SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Postmenstruation”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Cysteine, cystine or N-acetylcysteine supplementation in parenterally fed neonates.

BACKGROUND: L-cysteine is thought to be a conditionally essential (i.e., essential under certain conditions) amino acid for neonates. It is a precursor of glutathione, an antioxidant that may reduce oxidation injury. The addition of cysteine to parenteral nutrition (PN) allows for the reduction of the amount of methionine in PN, thereby limiting hepatotoxicity, and acidifies the solution, thereby increasing calcium and phosphate solubility, and potentially improving bone mineralization. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of supplementing parenteral nutrition with cysteine, cystine or its precursor N-acetylcysteine on neonatal growth and short and long-term outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: The standard search method of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was used. MEDLINE (1966-December 2005), EMBASE (1974-December 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2006) and recent abstracts (until December 2005) from the Society for Pediatric Research/American Pediatric Society, Eastern Society for Pediatric Research, and Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition were searched. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomized (RCTs) and quasi-randomized trials that examined the effects of cysteine, cystine or N-acetylcysteine supplementation of neonatal PN were reviewed. Predetermined outcome variables included growth, nitrogen retention, mortality, morbidity secondary to oxidation injury, bone accretion, acidosis, liver disease, and cysteine levels. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group were used. Statistical analysis included relative risk, risk difference, and weighted mean difference (WMD). MAIN RESULTS: Six trials fulfilled entry criteria. The majority of patients in these trials were preterm. Five small trials evaluated short-term cysteine supplementation of cysteine-free PN. One large multicenter RCT evaluated short-term N-acetylcysteine supplementation of cysteine-containing PN in extremely low birth weight infants (< or = 1000 grams). PRIMARY OUTCOMES: Growth was not significantly affected by cysteine supplementation (evaluated in one quasi-randomized trial) or by N-acetylcysteine supplementation (evaluated in one RCT). Nitrogen retention was significantly increased by cysteine supplementation (studied in four trials) (WMD 31.8 mg/kg/day, 95% confidence interval +8.2, +55.4, n = 95, including 73 preterm infants). SECONDARY OUTCOMES: Plasma levels of cysteine were significantly increased by cysteine supplementation but not by N-acetylcysteine supplementation. N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not significantly affect the risks of death by 36 postmenstrual weeks, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), death or BPD, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), severe ROP, necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgery, periventricular leukomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), or severe IVH. No data were available on other outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence from RCTs shows that routine short-term cysteine chloride supplementation of cysteine-free PN in preterm infants improves nitrogen balance.However, there is insufficient evidence to assess the risks of cysteine supplementation, especially regarding metabolic acidosis, which has been reported during the first two weeks of cysteine chloride administration. Available evidence from a large RCT trial does not support routine N-acetylcysteine supplementation of cysteine-containing PN in extremely low birth weight infants. A large RCT would be required to assess whether routine prolonged cysteine supplementation of cysteine-free PN affects growth and short and long-term neonatal outcomes in very low birth weight infants.

Acetylcysteine↗

PubMed1976

The programming of canalization in fetal lungs of man and monkey.

In the monkey lung (Macacus nemestrina) canalization of all bronchopulmonary segments begins simultaneously at the peripheral future-alveolar-duct portions of each segment and then continues progressively centralwards. Its simulataneous appearance in all segments of a human lung of the 17th postovulatory week (19th postmenstrual week) has now been confirmed (cf. Boyden, '74). The mode of canalization, as seen under the light microscope, is here demonstrated.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Ultrastructural epithelial zonation of the primate endometrium (rhesus monkey).

The uterine endometrium of menstruating primates (rhesus monkey, human) consists of a germinal basalis that regenerates a transient functionalis during each menstrual cycle. The endometrium is further subdivided into 4 zones that differ histologically and in epithelial mitotic rate along the longitudinal axes of the uterine glands and microvasculature (Bartelmez et al: Contrib. Embryol. Carnegie Inst., 34:99-146, 1951; Bartelmez: Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 74:931-955, 1957; Padykula et al.: Biol. Reprod., 32:1103-1118, 1118, 1984; Biol. Reprod., in press, 1988). The zones are defined as follows: functionalis I, luminal epithelium; functionalis II (upper straight gland segments); basalis III (middle gland segments), and basalis IV (bottoms of the glands). The surrounding stroma and microvasculature also differ zonally. Ultrastructural epithelial differences are evident among the 4 zones during 3 distinct functional states during natural menstrual cycles and after ovariectomy: 1) basal level after ovariectomy and 2) estrogen dominance and 3) progesterone dominance. Zonal structural differences persist at a minimal level of differentiation after ovariectomy and thus zonation is an inherent property. During estrogen dominance, distinctive ultrastructural differences are evident among the 4 zones, such as epithelial cell heterogeneity in functionalis I and homogeneity in functionalis II. Also a distinctive glandular cell type occurs in basalis III and IV that is recognized by a highly irregular cisternal rough endoplasmic reticulum that permeates the cytoplasm. During progesterone dominance, ultrastructural differences exist among the 4 zones except for similarity between the epithelial cells of functionalis II and basalis III. Postovulatory epithelial cells of functionalis I and II and basalis III become postmitotic via progesterone inhibition but intracellular differentiation continues progressively. Postovulatory epithelial mitotic activity in basalis IV escapes progesterone inhibition as the [3H]thymidine labeling index continues to increase from 1 to 12% during the menstrual cycle (Padykula et al.: Reprod., 30(Suppl.1):92 (Abstr. 123), 1984). This post-ovulatory proliferation coupled with progressive differentiation in basalis IV may represent a stem-progenitor set of cells for postmenstrual endometrial regeneration or alternatively for creation of the maternal placenta.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Fetal cyclic motor activity in diabetic pregnancies: sensitivity to maternal blood glucose.

Spontaneous fetal movement in the last third of human gestation is dominated by irregular oscillations on a scale of minutes (cyclic motility, CM). The core properties of these oscillations are stable during the third trimester of gestation in normal fetuses, but disrupted by poorly controlled maternal diabetes. Here we investigated whether fetal CM is linked to short-term instabilities in maternal glucose metabolism. The fetuses of 40 mothers with type I (n = 28) or gestational (n = 12) diabetes were studied one to six times between 27 and 40 postmenstrual weeks of gestation. Fetal movement and maternal blood glucose concentration were measured during two separate periods of fetal activity in each session. Fetal CM was quantified with spectral analysis. Early in the third trimester, changes in the rate of oscillation in fetal CM between the two periods of activity were inversely related to changes in maternal blood glucose levels. Fetal CM was unrelated to concurrent maternal blood glucose levels at any point in the third trimester. The pattern of results suggests that disruption of the temporal organization of spontaneous fetal motor activity in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes represents an acute response to fluctuations in the metabolic environment rather than an alteration of CM development.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1994

The development of head position preference in preterm infants beyond term age.

Healthy full-term infants show a developmental trend in head position from an initial right-sided preference to one with the head in midline around the age of 12 weeks. We studied the effects of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and the degree of prematurity on both aspects of development from 35 weeks postmenstrual age to 18 weeks corrected age in 35 preterm infants without overt neurological abnormalities and whose gestational ages ranged from 27 to 34 weeks. Our data reveal that, during the preterm period, infants born after pregnancies of 32 weeks or less showed a lack of right-sided preferences for head turning after release from midline but not for the subsequent maintenance of a position. IUGR did not seem to affect either preference. After term age a right-sided preference diminished while a head midline position increased. The latter was not significantly delayed in relation to birth before 32 weeks gestation or IUGR. However, when infants were classified on the basis of neurological differences as reflected in a (mildly) abnormal movement quality, a delay in the attainment of a midline posture was observed, which suggests it is related to a suboptimal neurological condition. This delay, however, was also accounted for by the side-to-side flattening of the skull.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed2001

Line scan diffusion tensor MRI of the cervical spinal cord in preterm infants.

Line scan diffusion tensor magenetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) of the cervical spinal cord was demonstrated in vivo for unsedated preterm (gestational age 24-30 weeks at birth), very low birthweight (birthweight 620-1300 g) infants at postmenstrual ages from 29-40 weeks. Scalar invariant measures of diffusion [apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and relative anisotropy (RA)] determined from a cervical cord region of interest in each case are reported, characterizing the maturational status of the normal third trimester and newborn spinal cord. Mean ADC of 11 infants was 1.2 +/- 0.1 microm(2)/msec and the mean RA was 24.3 +/- 4.9%. Normal infant cord neural fiber tract morphology was visualized using a mapping of the predominant diffusion tensor eigenvector. Potential clinical applications of line scan DT-MRI of the spinal cord of preterm and term newborns for assessment of spinal cord injury are discussed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:949-953.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Cycle-phase changes in perceived stress in women with varying levels of premenstrual symptomatology.

Stress has been documented as a critical factor in understanding a variety of health problems. This study was designed to examine the relationships between symptom severity and perceived stress in women with varying severity levels of premenstrual symptoms. Perceived stress was evaluated before and after menstruation in 104 women. Women who had high levels of premenstrual symptomatology demonstrated significantly greater perceived stress in the premenstrual phase compared to the postmenstrual phase, while women with low levels of premenstrual symptomatology showed no cycle-phase difference.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2001

Early chest radiographs in very low birth weight babies receiving corticosteroids for lung disease.

We set out to determine whether chest radiographs obtained in premature infants between 9-16 days of age are predictive for the development of chronic lung disease of the newborn (CLD). This was a prospective cohort study. The study included 40 babies who were enrolled in a randomized trial of corticosteroid therapy for the prevention of CLD. Chest radiographs were obtained for clinical indications between 9-16 and 25-35 days of age. All chest radiographs were assessed by a single pediatric radiologist who was unaware of the treatment allocation and who used a previously published scoring system devised by Weinstein et al. [Pediatr Pulmonol 1994;18:284-289]. The radiographic score at 9-16 days correlated well with the radiographic score at 25-35 days of age (correlation coefficient, 0.69, P < or = 0.001). The scores at 9-16 days were significantly higher in those babies who had CLD at 28 days postnatal age (PNA) (P = 0.03) and at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) (P = 0.002). Using a receiver-operator characteristic curve, we have determined that for a radiographic score of 3 or greater at 9-16 days, the sensitivity for CLD was 0.64, and specificity was 0.84. We conclude that a chest radiograph taken between 9-16 days may help predict which at-risk preterm infants will develop CLD.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed2004

Pulmonary function in bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

The purpose of this study was to examine lung function and bronchodilator responsiveness in infants with a history of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), using the raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression technique as well as with whole-body plethysmography. Spirometric measurements were obtained in 28 infants with a history of BPD, defined as preterm birth with O2 requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (gestational age at birth, 26.4 +/- 2.1 weeks, mean +/- SD; birthweight, 898 +/- 353 g; age at study, 68.0 +/- 35.6 weeks). Fractional lung volumes were measured in 27 subjects. Values were expressed as percentage of predicted normal values. Compared to normal infants, those with a history of BPD exhibited decreases in forced expiratory flows including forced expiratory volume in 0.5 sec (76.3 +/- 19.6%), forced expiratory flow at 75% of expired forced vital capacity (FEF75; 59.5 +/- 30.7%), and FEF(25-75) (74.0 +/- 26.8%; P<0.01 for all). Functional residual capacity (107.9 +/- 25.3%), residual volume (RV, 124.5 +/- 42.7%), and RV/total lung capacity (RV/TLC, 128.2 +/- 35.3%) were increased in infants with a history of BPD (P<0.05 for each). There was no difference in TLC between groups. Seventeen infants were studied both pre- and postalbuterol, and 6 (35%) demonstrated significant bronchodilator responsiveness. Infants with recurrent wheezing showed greater expiratory flow limitation, hyperinflation, and airways responsiveness, whereas those without wheezing showed only modest airway dysfunction. We conclude that infants with a history of BPD have pulmonary function abnormalities characterized by mild to moderate airflow obstruction and air trapping.

Airway Obstruction↗

PubMed2007

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the susceptibility to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease of infancy. A "New" BPD has been characterized in preterm infants that may begin in utero, and then progress post-natally, resulting in arrested lung development and alveolar hypoplasia. Foundations for this "New" BPD may be derived from pro-inflammatory genes including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). The hypothesis of the current study is that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the pro-inflammatory TNFalpha gene place preterm infants at increased risk for BPD. Preterm infants (105 in number) with birthweights <or=1 kg, who survived to at least 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) or discharge were enrolled into this study. They were stratified for BPD according to their need for supplemental oxygen at 28 days and at 36 weeks PMA (non-, mild-, moderate-, or severe-BPD). DNA was extracted from these infants and subjected to analyses for the TNFalpha SNPs: -1,031, -863, -857, -308, and -238. The PHASE software (version 2.1) was used to reconstruct haplotypes and estimate their frequencies within the study population. Differences in birth weight (P < 0.001) and gestational age (P < 0.001), but not in racial distribution between the groups were found. Haplotype-specific analysis revealed no significant association between BPD severity and any of the 5-marker common haplotypes with 10 or more copies in this study population. Additionally, no significant association was observed in any three SNP haplotypes at -1,031, -863, and -857, and two SNP haplotypes at -308 and -238. We observed no association between BPD severity and the five TNFalpha SNPs investigated.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗

PubMed1975

Spontaneous pleural effusion in a human fetus.

Left sided pleural effusion was found in a human fetus spontaneously aborted at 20 weeks postmenstrual. Pulmonary hypoplasia associated with the effusion suggested that the fluid had been present for some time before delivery. Absence of other anomalies supports the view that the effusion was due to maldevelopment of the thoracic lymph channels.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed1976

Warfarin-associated embryopathy in a 17-week-old abortus.

Histological and anthropometric studies were made of the hands and face of a 17-week-old (postmenstrual) human fetus that was exposed to warfarin throughout gestation. The fetus had marked nasal hypoplasia and the facial cartilages contained discrete foci of abnormal cartilage. When compared with age-matched control fetuses hand pattern profile analysis showed that the brachydactyly was due to shortening of the terminal phalanges. Histologically chondrogenesis was disordered in the carpals and phalanges, with the most deviant development occurring at the distal ends of the terminal phalanges. In none of the areas of abnormal cartilage was there evidence of hemorrhage or hemosiderin deposition. It is our contention that warfarin is teratogenic in human beings and that its teratogenicity is not due to focal hemorrhage.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed2003

Measurement of tissue oxygenation index during the first three days in premature born infants.

No normal values of tissue oxygenation index (TOI) of the brain are known regarding premature born infants. We measured TOI, a measure for the cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation, on the head of 15 preterm infants with a median postmenstrual age of 28 weeks (interquartile range (IQR) between 26-29 weeks) with spatially resolved spectroscopy (NIRO 300, Hamamatsu) during the first three days of life. Infants with intra-ventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leucomalacia before the first measurement, as shown by ultrasound, were excluded. The first measurement was done within the first 6 hours of life, the second and third measurement at, respectively, 24 and 48 hours after this first measurement. The mean TOI was calculated if saturation did not change by more than 5% for at least 30 minutes. Other parameters measured were PaO2, PCO2, pH, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, hemoglobin, glycemia and peripheral oxygen saturation. There was a significant increase of TOI after 24 (p < 0.05) and 48 (p < 0.001) hours. The median TOI on the first day was 57% (95% CI: 54-65.7), 66.1% on the second day (95%CI: 61.9-82.3%) and 76.1% on the third day (95%CI 67.8-80.1%). No correlation was found between TOI and peripheral oxygen saturation, blood pressure, PaO2, PaCO2 and hemoglobin concentration after multiple regression analysis. TOI increases in the first three days in premature born babies. The increase of TOI is not due to an increase of oxygenation or mean arterial blood pressure. In our opinion, it reflects the increase in cerebral blood flow during the first three days.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Insulin receptors in syncytiotrophoblast and fetal endothelium of human placenta. Immunohistochemical evidence for developmental changes in distribution pattern.

The localisation of insulin receptors (IR) was investigated on cryosections of human non-pathologic first trimester and full term placentae by indirect immunohistochemistry with three different monoclonal antibodies (MABS). In placentae from 6 to 10 weeks postmenstruation (p-m.), only syncytiotrophoblast was stained, predominantly that of mesenchymal villi and syncytial sprouts, which are areas of high proliferative activity. In placentae from 11 to 14 weeks p-m., endothelial cells commenced to react with the IR MABS and the syncytiotrophoblast was less intensely labelled than at weeks 6 to 10 p-m. In term placentae, the microvillous membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast showed only patches of weak immunoreactivity. In contrast, the endothelial cells in the placenta but not in the umbilical cord were strongly stained. The amniotic epithelium in the chorionic plate and fibroblasts in the stroma were conspicuously labelled. The data indicate: (1) the receptor density on villous syncytiotrophoblast decreases and that of fetal endothelium increases' throughout gestation; (2) syncytiotrophoblast of human term placentae expresses a low level per unit area of surface IR; and (3) the majority of IR in human term placentae is located in fetal endothelium. Apart from yet unknown functional effects of maternal and fetal insulin at the placental barrier, the results suggest a growth promoting effect on the trophoblast of maternal insulin in first trimester as well as developmental effects of fetal insulin on the feto-placental vessels at term.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1995

Cyclical mastopathy and premenopausal breast cancer risk. Results of a case-control study.

Cyclical mastopathy (CM) is a common clinical syndrome of premenstrual breast swelling and tenderness. Its symptoms are relieved by reduction in dietary fat intake and, because fat intake may be associated with breast cancer risk, it was hypothesized that CM may also be related to breast cancer risk. This case-control study included 192 premenopausal women with a recent history of axillary node-negative breast cancer and 192 age-matched premenopausal controls. Subjects provided information on diet and risk factors, and they recorded breast symptoms prospectively during one menstrual cycle. Symptoms in the noncancerous breast of cases and the matched (right or left) breast of controls were examined. A cyclical pattern of symptoms was identified in both groups; breast tenderness scores were similar postmenstrually (p = 0.31) but were significantly higher premenstrually in the case group (p = 0.03). Cases also had a greater premenstrual increase in breast tenderness than controls (p = 0.03). When the effects of other risk factors for breast cancer were included in multivariate analyses, the association of cyclical tenderness with breast cancer persisted (p = 0.05), the odds ratio for severe tenderness being 3.32. Thus, we have identified an association of cyclical breast tenderness with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. The association persists after consideration of diet and the effects of other breast cancer risk factors.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Resting heart rate (HR) in women with and without premenstrual symptoms (PMS).

A sample of 64 undergraduate female students participated in the present experiment. During 3 consecutive months women answered a chart of daily report of symptoms, and finally, two groups were formed: women with premenstrual symptoms (PMS group) and women without premenstrual symptoms (NPMS group). Heart rates (HR) at rest were recorded throughout premenstrual, menstrual, postmenstrual, and ovulatory phases. In the premenstrual phase, PMS group showed significantly higher resting HR levels than NPMS group. With regard to resting HR levels across the four phases studied, significant differences within PMS group were observed. Our results are discussed from a psychophysiological point of view.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Alteration of 5-HT uptake by plasma fractions in the premenstrual syndrome.

The effects of plasma and an aqueous plasma fraction from patients with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and control subjects on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in washed human platelets and rat forebrain synaptosomes were studied. Pre- and postmenstrual samples of unextracted plasma from the control group significantly enhanced platelet uptake of 5-HT. In contrast, an aqueous fraction following extraction of the plasma with organic solvents caused a dose-dependent decrease of 5-HT uptake. Plasma obtained from patients with PMS caused less stimulation of 5-HT uptake compared to plasma from the control group. The aqueous fraction of premenstrual plasma from patients tended to inhibit 5-HT uptake to a greater extent than a similar plasma fraction from controls. The inhibition of 5-HT uptake was associated with an increase in Km. Aqueous plasma fractions from both groups also inhibited 5-HT uptake in brain synaptosomes. However, there were no significant differences between groups. The results of the platelet study suggest that there may be quantitative differences in the plasma concentration of endogenous factors that affect 5-HT uptake between patients with PMS and control subjects and that such differences may explain the previously reported alteration of platelet 5-HT uptake and content associated with PMS symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Menstrual cycle variation of women's interest in erotica.

Female respondents were given the opportunity to choose feature films for viewing. Choices were made on the basis of synopses and promotional videos. These materials projected (i) a focus on erotic, sexual events, (ii) romantic themes, (iii) action-packed violent drama, and (iv) hilarious comedy. Additionally, respondents evaluated the appeal of the projected films. Respondents' position in the menstrual cycle was then determined, with placement into one of seven 4-day phases. Measured in both choices and evaluations, a postmenstrual surge in erotic interest was evident. Erotic interest was also pronounced prior to and during menses. In contrast, it was at a minimum during the first half of the luteal phase. The choice of romantic films was not appreciably influenced by cycle position. However, in evaluating films with romantic themes, premenstrual women expressed particularly little interest in this genre.

Analysis of Variance↗