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Results for “Peripheral Nervous System”

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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

The role of interferon-gamma in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system.

The role of interferon-gamma in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system was investigated. Administration of rat recombinant interferon-gamma markedly augmented both myelin-induced and T-cell line-mediated experimental autoimmune neuritis. Conversely, in vivo application of a monoclonal antibody to interferon-gamma suppressed the disease. Clinical and electrophysiological findings were corroborated by semiquantitative morphometric analysis. Mechanisms responsible for the enhancing effects of interferon-gamma include upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen expression in the nerve lesion, increased cellular influx of T cells and macrophages, and heightened macrophage activity with enhanced release of toxic oxygen species. These observations establish a pivotal role of the cytokine interferon-gamma in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Peripheral nervous system of the ticks, Amblyomma tuberculatum Marx and Argas radiatus Railliet (Acari: Ixodoidea).

The peripheral nervous system of an ixodid and an argasid tick include the following components: (1) paired optic, cheliceral and pedipalpal nerves and unpaired stomodeal nerve arising from the pre-esophageal portion of the central nervous system (synganglion); (2) 4 pairs of pedal nerve trunks (each with appendicular and hemal branches) and 4 major pairs of opisthosomal nerves (including the paraspiracular, genital, postlateral-myosomal, and ano-myosomal nerves); and (3) the lateral "sympathetic" plexuses formed by contributions of hemal nerves arising from pedal ganglia and from the paraspiracular nerves. The salivary glands are multiply innervated by 4 pairs of nerves. The 1st pair arise from the pedipalpal nerves, the 2nd and 3rd from the lateral sympathetic plexuses, and the 4th from the paraspiracular nerves. Portions of the integument and the majority of non-appendicular muscles are innervated by various fine nerves arising from the lateral sympathetic plexuses and from the 4 pairs of opisthosomal nerves.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Immunocytochemical localization of glycogen phosphorylase in primary sensory ganglia of the peripheral nervous system of the rat.

Neuronal localization was investigated of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system of the rat. Immunofluorescence and immunoenzymatic procedures were applied with a monoclonal anti-bovine brain GP antibody on paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Immunoreactivity was only present in the somatic neurons of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in the brain stem and in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), but not in the autonomic neurons of the superior cervical ganglia or in the sensory nuclei of the spinal cord. GP immunoreactivity was present as early as day 1 after birth. In the adult rat, staining was present in neurons of different sizes, and to varying intensities. No relationship was apparent between the staining intensities and morphologically distinguishable types of neurons. In DRG, the type of reactivity was the same from cervical to sacral ganglia. The selected occurrence of GP in specific neurons of the peripheral nervous system in contrast to the ubiquitous occurrence in all astrocytes of the central nervous system may indicate a different role of neuronal glycogen compared to astrocytic glycogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Fluorescent latex microspheres as a retrograde tracer in the peripheral nervous system.

Rhodamine labeled latex microspheres were used as a fluorescent retrograde tracer in the peripheral nervous system. Examination of rabbit trigeminal ganglia following application of microspheres to crushed or intact inferior alveolar nerve revealed that: (1) microspheres were taken up by only damaged axons; (2) microspheres remained in trigeminal cell bodies for up to 3 months without degradation or diffusion to extracellular structures; and (3) cells containing microspheres were capable of regenerating axons as evidenced by the return of evoked sensory action potentials and the retrograde axonal transport of True blue. Thus, fluorescent microspheres may be useful tools for in vivo survival studies of peripheral nervous system regeneration and development.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1979

GABA may be a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system.

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system of certain invertebrates and is thought to be a major transmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. In this report we present evidence that GABA may also be a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate peripheral autonomic nervous system. We have used light and electron microscopic autoradiography to analyse high-affinity uptake of 3H-GABA into the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig taenia coli, both in situ and in a tissue culture preparation. In the isolated myenteric plexus, we have measured the specific activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15), the enzyme responsible for conversion of glutamic acid to GABA in GABAergic neurones, and assessed the ability of this tissue to accumulate 3H-GABA newly synthesised from 3H-glutamic acid. Furthermore, we have measured the levels of endogenous GABA in strips of taenia coli containing the myenteric plexus.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Cell death in the peripheral nervous system: potential rescue strategies.

Neuronal death occurs in many diseases of the peripheral nervous system including genetic, developmental, metabolic, degenerative, and toxic disorders. Specific diseases are mediated by one or several interlinked death-initiating pathways. These may involve oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, membrane disruption, loss of calcium homeostasis, DNA damage, trophic factor loss, or aberrant entry into the cell cycle. The death initiators activate two major final common pathways that lead to cell death. Necrosis is a catastrophic loss of ionic integrity caused by membrane disruption or loss of energy supply. Apoptosis is an endogenous programmed cell death pathway normally active in development and tissue homeostasis. It leads to orderly disassembly of the cell. Advances in understanding of the pathways from specific disease to neuronal death are leading to new strategies designed to prevent death and treat diseases of the nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of age on regeneration in the peripheral nervous system.

Studies on the influence of age on regeneration in the peripheral nervous system are reviewed. Observations in the human are limited, but clinical experience indicates that the efficiency of regeneration is less in later life. The results of experimental studies in animals, although sometimes variable, indicate a decline with age. This may be correlated with reduced axonal transport. At motor nerve terminals, the capacity to produce ultraterminal sprouting secondary to partial denervation is reduced, but not the capacity to eliminate terminal sprouts or reinnervation. Frequency and accuracy of reoccupation of the sites of motor nerve terminals are impaired. Nerve transection is more likely to result in loss of the parent neurons following nerve transection in young than in older animals. Chromatolysis is more intense and does not return to normal as rapidly in old animals, and the degree of retrograde axonal atrophy is less. This suggests a diminished dependence on peripheral growth factor support.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

[Electrophysiological aspects of peripheral nervous system development].

Different aspects of the maturation of the peripheral nervous system have been studied in infants, essentially during the first year of postnatal life. Absolute refractory periods which enable indirect estimation of excitability have been measured in both nerve and muscle fibers. It appears that already at birth, the absolute refractory period is characteristic for a given group of nerve fibres. In each group of nerve fibres, the absolute refractory period is not correlated to conduction velocity (ie fibre diameter) and remains rather constant during development. However, the absolute refractory period of the most excitable fibres is smaller than the absolute refractory period of motor fibres independent of the subject's age. On the other hand, the absolute refractory period of muscle fibres is slightly higher in premature in comparison with full-term neonates and adults. The diameter growth of different categories of nerve, fibers (motor--IA--non nociceptive cutaneous) is assessed by measurement of conduction velocities. At each age the IA fibre conduction velocities are the highest. The marked difference which exists between length development and postnatal increase of the fibre diameter explains the particular evolution of conduction times.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nociceptors and the peripheral nervous system's role in pain.

This article reviews the role that the peripheral nervous system plays in pain perception. The first section describes the functional properties of the primary sensory element-the nociceptor-and how its behavior is related to pain perception. The second section describes the current state of knowledge concerning the way our nociceptive sensing system changes as a result of tissue injury, including those changes related to sympathetic nervous system modulation of pain.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aging of the central and peripheral nervous system (author's transl)].

In introduction to the symposium devoted to Aging of the Central (C.N.S.) and Peripheral Nervous System, the author deals with certain sociological and medical considerations relating to the influence of neurological aging in the general problems of senescence. He emphasises the interest of neurobiological studies comparing aging of the C.N.S. and that of the Peripheral Nervous System. He indicates the need for distinction to be made between normal and pathological aging, between irreversible lesional deficits and deficits related to poor functional adaptability. This introduction also refers to the importance of methodological problems, in particular relating to the choice of samples, the taking into consideration of reference groups of healthy young individuals, the limitations of transverse studies, the need for multifactorial analyses including psychometric, electrophysiological, morphometric, neurochemical, haemodynamic and metabolic data. The author finishes by a review of classical E.E.G. findings in the elderly subject.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

[The results of rehabilitative treatment in diseases of the brain of a poststroke and posttraumatic nature and in diseases of the peripheral nervous system].

The authors summarize 20-year experience in the aftercare of 16,088 patients with aftereffects of brain apoplexy or trauma, diseases of the peripheral nervous system. The treatment was performed in special inpatient and outpatient aftercare centres in the city of St. Petersburg. The above treatment was designed as step-by-step complex programs adjusted for individual personality, occupation, etiological and neurological characteristics, etc. Multiple modalities were employed, involving psychological, social, occupational and biological approaches. As shown by 3-5-year follow-up, the programs brought considerable clinical and social benefit.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Evolution of nerve development in frogs. I. The development of the peripheral nervous system in Discoglossus pictus (Discoglossidae).

The gross anatomical development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in the frog Discoglossus pictus is described based on whole-mount immunostaining for nerves and muscles. In the head, neurite outgrowth starts with the mandibular ramus of the trigeminal nerve at the tailbud stage. Cranial muscles are innervated as soon as they differentiate, beginning at mid-embryonic stages. During late embryonic stages, the course of the trigeminal and facial nerves becomes greatly distorted and changes again drastically during metamorphosis accompanying the reorganization of the jaw muscles. Two occipital somites and nerves develop transitorily but degenerate at late embryonic stages. The hypoglossal nerve develops by fusion of the first and second spinal nerves and receives a transitory contribution of the third and fourth spinal nerve at embryonic stages. In the trunk, several classes of Rohon-Beard neurites could be identified at embryonic stages, one of which forms intersegmental sensory nerves that prefigure the course of the sensory rami of spinal nerves at later stages. We give detailed schedules of PNS and cranial muscle development which, in comparison with data on other frog species described in a companion paper, will serve as a basis to evaluate heterochronic shift during evolution of PNS development in frogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Reciprocal interactions between neurons and glia are required for Drosophila peripheral nervous system development.

A major developmental role of peripheral glia is to mediate sensory axon guidance; however, it is not known whether sensory neurons influence peripheral glial development. To determine whether glia and neurons reciprocally interact during embryonic development, we ablated each cell type by overexpressing the apoptosis gene, grim, and observed the effects on peripheral nervous system (PNS) development. When neurons are ablated, glial defects occur as a secondary effect, and vice versa. Therefore glia and neurons are codependent during embryogenesis. To further explore glial-neuronal interactions, we genetically disrupted glial migration or differentiation and observed the secondary effects on sensory neuron development. Glial migration and ensheathment of PNS axons was blocked by overexpression of activated Rho GTPase, a regulator of actin dynamics. Here, sensory axons extended to the CNS without exhibiting gross pathfinding errors. In contrast, disrupting differentiation by expression of dominant-negative Ras GTPase in glia resulted in major sensory axon pathfinding errors, similar to those seen in glial ablations. Glial overexpression of transgenic components of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway yielded similar sensory neuron defects and also downregulated the expression of the glial marker Neuroglian. Mutant analysis also suggested that the EGFR ligands Spitz and Vein play roles in peripheral glial development. The observations support a model in which glia express genes necessary for sensory neuron development, and these genes are potentially under the control of the EGFR/Ras signaling pathway.

Animals↗