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PubMed2004

The influence of intensive physical exercise on bone acquisition in adolescent elite female and male artistic gymnasts.

Physical exercise enhances bone acquisition during adolescence. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of intensive physical exercise on bone acquisition in adolescent elite artistic gymnasts. The study included 262 athletes (93 males and 169 females, aged 13-23 yr) participating in the 24th European Championship held in Greece. Bone age compared with chronological age was delayed by 2 yr for females (n = 120) and 1 yr for males (n = 68). For both sexes, the growth chart of bone mineral density (BMD) followed a normal pattern when estimated according to bone age rather than chronological age. For females, BMD was positively correlated with bone age, chronological age, height, body weight, body mass index, body fat, lean body mass, and with age of onset of training, and negatively with duration of exercise and intensity of training (P values range from <0.05 to <0.0001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that age of onset of training was the major parameter attenuating the effect of exercise on BMD (P < 0.001). The latter was related to the stage of puberty (P < 0.05). For males, BMD was correlated positively with bone age, height, body weight, and lean body mass (P values range from <0.01 to 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the more powerful factor influencing BMD was weight (P < 0.01). In conclusion, bone acquisition in adolescents under intensive physical training follows the normal pattern only when estimated according to bone age. The age of onset, the duration, and the intensity of exercise attenuate the bone acquisition, at least in female artistic gymnasts.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Physical exercise enhances protein kinase C delta activity and insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in diabetes-prone psammomys obesus.

We recently reported that physical exercise prevents the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Psammomys obesus, an animal model of nutritionally induced type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present study we characterized the effect of physical exercise on protein kinase C delta (PKC delta) activity, as a mediator of the insulin-signaling cascade in vivo. Three groups of Psammomys obesus were exposed to a 4-week protocol: high-energy diet (HE/C), high-energy diet and exercise (HE/EX), or low-energy diet (LE/C). None of the animals in the HE/EX group became diabetic, whereas all the animals in the HE/C group became diabetic. After overnight fast, intraperitoneal (IP) insulin (1U) caused a greater reduction in blood glucose levels in the HE/EX and LE/C groups compared to the HE/C group. Tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3 kinase) was significantly higher in the HE/EX and LE/C groups compared with the HE/C group. Finally, IR-associated PKC delta was higher in the HE/EX and LE/C groups compared to the HE/C group. Coprecipitation of PKC delta with IR was higher in the HE/EX and LE/C groups compared to the HE/C group. Thus, we suggest that 4 weeks of physical exercise results in improved insulin-signaling response in Psammomys obesus accompanied by a direct connection between PKC delta and IR. We conclude that this mechanism may be involved in the preventive effect of exercise on type 2 diabetes mellitus in Psammomys obesus.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Physical exercise and vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms causing postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms are unknown, but changes in hypothalamic beta-endorphins have been suggested to be involved. beta-endorphin production may be increased by regular physical exercise. OBJECTIVE: To assess if physically active women suffered from vasomotor symptoms to a lower extent than sedentary women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All women (n = 1323) in the ages ranging from 55-56 years in the community of Linköping Sweden, were included. In a questionnaire these women were asked about their physical exercise habits and their complaints from vasomotor symptoms. Only those 793 women who had reached a natural menopause were grouped into sedentary, moderately or highly active women, based on a physical activity score. RESULTS: Only 5% of highly physically active women experienced severe hot flushes as compared with 14-16% of women who had little or no weekly exercise (P < 0.05; relative risk 0.26; CI 95%: 0.10-0.71). This was not explained by differences in body mass index, smoking habits or use of hormone replacement therapy. Women who used hormone replacement therapy were more physically active than non-users (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Fewer physically active women had severe vasomotor symptoms compared with sedentary women. This may be due to a selection bias but also to the fact that physical exercise on a regular basis affects neurotransmitters which regulate central thermoregulation.

Estrogen Replacement Therapy↗

PubMed1994

Physical exercise increases bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

To examine whether physical exercise is beneficial in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis, we measured bone mineral density (BMD) in three distinct groups of healthy postmenopausal Japanese women aged 49-61 yrs: 11 volleyball players (V) and 5 joggers (J), and 9 controls (C) who had not been participating in regular physical activity. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (L2-L4) and proximal femur using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and at the radius using single X-ray photon absorptiometry. Serum levels of estradiol (E2), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin were also measured by radioimmunoassay. Osteocalcin was determined by enzyme immunoassay. BMD in the lumbar spine was greater in the V and J groups than in the C group (P < 0.01). The J group had a significantly lower PTH level than the C group. In contrast to weight-bearing bones, we found no significant differences in BMD at the radius among the three groups. BMD at the distal radius was negatively correlated with years after menopause in both the V group and the J group significantly. These results indicate that regular physical exercise has a positive effect on the maintenance of bone mineral in postmenopausal women and that the protective action is localized in skeletal sites used predominantly for the sport without opposing the negative regulation caused by estrogen deficiency in systemic bones.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Ultrastructural features of skeletal muscle in mice after physical exercise: its relation to the pathogenesis of leucocyte invasion.

This study was designed to elucidate which factor(s) trigger off the enhanced macrophage activity after strenuous physical exercise. For an understanding of the cause of this phenomenon we extended the study of the ultrastructural features of skeletal muscle after physical exercise to its possible relation to the pathogenesis of leucocyte invasion. Ultrastructural investigations revealed muscle damage after a strenuous physical exercise. The pathogenesis of the detected autolytic alterations could be related to a local accumulation of lactate, to the ischemic compression syndrome, to an insufficient oxygen supply or to anatomical peculiarities. The greatest functional claim was that fibrillolytic degeneration was capable of being triggered off in the skeletal muscular structure, thereby initiating the release of filament fragments, whose peptides were capable of being depicted as chemotactic signals for leucocytes. The appearance of leucocytes in the muscular tissue suggests that the basic humoral immunity reactions control the cellular cooperation in the muscular tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Seizures induced by physical exercise: report of two cases.

Two children with seizures induced by physical exercise are described. Epilepsy was present from early childhood (age: 4 and 5 months), but the precipitating effect of exercise became evident only later (age: 20 months and 3.5 years). Several treatment regimes were tried, but no satisfactory seizure control could be achieved. In both children no etiological factor was known. MRI, CT and repeated interictal waking and sleeping EEG recordings were normal. Hyperventilation and photostimulation had no effect on the EEG. Physical exercise (e.g., playing football) induced clinical seizures and generalized epileptiform EEG abnormalities as recorded by ambulatory cassette EEG (Oxford). Cardiac arrhythmias were excluded by concomitant EEG recording. Extensive metabolic and endocrinologic investigations during and after seizure induction gave normal results. Thus, the pathophysiologic mechanism for exercise-induced seizures remained unclear.

Electroencephalography↗

PubMed1991

Effects of physical exercise and cold stimulation on serum testosterone level in men.

The concentrations of testosterone (TS) and other related hormones in serum were examined before and after physical exercise with a bicycle ergometer (90 Watts, 20 min.) and a cold water stimulation in 32 19-year-old males. While exercising, the serum TS level significantly increased by 20.8% (p less than 0.05), the luteinizing hormone (LH) level by 3.6% (p less than 0.05) and noradrenaline (NA) level by 140.0% (p less than 0.01). During cold water stimulation, TS decreased by 10.0%, LH increased by 22.1% and NA decreased by 23.8%. Based on changes in hormone levels within the individual during the loads. there was a significant positive correlation coefficient (r) between TS and LH, and between TS and NA, with r (TS-LH) = 0.399 (p less than 0.05) and r (TS-NA) = 0.481 (p less than 0.05) for physical exercise, while r (TS-LH) = 0.403 (p less than 0.05) and r (TS-NA) = 0.431 (p less than 0.05) for cold water stimulation, respectively. These results suggest that physical exercise increases TS level in serum by increasing LH and NA levels, but these tendencies were not found with cold water stimulation.

Adult↗

PubMed1973

Androgen responses during physical exercise.

The serum androgen response to physical exercise was studied in highly trained athletes and in normal male medical students. Serum androgens rose in response to maximal exercise and the rise was independent of serum luteinizing hormone. No response was obtained with submaximal exercise.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Lean body mass and bone mineral density in physically exercising postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the relative contribution of body composition (lean and fat mass component) to postmenopausal bone mineral density (BMD) differs between women participating in physical exercise and sedentary women. METHODS: Subjects were 45 postmenopausal women participating in regular physical exercise and 89 sedentary controls aged 50-60 years. Baseline characteristics included age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI, Wt/Ht(2)), age at menopause, and years since menopause (YSM). Body fat mass, percentage of body fat, lean body mass, and lumbar spine BMD (L2-4) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Although age, height, weight, BMI, and YSM did not differ between the two groups, lean body mass and lumbar spine BMD were significantly higher (P<0.05 and <0.001, respectively), while body fat mass and percentage of body fat mass were significantly lower in exercising women than in sedentary controls (P<0.05 and <0.05, respectively). In exercising women, BMD was positively correlated with lean body mass (r=0.415, P<0.01) but not with body fat mass (r=0.155, NS). Conversely, in sedentary controls, BMD was correlated with body fat mass (r=0.251, P<0.05) and lean body mass (r=0.228, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lean body mass is a more significant determinant of postmenopausal BMD in physically exercising women than in sedentary women.

Body Mass Index↗

PubMed1999

The influence of exogenous antioxidants and physical exercise on some parameters associated with production and removal of free radicals.

Metabolic processes generate chemically active forms of oxygen, among which a prominent role is played by the superoxide ion. Cells are equipped with defence systems against the effects of superoxide radicals, superoxide dismutase is the most important one. The organism depends on the delivery of exogenous antioxidants, like selenium, vitamins E and C. Physical exercise triggers the production of superoxide radicals, which can at least partly be responsible for muscular damage. This work has studied the effect of Protection Zellaktiv (Smith Kline Beecham, Fink Naturarznei GmbH), a preparation containing selenium, vitamins C, E, B2, niacin and beta-carotene on the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, levels of glutathione malondialdehyde selenium, iron, zinc, triglicerides, total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, before and after physical exercise. Muscle status was monitored by the activities of lactic dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. Protecton Zellaktiv was administered orally for one month, the measurements were repeated and the results before and after treatment were compared. It was found that treatment diminished the levels of malondialdehyde and zinc in serum, as well as cholesterol and triglicerides. Physical exercise before treatment decreased the levels of reduced glutatione, zinc and triglycerides. As expected, the levels of selenium were increased by the preparation. Protecton Zellaktiv suppressed the production of malondialdehyde during physical exercise. The preparation had a beneficial effect on lipid levels and it is inferred that lipid peroxidation was suppressed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Physical exercise and health: a review.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity results in increased exercise capacity and physical fitness, which may lead to many health benefits. Individuals who are more physically active appear to have lower rates of all-cause mortality, probably due to a decrease in chronic diseases including coronary artery disease (CAD). This may result from an improvement in cardiovascular risk factors in addition to enhanced fibrinolysis, improved endothelial function, decreased sympathetic tone, and other yet undetermined factors. METHODS: We reviewed the literature on physical activity and health with particular reference to the benefits derivable by engaging in regular physical activity. The MEDLINE/PUBMED and bibliographic searches for English language studies were used. RESULTS: Physical inactivity is now considered a risk factor for Cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Regular exercise results in an increase in exercise capacity and lower myocardial oxygen demand leading to cardiovascular benefits, including lower mortality rates. Physically active individuals suffer from fewer ailments than do less-active individuals. Physical activity reduces cardiovascular risk through lowering of blood pressure, improved glucose tolerance, reduced obesity, improvement in lipid profile, enhanced fibrinolysis, improved endothelial function and enhanced parasympathetic autonomic tone. CONCLUSION: Physical exercise has many health benefits and the evidence for this continues to accumulate. Health care professionals should incorporate counselling to patients for physical exercise in their daily clinical practice, while health policy makers and community physicians should see to implementation of this at the community level.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rehabilitation and development after childhood cancer: can the need for physical exercise be met?

Clinical and experimental evidence attests to the neurological and psychological benefits of physical exercise. Prescribing exercise for children after cancer has the potential to facilitate recovery, performance and development, with consequent improvement in quality of life and long-term outcome. However, could a school take up the prescription for a child's individual exercise programme? As a preliminary to an intervention study, all primary and secondary schools in two Scottish regions were surveyed. The aim was to evaluate the utility of prescribing exercise as part of a child's individual rehabilitation plan and to investigate awareness in schools of the potential benefits of exercise for cognition and behaviour. Approximately half the respondents indicated that extra physical exercise sessions could be incorporated into the school day. The main difficulties preventing such inclusion were identified as a lack of staff for supervision and timetabling problems. However, there was also a high level (>70%) of lack of information about what a child could be expected to do after cancer. Further, more respondents (approximately 60%) anticipated benefits of exercise for social development than for academic progress (approximately 35%). These results emphasize the necessity of clear and specific liaison with a school when planning and implementing a child's long-term rehabilitation programme.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Physical exercises as a treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A systematic review.

Our purpose was, through an extensive and systematic review of the literature, to verify the effectiveness of physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. We performed a search of different databases (Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, Cinhal), and a hand-search of the non-indexed pertinent literature, and found 11 papers: none of the studies was randomized, six were prospective, seven were controlled, and two compared their results to historical controls; one paper had both a prospective design and a concurrent control group. The methodological quality of the retrieved studies was reviewed and found to be very poor. With one exception, the published studies demonstrated the efficacy of physical exercises in reducing both the rate of progression or the magnitude of the Cobb angle at the end of treatment. However, being of poor quality, the literature failed to provide solid evidence for or against the efficacy of physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nevertheless, considering that exercises could also be proposed on the basis that benefits rather than to avoid progression have been shown in the literature, and that the results contained in published studies here reviewed suggest an effect on the primary goal of preventing progression, there is a basis for discussion of this option with patients and their families, which in turn allows decisions to be made according to their preferences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Influence of physical exercise on aging rats: I. Life-long exercise preserves patterns of spontaneous activity.

Physical exercise has been shown to delay a number of aging changes and increase life expectancy but not maximum lifespan. We trained male Sprague-Dawley rats in a treadmill from the age of 5 months to 23 months. Up to this age the mortality (19%) was not different from that of the sedentary controls (16%). The body weights of the trained animals remained lower and reached a plateau, while those of the sedentary controls continued to increase. The spontaneous activity was assessed in an open-field setting every second month. Movement parameters (running distance, running speed, percentage of large and local movements), resting time and number of changes of direction were calculated. The running parameters were higher for the trained animals from the age of 12 months onwards, the relative difference increasing all the time. The resting time was lower for the trained animals, while the number of changes of direction did not change. It is suggested that this retardation of decline of spontaneous physical activity is due to a slowing of development of sensorimotor disturbances. These observations are compatible with a better preservation of cholinergic and dopaminergic activity.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed2001

[Multiple benefits of physical exercise in menopausal women].

In postmenopausal women, metabolic and cardiovascular risks are increased not only because of aging but also in relation to estrogen deprivation, decreased physical activity and dietary changes. Accordingly, an increase in total fat mass and its intra-abdominal component, a decrease in lean body mass, an atherogenic dyslipidemia, decreased glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and an increase in procoagulant factors are ensuing, in a manner similar to the metabolic syndrome X and its accompanying risk for cardiovascular disease. Physical exercise concurs with an appropriate diet to weight loss, increases lean body mass and altogether energy expenditure, decreases total body fat mass and visceral fat, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces fibrinogenemia and optimizes hemodynamic parameters. Additionally, physical exercise contributes to protecting bone mass and may be associated with a decreased risk of estrogen-dependent breast and endometrial carcinomas at the postmenopause. In association with a balanced diet, and estrogen administration, physical exercise significantly contributes to metabolic fitness and decreased cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Effect of physical exercise on human preference for solutions of various sweet substances.

The effect of physical exercise on taste preference for various sweet solutions was examined with 44 healthy university students (19 men, 25 women; M age=20, SD=0.9). None had participated in regular exercise programs during the previous year. After 30 min. of exercise using a bicycle ergometer at the heart-rate intensity corresponding to 50% VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake), a rating scale for taste hedonic tone was performed. The test solutions included various concentrations of sucrose, glucose, stevioside, D-sorbitol, erythritol, and saccharin. The preference ratings for sucrose, glucose, stevioside, D-sorbitol, and erythritol increased after exercise, whereas the preference ratings for saccharin were unchanged after exercise at all the concentrations tested. Taste preference for many sweet substances increased after physical exercise.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Height changes among chronic low back pain patients during intense physical exercise.

The possible effects of intense physical exercise on the total body stature of low back pain patients were monitored by circadian total body height measurements. The height was measured with a statiometer, and the change in height was correlated with the changes in the range of motion, pain and subjective disability and degree of disc degeneration seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pictures. The stature of 24 low back pain patients was measured during a 3-week period. There was an increase of about 3 mm in height after only 4 days of exercise, and by the end of the programme the morning height increased on average by 7.2 mm. There were also 12 non-rehabilitated low back pain patients but no such increase was noted among them. The gain of height and reduction of pain were found to be statistically significantly correlated (P = 0.0001, r = -0.41), as did the gain of height and the decrease of back disability (Oswestry index) (P < 0.0001, r = -0.39). Circadian total height measures but not the MR images will change due to the active back rehabilitation programme.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Physical exercise in thte treatment of ulcus cruris venosum].

As an adjuvant measure, physical exercise should be recommended for all patients with an ulcus cruris venosum, and should be a permanent part of the patient's lifestyle on completion of wound healing. Although clinical studies have shown that physical exercise has a positive effect on numerous factors of relevance for the development of an ulcer, sports activities undertaken for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes are still made little use of by patients.

Bandages↗