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PubMed2003

Contact toxicity and residual activity of different permethrin-based fabric impregnation methods for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae), and Lepisma saccharina (Thysanura: Lepismatidae).

The effectiveness and residual activities of permethrin-impregnated military battle dress uniforms were evaluated by comparing a new company-manufactured ready-to-use polymer-coating method with two "dipping methods" that are currently used to treat uniforms. Residual permethrin amounts and remaining contact toxicities on treated fabrics before and after up to 100 launderings were tested against Aedes aegypti (L.), Ixodes ricinus (L.), and Lepisma saccharina (L.). The residual amount of permethrin was considerably higher with the polymer-coating method: 280 mg a.i./m2 after 100 launderings, compared with 16 and 11 mg a.i./m2, respectively, obtained when using the two dipping methods. Hard ticks were most susceptible to the new polymer-coating method, resulting in prelaundering 100% knockdown times of 7.0 +/- 0.9 min, whereas equivalent times for the dipping methods were 7.9 +/- 0.35 min and 8.0 +/- 0.54 min, respectively. After 100 launderings, 100% knockdown of I. ricinus nymphs was reached at 15.2 +/- 1.04 min using the polymer-coating method, compared with 178.8 +/- 24.7 min and 231 +/- 53.6 min, respectively, using the dipping methods. Similar results were obtained for Ae. aegypti and L. saccharina, indicating that the polymer-coating method is more effective and efficient when compared with the dipping methods.

Aedes↗

PubMed2003

Survey of resistance to permethrin and diazinon and the use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to detect resistance alleles in the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.).

A field survey was conducted in 2001 to evaluate resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate (OP) insecticides on horn flies, Hematobia irritans irritans (L.), from seven ranches in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico, and from three locations in central Texas. Filter papers impregnated with either technical permethrin or diazinon were used to measure the levels of resistance to pyrethroids and OPs. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used on individual horn flies from these field populations to detect the presence of the kdr and super-kdr alleles associated with pyrethroid resistance, and a mutated alphaE7 esterase allele associated with OP resistance. Relative to a susceptible laboratory (Kerrville) strain, horn flies from Mexico exhibited 5.1- to 28.3-fold resistance to permethrin at the LC50, and 23.8- to 136-fold resistance at the LC90. Horn flies from Texas ranches exhibited only two- to five-fold resistance. All field populations of the horn fly were highly susceptible to diazinon, and no mutant alphaE7 esterase alleles were detected. The super-kdr allele was found only in a single fly from a ranch in Mexico. Results of PCR assays showed that the kdr allele was present at various frequencies in field populations of horn flies. A gender-related bias in distribution of kdr genotypes was found in horn flies from Mexico, but not in horn flies from Texas. The overall kdr allelic frequencies in horn flies from Mexico were 23.2-37.8% higher in females than in males. Regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between kdr allelic frequencies and the levels of knockdown resistance to permethrin among the horn fly populations studied. The results validate the role of the PCR-based molecular assay as a diagnostic tool in monitoring resistance to pyrethroids and also provide useful information on population genetics of horn fly resistance to pyrethroids and OPs.

Alleles↗

PubMed2004

Efficacy of permethrin-treated uniforms in combination with DEET topical repellent for protection of French military troops in Côte d'Ivoire.

In 2000, 22,000 French military personnel were deployed overseas. The French military health service implemented a vector control strategy including personal protection by the use of permethrin preimpregnated battlefield uniforms (BFUs) and the application on the skin of a topical repellent (50% DEET). In 2000, French forces used an industrial process to impregnate cloth with permethrin by soaking it before cut-out of the BFU. A study was implemented in four experimental huts in Côte d'Ivoire to assess the field efficacy of the impregnated BFUs and their resistance to washing. Taking into account the systematic variations in each variable in the field and using a modeling based on logistic regression and discriminant analysis, this study showed that after 6 h without reapplication, the protective effects of the use of DEET as skin repellent was not significant, perhaps due to the high density of Anopheles mosquitoes during the night catching sessions and an average time of effective repellency of < 2 or 3 h in the field. The analysis also showed that the French process of industrial impregnation of permethrin of the BFU offered in 2000 some protection from mosquito bites but not enough to reduce significantly the incidence of malaria among nonimmune troops. No positive or negative interaction was noted when DEET and the impregnated BFUs were used together.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Relative cost-effectiveness of treatment of feedlot calves with ivermectin versus treatment with a combination of fenbendazole, permethrin, and fenthion.

OBJECTIVE: To compare growth performance, animal health characteristics, and carcass characteristics of feedlot calves treated with ivermectin topically with that of feedlot calves treated with a combination of fenbendazole orally and permethrin and fenthion topically. DESIGN: Clinical trial. ANIMALS: 14,184 British crossbred steer calves (mean weight, 286 kg [630 lb]) in 30 pens at a commercial feedlot in Nebraska. PROCEDURE: On arrival at the feedlot, calves were randomly assigned to be treated with ivermectin topically or with a combination of fenbendazole orally and permethrin and fenthion topically (control). At the time of assignment to treatment groups, fecal samples were collected from 5% of the calves. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and health information were recorded. RESULTS: Geometric mean fecal egg counts at the time of arrival at the feedlot were not significantly different between groups. Final weight, weight gain, average daily gain, and the dry matter intake-to-gain ratio were significantly improved for calves in the ivermectin group. The percentage of carcasses classified as quality grade choice was higher for the ivermectin group than the control group; however, the percentage of carcasses classified as yield grade 1 and the dressing percentage were higher for the control group than for the ivermectin group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that topical administration of ivermectin to feedlot calves is relatively more cost-effective than administration of a combination of fenbendazole orally and permethrin and fenthion topically.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1981

An evaluation of permethrin, carbaryl, and amitraz for the control of northern fowl mites on caged chickens.

In two trials at the University poultry farm, two formulations of the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin (Ectiban 5.0% EC and Ectiban .25% Livestock Dust) were compared against carbaryl and amitraz sprays for the control of northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on caged birds. Under continuous reinfestation pressure, birds treated with dust did not support live mites in the vent region until 7 weeks posttreatment in comparison to 4 weeks with the permethrin 0.5% spray. Initially, both carbaryl (.5%) and amitraz (0.5%) sprays were as effective in controlling mites as the permethrin spray but did not provide protection for as long a period. Individual birds were either had dusted or treated with low pressure sprays.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

The use of permethrin to control an outbreak of hen fleas (Ceratophyllus gallinae).

Complaints from workers suffering from insect bites led to the investigation of three broiler breeder houses. These houses were found to be infested with the hen flea, Ceratophyllus gallinae. Large numbers of adult fleas and larvae were extracted by Tullgren funnel from samples of wood shavings used as nest box material. Lower numbers were extracted from the litter under these nest boxes. A pilot trial using infested nest boxes and floor litter showed good control of adult fleas and larvae could be obtained using a .25% spray prepared from a permethrin water dispersable powder. In more extensive trials the following year, almost complete control of hen fleas and larvae was obtained following monthly treatments of nest boxes with a .125% permethrin spray or a 1% permethrin powder.

Aerosols↗

PubMed2005

Fertility and life expectancy of the predator Supputius cincticeps (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) exposed to sublethal doses of permethrin.

The stinkbug Supputius cincticeps (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) can be found in agricultural and forest ecosystems feeding primarily on larvae of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, where it can be exposed to insecticide applications. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the reproductive potential of S. cincticeps after exposition to sublethal doses of permethrin (5.74 x 10(-3), 5.74 x 10(-2), 5.74 x 10(-1), 5.74 and 57.44 ppb) through the use of a fertility life table. The development cycle of this predator was determined in order to calculate its net reproductive rate (R0), the infinitesimal (rm) and finite (lambda) rates of increase in addition to mean generation time (T). The net reproductive (18.31), infinitesimal (rm) (0.050) and finite (lambda) (1.051) rates of increase were higher, while generation time (57.93 days) was shorter for S. cincticeps exposed to 5.74 x 10(-1) ppb of permethrin than in the control. This indicates a higher rate of population increase of this predator when exposed to this permethrin dose.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The effectiveness of permethrin and deet, alone or in combination, for protection against Aedes taeniorhynchus.

Field tests were conducted to compare the degree of protection from bites by the mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) provided by wearing clothing treated with permethrin [(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+/-) cis/trans 3-(2-dichloroethenyl)2, 2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] with that provided by applying deet (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) to exposed skin or by applying deet and wearing the treated clothing. Human test subjects were exposed to natural populations of mosquitoes for a 9-hour daytime period (total of 8 days/treatment) while using one or both protection methods. Unprotected test subjects were also exposed for short periods each day as a check to determine the overall biting rate of mosquitoes. The combined use of both protection methods was the most effective treatment in preventing bites, resulting in an average of 1.5 bites/9-hour day, compared with 53.5 and 98.5 bites on subjects protected only with treated clothing or deet, respectively, and 2,287 bites (extrapolated) on subjects who wore untreated clothing during the same time period. Measurements also indicated that the toxic effect of permethrin reduced biting rates by greater than 90% within the immediate area where subjects wore permethrin-treated uniforms for 9 hours.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effects of ultra-low volume pyrethrin, malathion, and permethrin on nontarget invertebrates, sentinel mosquitoes, and mosquitofish in seasonally impounded wetlands.

Wildlife managers are concerned that insecticides used to control mosquitoes could suppress invertebrates on which wildlife feed. We assessed whether ultra-low volume (ULV) applications of pyrethrin, permethrin, and malathion for control of adult mosquitoes reduced macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass or killed mosquitofish in seasonal wetlands in California. Pyrethrin was applied over 3 seasonal wetlands on Sutter National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), and malathion or permethrin were each applied over 2 seasonal wetlands on the Colusa NWR. Three control wetlands were used per site. We measured aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass before and after insecticide application and compared the survival of mosquito larvae held in sentinel cages. At Colusa, we also used mosquitofish as sentinels, caged adult mosquitoes over the wetlands to test for pesticide efficacy and drift, and sampled night-flying insects using ultraviolet light traps. Results showed no detectable reductions in the abundance or biomass of aquatic macroinvertebrates in treated wetlands. Larval mosquitoes showed high survival in all areas. All adult mosquitoes died when caged over wetlands treated with malathion or permethrin, but all survived in controls. All mosquitofish survived. Flying insect abundance decreased after insecticide application in both treated and control wetlands but rebounded in 48 h. Results indicated that ULV applications of these insecticides to control adult mosquitoes are unlikely to have substantial effects on the aquatic insects or fish in seasonal wetlands.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Rate of resistance development in wild Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) selected by malathion and permethrin.

Wild caught female Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) from Kuala Lumpur were blood fed and reared in the insectarium. The late third stage of the F1 larvae which survived the high selection pressure of malathion and permethrin were reared and colonies were established from adults that emerged. Larvae from these colonies were then subjected in the subsequent 9 generations to higher selection pressure. The rate of resistance development were measured by LC50 value of larval bioassay, LT50 value of adult bioassay and the frequency of the elevated esterase levels. In another set of experiments using the same batch of Culex mosquitos, the larvae were not exposed to any insecticides and the decrease in resistance rate was monitored in each subsequent 9 generations by using similar methods. The heterozygous standard laboratory strain was selected for susceptibility using the single raft sib-selection method. The result showed that the field collected F1 generation was 96.0 and 6.3 fold more resistant to malathion and permethrin, respectively. After selection for about 9 generations the resistance ratio to malathion and permethrin was 6.2 and 767.3 fold more compared to the LC50 values of F1 generations, respectively. Esterase in F1 larvae was 6.0 fold more than the standard laboratory strain.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Efficacy of permethrin-impregnated Olyset Net mosquito nets in a zone with pyrethroid resistant vectors. I--Entomologic evaluation].

The efficacy of permethrin-treated Olyset Net mosquito nets on malaria transmission and morbidity was studied in Kafine, a village located in the savanna region of the Cote d'Ivoire in Africa. After collecting sociodemographic, entomological, and parasitological data, bednets were distributed first in the southern half of the village and then in the whole village. Throughout the study period, mosquito specimens were captured on the skin of inhabitants at four points in the village between 6 PM and 6 AM both inside (but outside bednets) and outside houses. Prior to distribution of bednets, the mean biting rate (MBR) by Anopheles gambiae was 77.4 bites per man per night (b/m/n). The mean parturity rate (MPR) was 40.6 p. 100, the sporozootic index (SI) was 0.99 p. 100, and the mean entomological inoculation rate (MEIR) was 0.7 infectious bites per man per night (b+/m/n). Six months after distribution of bednets in the southern half of the village, MBR was 80.2 b/m/n, MPR was 32 p. 100, SI was 1.8 p. 100, and MEIR was 0.83 b+/m/n. After extending distribution to the whole village, data from November 1996 to July 1997 were as follows: MBR, 67.8 b/m/n; MPR, 20.1 p. 100; SI, 0.65 p. 100; and MEIR, 0.66 p. 100. From August 1977 to July 1998, data were as follows: MBR, 102.6 b/m/n; MPR, 26.2 p. 100; SI, 1.15 p. 100; and MEIR, 0.74 b+/m/n. Comparative analysis of these data showed that use of bednets had no effect on the bite or entomological inoculation rate. This is in agreement with the documented resistance of vectors in the study zone to permethrin. Despite the known stimulation/repulsion effect of permethrin, use of treated bednets had no real impact on transmission. This inefficacy could be related to the high prevalence (80 p. 100) of the Kdr gene (responsible for resistance) in the savanna form of Anopheles gambiae.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

[Efficacy of permethrin-impregnated Olyset Net mosquito nets in a zone with pyrethroid resistance vectors. II. Parasitic and clinical evaluation].

The efficacy of permethrin-treated Olyset Net mosquito nets in preventing transmission and morbidity of malaria was studied in Kafine, a village in the rice-growing region of the Cote d'Ivoire. Entomological data demonstrated that permethrin-treated mosquito nets failed to reduce transmission of malaria. Laboratory tests showed that Anopheles gambiae s.s. in Kafine were resistant to permethrin and other pyrethroids. Study included a cohort of 163 children under five years of age who did or did not use mosquito nets. The number of patients seeking treatment for malaria attacks with fever was recorded weekly. No difference was found between the user and non-user groups with regard to the percentage of children exhibiting Plasmodium flaciparum trophozoites or gametocytes or to the mean parasite load. However the rate of high density parasitemia and malaria attacks was twice as high in the non-user group. This difference between users and non-users of mosquito nets cannot be explained only as the result of a physical barrier against bites. In areas where mosquitoes are resistant to pyrethroids, tests conducted in experimental huts have shown that impregnated mosquito nets reduce host/vector contact. However further study will be need to evaluate the overall impact of impregnated nets on malaria in the areas where mosquitoes are resistant to insecticides.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Efficacy of 1% permethrin for the treatment of head louse infestations among Kosovar refugees.

We assessed the prevalence of head louse infestation and the effectiveness of 1% permethrin against head lice in Kosovar refugees. A currently infested case was defined as a person with observable crawling lice (adults or nymphs) or a person with nits on the hair shaft within a quarter-inch of the scalp. Of the 1,051 refugees screened upon arrival in the United States, 107 (10%) were infested. Crawling lice (adults or nymphs) were observed on 62 (6%) of the individuals examined. Refugees with crawling lice were treated with a pediculicide containing 1% permethrin. Of these, 57 were reexamined the next day. Twenty of the 57 individuals were reexamined 7 days after treatment. No crawling lice were found on any of the refugees examined after treatment. We conclude that 1% permethrin treatment was effective in louse control in this refugee population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Evaluation of 65% permethrin spot-on for prevention of canine visceral leishmaniasis: effect on disease prevalence and the vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a hyperendemic area.

A study was designed to examine the effect of 65% permethrin spot-on on the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis and the abundance of sand flies in two neighborhoods in Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil known to have a high prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis. An enrollment survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis. Area residents were provided with information about the project; the study area was defined, and all dogs (160 in Cristo Redentor and 230 in Popular Velha) identified in the study area were enrolled. Three 65% permethrin spot-on treatments (June 15-25, July 13-15, and August 10-12) were administered to 150, 110, and 99 dogs, respectively, in Popular Velha, according to label recommendations. Dogs in Cristo Redentor were untreated controls. Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed periodically by indirect immunofluorescence assay. A reduction in canine visceral leishmaniasis prevalence was observed at the Popular Velha site. The infection rate for treated dogs 1 month following the final treatment was approximately 50% reduced from that observed before treatment(19.3% vs 9.6%). Conversely, the infection rate at the control site was more than 80% higher at the September sampling than that observed pretreatment (4.1% vs 7.4%). Similar numbers of sand flies were captured and identified from both sites throughout the study. The results suggest that regular use of 65% permethrin during months of high risk for canine visceral leishmaniasis can be a useful strategy for reducing the prevalence of this disease in hyperendemic areas. It should be stressed, however, that the success of this strategy depends not only on the efficacy of the product itself but also on the adoption of other control measures and on economic variables, considering the low purchasing power of the populations living in higher-risk neighborhoods.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy and tolerability of natural synergised pyrethrins in a new thermo labile foam formulation in topical treatment of scabies: a prospective, randomised, investigator-blinded, comparative trial vs. permethrin cream.

We compared in a prospective, randomised, investigator-blinded trial, the efficacy and tolerability of a new synergised-pyrethrins thermo-labile foam (F) formulation with permethrin 5 % cream (P) in 40 patients with scabies. Clinical evolution of scabetic lesions (Clinical grading = CG) and itching intensity (IS) were assessed, using a 5-point semi-quantitative score, at baseline, at week 2 and 4. F and P were equally effective in the clinical resolution of scabetic lesions. As compared to baseline, P reduced CG and IS from 3.4 0.7 and 3.1 0.4 to 0.2 0.6 and 1.4 1, at week 2, and to 0.0 0.0 and 0.1 0.3 at week 4, respectively (P < 0.001). F reduced CG and IS from 3.3 0.5 and 3.2 0.4 to 0.05 0.2 and 0.4 0.6 (week 2) and to 0.0 0.0 and 0.0 0.0 (week 4), respectively (P < 0.0001). As compared to P group, the IS in F group, at week 2, was significantly lower (0.4 0.6 vs. 1.4 1.1) (P < 0.0013). This foam formulation was at least as effective as permethrin 5 % cream in the treatment of scabies. In comparison with permethrin the foam induced a more rapid and complete resolution of itching.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2003

Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on entomologic indices in an area of intense year-round malaria transmission.

The effect of permethrin-treated bed nets (ITNs) on malaria vectors was studied as part of a large-scale, randomized, controlled trial in western Kenya. Indoor resting densities of fed Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. funestus in intervention houses were 58.5% (P = 0.010) and 94.5% (P = 0.001) lower, respectively, compared with control houses. The sporozoite infection rate in An. gambiae s.l. was 0.8% in intervention areas compared with 3.4% (P = 0.026) in control areas, while the sporozoite infection rates in An. funestus were not significantly different between the two areas. We estimated the overall transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in intervention areas to be 90% lower than in control areas. Permethrin resistance was not detected during the study period. As measured by densities of An. gambiae s.l., the efficacy of bed nets decreased if one or more residents did not sleep under a net or if bed nets had not been re-treated within six months. These results indicate that ITNs are optimally effective if used every night and if permethrin is reapplied at least biannually.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Selection of permethrin resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi.

The laboratory strain of Anopheles stephensi, a well-known urban malaria vector, was selected with permethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid at LD90 level up to five generations. The selection resulted in the development of resistance in F5 generation to the tune of 13-fold to permethrin and cross-resistance to the tune of 7-fold to cypermethrin, 9-fold to alphamethrin, and 10-fold to deltamethrin. The development of cross-resistance to 4% DDT was also noticed. The susceptibility status against 5% malathion was maintained throughout the five generations. The synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide with permethrin did not overcome the development of resistance. The development of resistance showed a significant relationship between hatchability and different generations.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Prevalence and treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis with 1% permethrin and 0.4% d-phenothrin in Turkey.

Pediculosis humanus capitis (head lice) is an important public health problem among school children. In our study, 20,612 schoolchildren (10,367 boys, 10,245 girls) were examined for Pediculus humanus capitis in 36 elementary schools between December 1996 and February 1998 in Ankara, Turkey. The prevalence of pediculosis capitis infestation was found to be 3.4% (701/20,612). Of these, 382 students were treated with application of 1% permethrin cream rinse, and 184 students with 0.4% d-phenothrin shampoo. On day 14 of the controlled trial, the success rates were 93.7% in the 1% permethrin cream rinse group and 75.5% in the 0.4% d-phenothrin shampoo group. The 1% permethrin cream rinse was also significantly more active in pediculicidal efficacy when compared to the 0.4% d-phenothrin shampoo (p<0.001). As a result, these findings demonstrate that pediculosis capitis still remains a widespread health problem.

Animals↗