Bacteriology↗

PubMed2001

The microbiological effects of trimming sticking wounds in pasteurized pig carcasses.

Neither pasteurizing of uneviscerated carcasses nor trimming reduced the numbers of total aerobic bacteria recovered from sticking wounds in pig carcasses. However, trimming after pasteurizing increased the numbers of coliforms and Escherichia coli recovered from sticking wounds, whereas pasteurizing without trimming reduced these counts.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[According to Pasteur, a "pharmacist's clerk" became "wilde world savants' president"].

An odd autograph cosigned by L. Pasteur and J. Bertrand, reporting addresses given par both scientists during the reception of J. Bertrand at the French Academy, has been recently sold in the United States. It gives the opportunity to evoke, first how J.-B. Dumas, Pasteur's master and Bertrand's predecessor in the Academy, filled his pupil with admiration, second to suggest some elements at Pasteur's political thought.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed2000

[Edmond Sergent (1876-1969) and the Pasteur Institute of Algeria].

Edmond Sergent, supported by a distinguished team of colleagues, directed the Pasteur Institute of Algeria for over 60 years, from 1900 to 1963. As a student of Emile Roux, Sergent had received a Pasteurian training. His institute devoted extensive study to malaria. Sergent defined the concept of prevention and extended it to other pathologies. For many years, the Institute persevered in carrying out successful antimalarial campaigns such that Algeria was freed of the disease. In 1916-1917, Sergent and his brother were called upon to organise anti-malarial efforts for the Armée d'Orient. By way of systematic and energetic curative and prophylactic measures, they were able to eradicate the disease. In 1908, the Sergent brothers were the first to discover the role of the louse in the transmission of another disease, relapsing fever. The Pasteur Institute team also discovered the sand fly vector which transmits the parasite causing leishmaniasis. The Sergents found a new form of oculonasal myiasis, called "Thimni". In addition, they led effective campaigns against tuberculosis based on BCG vaccination administered throughout Algeria. The Pasteur Institute of Algeria conducted important research in plant and animal diseases. For example, they detected a trypanosome agent causing dromedary "debab", as well as its vector, the horsefly. They also studied in depth bovine piroplasmosis, which causes widespread and destructive disease, and demonstrated the role of the tick in promoting transmission generally. Their work in botany included the discovery that a Fusarium-type fungus was the causal agent for "baïoudh", the main disease of date palms. They also demonstrated the basic role of the fruit fly in alcoholic grape fermentation.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed1992

[Pasteurized milk as a factor in the transmission of the causative agents of yersiniosis].

From 43 (35.8%) out of 120 samples of pasteurized milk used by volunteers 182 cultures of five Yersinia species--Y. enterocolitica, biovar 1 (70.3%), Y. intermedia (18.1%), Y. frederiksenii (7.7%), Y. kristensenii (3.3%) and Y. aldovae (0.5%)--were isolated in the course of bacteriological studies carried out in 1987-1990. The isolated Yersinia cultures belonged to nonpathogenic pyraminidaze-positive serovars. Yersinia pathogenic bio/serovars (4/O3, 2/O9, 1B/O8) were not detected. No deviations from the normal state were registered in the volunteers drinking pasteurized milk, and Yersinia could be isolated from their feces only during the first 3 days following milk consumption. In 390 patients examined for the presence of Yersinia infections the isolation rate of Yersinia of biovar 1 (99.6% of the cultures) varied between 4.4% and 21.3% and correlated with the increase of the isolation rate from milk (13.6% to 53.9%). The results of the study suggest that unboiled pasteurized milk contributes to the spread of Yersinia carriership among the population.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Phage relationships of coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from raw and pasteurized cow's milk].

Studied is the behaviour to phages of 136 strains of coagulase positive cstaphylococci, isolated from raw (82), pasteurized milk stored in tanks (30) and pasteurized milk in bottles (24). The Staphylococcus aureus strains investigated are sensitive to bovine phages and, above all, to those of the 4th group (102, 107, 117 and 42D) or in combination with them. No lyses are established in the 1st and 3rd phage groups. The 107/117 and 107/117/42D are the phage types most frequently identified. The same phage types are found in both raw and pasteurized cow milk. It is established that 82 per cent of the Staphylococcus aureus strains studied with the rystal-violet test belong to types A and B after Meyer.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Microbiological and physicochemical evaluation of pasteurized beverages fortified with orange deodorized residues extracts].

Microbiological and physicochemical parameters of pasteurized beverages conditioned with aqueous extracts from orange deodorized residues were evaluated. The fruits used were selected according to following criterion: homogenous maturity, without physical damage and absence of apparent chlorophyll. Orange peels were dried and transformed to flour. The juice was evaluated by means of these parameters: pH 3.90, degrees Brix 10, titrable acidity 0.33 g of citric acid/100 mL and total carotenoids 0.0078 mg/mL. Volatil compounds of the flour that may to cause bitterness were separated by means of two methods of deodorization: distillation in current of vapor and in autoclave to 121 degrees C; then, the flour was extracted with water (relation 1:50 p/v). Pasteurized citric beverages (orange juice) were elaborated adding the deodorized extracts. pH, degrees Brix, titrable acidity and total carotenoids showed no significant differences (P>0.05). Microbiological results were according to pasteurized products. Sensorial analysis by untrained panel showed no signiificant differences. In conclusion, the deodorant processes were effectives and permitted the inclusion of aquasoluble compounds as flavonoids with antioxidant activity.

Beverages↗

PubMed1975

Effect of pasteurization and evaporation on foot-and-mouth disease virus in whole milk from infected cows.

The effects of pasteurization and evaporation on foot-and-mouth disease virus in whole milk from infected cows obtained one day postinoculation were studied. Virus survived the heating of milk at high temperature-short time pasteurization at 75 degrees C for 15-17 seconds. In addition, virus from infected milk survived heating at 80 degrees C for the same time. Infective virus also survived in the pasteurized milk after evaporation at 65 degrees C to 50% of the original volume. The bovine udder was found to be highly susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease virus replication. Seven log10 plaque-forming units/ml of virus were recovered in whole milk 24 hours postinoculation, and decreasing titers were recovered for as long as seven days postinoculation.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Evaluation of wet pasteurization of a factor VIII concentrate produced by controlled-pore silica adsorption.

In the routine production of a factor VIII concentrate (produced by adsorption of contaminating proteins in cryoprecipitate to controlled-pore silica and concentration of the factor VIII effluent by ultrafiltration) the terminal dry-heat treatment has been replaced by pasteurization in the liquid state. High effectivity of this procedure with respect to virus inactivation was demonstrated using a variety of both lipid- and protein-enveloped model viruses, including HIV. Pair-wise quality control of dry-heated and pasteurized product revealed no significant differences, except in the composition of the formulation buffer. In a clinical study in which 17 patients with haemophilia A participated the pasteurized product was well tolerated and in vivo recovery and half-life of factor VIII were in the same (normal) range as found for the dry-heated counterpart.

Adsorption↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Experimental data on the virological study of pasteurized milk].

Virological analyses of sterile milk per se enabled the poliovirus to be disclosed with a concentration of 30 infection units in 1 ml. To determine such doses of the viruses in pasteurized milk the viruses have to be concentrated, for prior to cytopathogenic manifestations subsequent to these viral doses there occurs bacterial germination. In achieving poliovirus concentration in pasteurized milk are suitable polyethyleneglycol, molecular weight 15 000, and polyvinylpyrolidon, molecular weight 10 000, in a 10% concentration. Dilution of milk with Hanks' solution in the ratio of 1:4 and 1:9 improves the process of the poliovirus sorption-eluation with the polymer, enabling it to detect 3 BOU of the virus in 1 ml of milk. The AB-17-8 anionite and Ky-21-8 cationite are capable of adequately sorbing the poliovirus in pasteurized milk, but it is only from the cationite, and then only in a small amount, that eluation of the virus can be accomplished.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Initial clinical experience with a new pasteurized monoclonal antibody purified factor VIIIC.

Heat treatment of lyophilized factor VIII and factor IX concentrates has been found to eliminate HIV virus infectivity in plasma-derived products. Pasteurization of factor VIII in solution has recently been used to reduce the risk of hepatitis transmission in concentrates prepared by standard fractionation methods. This report presents early experience with factor VIIIC prepared by monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography following pasteurization of the factor VIIIC/von Willebrand factor complex (Monoclate-P). Twelve patients were treated in three centers with Monoclate-P. Recovery and survival of factor VIII clotting activity were determined and patients were closely monitored for infusion safety. The mean half-life was 14.2 +/- 5.0 while recovery in predicted plasma volume was 72 +/- 12% corresponding to a response of 1.99 +/- 0.66 U/dL for every U/kg administered. These values are very similar to those found for Monoclate in previous studies indicating that pasteurized factor VIIIC purified by immunoaffinity chromatography retains satisfactory pharmacokinetic properties with an added margin of viral safety.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Properties of rabies strain ("Pasteur Potsdam") adapted to primary dog kidney cells.

The Pasteur strain of fixed rabies virus (Pasteur Institute Paris, passage 2061 in rabbit brain) was adapted by alternate passages to primary dog kidney cells. The adapted rabies virus designated as "Pasteur Potsdam" developed no CPE and yielded four harvests with a titre of 5.5-7.0 (log MICLD50/ml). The strain could be grown in BHK 21/S13, CER and N2a neuroblastoma cells. In the cultures of BHK 21/S13 cells the virus titered 6.0-8.5 (log MICLD50/ml). In SDS PAGE its G protein migrated faster than that of the ERA strain. The inactivated antigen induced interferon in mice. The strain was identified by anti-rabies immunoglobulin. The harvested material showed an antigenic value of 0.4 IU/ml. The virus was not pathogenic after s.c. and i.p. inoculations to mice, rats, Syrian hamsters, and rabbits and after i.m. inoculation to Syrian hamsters and rats.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed1987

[Properties and virus safety of a pasteurized antithrombin III concentrate].

In the last decade it appeared more than once that blood donations were contaminated by hitherto unknown viruses. Due to this fact, further steps have to be included into the manufacturing procedure of even up to now safe products from human plasma to eliminate potential new risks. A procedure is described which enables the pasteurization of antithrombin III analogous to albumin without major changes in the properties of the molecule. Thus the new product Kybernin HS/P was obtained. The efficacy of the pasteurization step was tested using relevant human pathogenic viruses. The following titers of important viruses could be totally inactivated within the pasteurization time (h) given in brackets HIV: (human immunodeficiency virus) greater than or equal to 10(6.7) (1), CMV (cytomegaly virus) greater than or equal to 10(4.5) (1), HSV (Herpes simplex virus) greater than or equal to 10(6.8) (4), Polio (poliomyelitis virus) greater than or equal to 10(6.9) (4).

Antithrombin III↗

PubMed1978

[Presence of E. coli bacteria in raw and pasteurized cow's milk].

Investigated for the presence of E. coli-bacteria belonging to the O-groups of dispeptic strains, are 85 samples of raw and 212 pasteurized milk, taken from subsequent departments of the milk-producing industry. Dispeptic E. coli are detected in 11.76 per cent of the samples of raw milk studied, and in 5.18 per cent in those of the pasteurized milk. No coli forms are established in samples, taken directly from the pasteurizing equipment. The secondary infection with E. coli results from the use of vessels and equipment in the course of the technological process. E. coli-bacteria, belonging to the O-groups of dispeptic strains, are demonstrated in samples both with the aid of a coli-titre, in conformity with standard requirements, and in samples that are not standard, according to this indice. The 21 strains of E. coli-bacteria isolated are referred to the following O-groups: 06, 025, 026, 055, 078, 086, 0111, 0119, 0124, 0125 and 0127. Some of the strains isolated manifest an atypical behaviour to lactose and sucrose in comparison with the properties, indicated in the scheme by Kauffmann.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Pasteur effect in vascular and intestinal smooth muscle.

The increase in lactate production on changing from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, i.e. the Pasteur effect, has been reported to be small in vascular muscle and especially in aorta. It has been suggested that this may be an artefact caused by damage to the intimal endothelium. We have compared the Pasteur effect in different kinds of pig arteries, but also in rabbit colon. The aerobic lactate production in 60 min was 11-15 mumol/g in the aorta and the carotid artery, but 3 mumol/g in the mesenteric and renal arteries and 4 mumol/g in the rabbit colon. The increase in lactate production under anaerobic conditions was 12-20 mumol/g/60 min in the carotid artery, aorta and rabbit colon and 10 mumol/g/60 min in the mesenteric and renal arteries. When calculated in per cent, the Pasteur effect was greater in the mesenteric artery than in the aorta, but the actual rise in lactate production in mumol/g was higher in the aorta and carotid artery. The high aerobic lactate production of smooth muscle in vitro may be related to its low ability to oxidize glucose; some other substrates may be preferentially oxidized when present in vitro or in vivo.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1983

[Incidence of foreign substances in raw and pasteurized milk].

In 1980 to 1982, the occurrence of inhibiting substances, herbicides and chemical elements contaminating raw farm and bulk milk and pasteurized milk in different stages of technological processing was studied in the input regions of 19 dairies of the Lacrum Brno concern corporation. Residues of inhibiting substances were demonstrated by the thin-layer microbiological diffusion disk method using the testing strain of B. stearothermophilus var. calidolactis, to be present in raw milk (9.1% out of 143 samples) as well as in pasteurized milk (2.0% out of 151 samples). Chromatographic method (sensitivity 0.01-0.05 mg.kg-1 milk) was used for examining 135 raw milk samples for the occurrence of herbicides based on diazines and triazines. Herbicides were demonstrated to get into milk; residues were found in 45 samples (33.3%). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for examining 143 raw milk samples for the contents of zinc, copper, iron and manganese. As to zinc content, 100% of the samples met the standard, as to iron content 99%, and as to the content of copper, 89% (Ministry of Health Directives, No. 50, 1978). The content of manganese remained within the range up to 0.1 mg.kg-1 milk in 60% of the samples. Out of the 135 milk samples (101 raw, 34 pasteurized milk ones) examined for the content of lead, four samples (3%) failed to meet the limit of the highest admissible level.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Rabies in France, 100 years after Pasteur].

Pasteur's vaccination, a huge step forward in infectiology, remains the fundamental element in the fight against rabies. Since 1968, when rabid foxes reappeared in France there have been no domestic cases of human rabies, but from 1970 to 1993, 14 patients contaminated in enzootic areas (usually Africa) died from rabies in France. The new circulation conditions created by the European Union emphasizes the importance of the inactivated Pasteur vaccine cultivated on Vero cell lines. The classic protocol for post-exposure vaccinations is based on 5 intramuscular injections on day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 30. In 1988, the World Health Organization established new recommendations: the 2-1-1 schedule for post-exposure vaccination. Two injections are given on day 0 at two different sites followed by boosters on day 7 and day 21. Tested worldwide by independent laboratories, this schedule has been shown to effectively induce seroconversion when modern cell-culture vaccines are used. Although there is still a certain amount of debate on the new schedule, no failures have been recorded. The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta recommend preventive vaccination for exposed professions based on primary and booster injections on day 0, 7, 28 and 365. Protection lasts for 3 years and may be prolonged with supplementary vaccinations. One hundred years ago, Pasteur taught us that we could protect the human population by fighting against animal contamination. Today's progress is the reward of such foresight--and a challenge to both human and veterinary medicine.

France↗

PubMed1993

Recovery of fibrinogen in cryoprecipitate pasteurized in the presence of sucrose and glycine.

The effect of sucrose (60% w/w) and 1 M glycine as thermal stabilizers for fibrinogen in cryoprecipitate was studied. Sucrose (9.2 g) and glycine (0.9 g) were dissolved in 6 g of cryoprecipitate and the solution was pasteurized at 60 degrees C for 10 h. The preparation was then dialyzed for 20 h in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), lyophilized, stored for one week at -40 degrees C and resuspended in distilled water. The recovery of total proteins and fibrinogen in the final product averaged 66.4 +/- 4.1% and 43.8 +/- 6.4% of the initial contents, respectively (mean +/- SEM, N = 9). The pasteurization of cryoprecipitate in the presence of PBS (control experiments) produced extensive precipitation, which is characteristic of protein denaturation. Thus, this method partially protected fibrinogen and other proteins in cryoprecipitate from inactivation by prolonged exposure to heat during pasteurization.

Chemical Precipitation↗