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PubMed2000

[Administration of autochthonous intestinal microflora--a method to prevent Salmonella infections in poultry].

Administration of autochthonous intestinal microflora to chicks during the early period after hatching (Competitive Exclusion) is a widely accepted prophylactic method to control Salmonella infections in poultry. The method of competitive exclusion consists in an administration of intestinal flora from healthy adult birds to chicks during the first hours or days of their life. Use of competitive exclusion cultures will considerably enhance resistance to all Salmonella serovars colonising the chicken intestine and reduce shedding of salmonellas by infected animals. However, sole use of this method does not completely prevent Salmonella colonisation of the animals nor elimination of the agents from poultry flocks. At present, only complex competitive exclusion cultures whose composition has not been defined are capable of inducing an adequately high and reproducible efficacy. Effective preparations with a defined composition have not yet been developed because knowledge of the mechanisms of action of the competitive exclusion cultures as well as the effective species of the various bacterial genera is still inadequate. Since in approval procedures, the competitive exclusion cultures with a non-defined composition can neither be classified as medicines nor feed additives nor vaccines, WHO has proposed to establish the product category "Normal Gut Flora" (WHO, 1994). Basic prerequisites for an effective reduction of non-host-adapted Salmonella serovars in, or their elimination from poultry flocks are the performance and assurance of effective hygienic measures. Like the methods of immunisation using live or inactivated Salmonella vaccines in poultry, the method of competitive exclusion constitutes an additional prophylactic method that may be applied directly in the animal to enhance its resistance to Salmonella infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Ceftriaxone-resistant salmonella infection acquired by a child from cattle.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of resistance to antimicrobial agents within the salmonellae is a worldwide problem that has been associated with the use of antibiotics in livestock. Resistance to ceftriaxone and the fluoroquinolones, which are used to treat invasive salmonella infections, is rare in the United States. We analyzed the molecular characteristics of a ceftriaxone-resistant strain of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolated from a 12-year-old boy with fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. METHODS: We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and analysis of plasmids and beta-lactamases to compare the ceftriaxone-resistant S. enterica serotype typhimurium from the child with four isolates of this strain obtained from cattle during a local outbreak of salmonellosis. RESULTS: The ceftriaxone-resistant isolate from the child was indistinguishable from one of the isolates from cattle, which was also resistant to ceftriaxone. Both ceftriaxone-resistant isolates were resistant to 13 antimicrobial agents; all but one of the resistance determinants were on a conjugative plasmid of 160 kb that encoded the functional group 1 beta-lactamase CMY-2. Both ceftriaxone-resistant isolates were closely related to the three other salmonella isolates obtained from cattle, all of which were susceptible to ceftriaxone. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides additional evidence that antibiotic-resistant strains of salmonella in the United States evolve primarily in livestock. Resistance to ceftriaxone, the drug of choice for invasive salmonella disease, is a public health concern, especially with respect to children, since fluoroquinolones, which can also be used to treat this disease, are not approved for use in children.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Immunity to Salmonella infection.

The foregoing literature review and data presentation have been set forth in the hope of clarifying some complex and confusing issues in regard to Salmonella infection. From a practical point of view, the information presented has implications for the direction to take with regard to improving the current typhoid vaccine, as the presently used acetone-killed cell preparation has considerable toxicity. The issues are important from a theoretical standpoint, because they have bearing on the nature of the concepts researchers and clinicians carry as working hypothesis with regard to the mechanisms of immunity to Salmonella infection. An incomplete appreciation of the literature seems to have led many scientists to believe that only cellular immunity can protect a mouse, and by analogy a human, against Salmonella. The logical deduction from such a premise is that only live vaccines will be effective in humans againsT S. typhi. Such a conclusion would appear unfounded, as documented in this review, for killed vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in vaccinating many mouse strains, as well as humans, against enteric fever.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Role of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate in the development of Salmonella infection in an experiment].

The changes in cAMP levels in spleen macrophages of mice infected with low-virulent and virulent Salmonella strains and the effect of propranolol on Salmonella reproduction in the spleen, and the outcome of Salmonella-induced infection have been studied. A persistent increase in cAMP levels in spleen macrophages during Salmonella infection caused by virulent Salmonella strains has been demonstrated. Low-virulent Salmonella strains failed to cause the elevation of cAMP levels in spleen macrophages. Propranolol injection to mice prevented intensive Salmonella reproduction in the spleen and diminished the animal mortality rate.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The role of dendritic cells during Salmonella infection.

One type of phagocytic antigen-presenting cell (APC) - the dendritic cell (DC) - may have specialized functions during infection with the bacterium Salmonella, including a possible role in transporting Salmonella across the intestinal barrier. In addition, changes in the number, localization and cytokine production of CD8alpha+, CD8alpha-CD4+ and CD8alpha-CD4- DC subsets occur during infection. DCs function in stimulating bacteria-specific T cells by direct presentation of Salmonella antigens and as bystander APCs. Studying the function of DCs during Salmonella infection provides insight into the capacity of these sophisticated APCs, which are a key link between innate and adaptive immunity, to initiate and modulate the immune response to a bacterial infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Salmonella infections of the abdominal aorta.

Salmonella accounts for up to one-third of all primary abdominal aortic infections. During the past ten years, we have treated three patients with this disease and have reviewed an additional 61 instances found in the English literature. The overall survival rate was 46 percent. Fever and back or abdominal pain were present in more than 90 percent of the patients, while a pulsatile mass was present in only 42 percent of those reported. Blood cultures were positive in 73 percent of patients. Computed tomography and angiography were helpful in delineating the presence of aneurysms and defining the extent. Twenty-two patients were treated without undergoing aortic resection; there were no survivors. One patient had an aortic resection without reconstruction and survived. Twenty-eight patients were treated with aortic resection and anatomic reconstruction. Six patients in this group died of graft sepsis and an additional six patients required graft removal for persistent infection. In contrast, 18 of 19 patients treated with extra-anatomic grafting and aneurysm resection survived, with only one death from aortic stump sepsis. No patient has required graft removal for sepsis. These results suggest that aneurysm resection and extra-anatomic bypass is the treatment of choice in patients with Salmonella infections involving the infrarenal aorta.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Immunity to Salmonella infections.

The results of current investigations regarding the mechanisms of immunity to Salmonella infections and the use of vaccines are presented. Since chemical suppression of the humoral immune response in chickens does not jeopardise immunization with a live vaccine and immunized guinea-pigs exhibit distinct inhibition of macrophage migration, it is concluded that cellular immunity is a prominent factor in protection. Data is presented to show that the mice and calves can be equally well immunized with either live or inactivated S. typhimurium and S. dublin vaccines and the practical advantages of inactivated vaccines are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Role of interleukin-2 receptor expression on macrophages from Salmonella-infected mice.

In this study, it was found that macrophages from Salmonella-infected mice expressed the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R). The IL-2R induced by the infection consisted mainly of both beta and gamma chains, and the expression of IL-2Ralpha was very low. Furthermore, similar expression of IL-2Rbeta and gamma chains was observed in interferon-gamma-treated macrophages. The effect of recombinant interleukin-2 on the intracellular killing activity of macrophages which expressed IL-2Rbeta and gamma was then studied. Our results demonstrated that interleukin-2 acted synergistically with interferon-gamma through the IL-2R in the induction of macrophage intracellular killing activity and established a new role of IL-2R on bactericidal activity of macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Role of antibiotic therapy on long-term germ excretion in faeces and digestive symptoms after Salmonella infection.

BACKGROUND: The role of antibiotic therapy on Salmonella faecal excretion is controversial. Acute Salmonella gastroenteritis induces long-lasting digestive symptoms in up to one-third of subjects. The role of antimicrobial therapy on persistent post-infectious symptoms is unknown. AIM: To investigate the role of antibiotic therapy on long-term germ faecal excretion and digestive symptoms after Salmonella infection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 1543 subjects [518 aged between 3 and 5 years (35.3%); 950 between 6 and 10 years (64.7%) and 75 adults (4.9%)] involved in a single outbreak of Salmonella enteritis fulfilled the study criteria by repeating stool cultures and answering a symptom questionnaire 3 months post-infection. RESULTS: 327 subjects (21.2%) were treated with antibiotics during the acute infection [121 children aged 3-5 years (23.4%), 175 children aged 6-10 years (18.4%) and 31 adults (41.3%)]. Antibiotic treatment did not affect Salmonella excretion at any of the time points studied up to three months post-infection in any age group as compared to age-matched untreated controls. Persistent digestive symptoms were more common among the patients treated with antibiotics (9.5% vs. 2.9%; P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic therapy does not affect Salmonella enteritis excretion. Digestive symptoms after clearance of the infectious agent are significantly higher in patients treated with antibiotics during acute gastroenteritis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Vitamin A supplementation improves macrophage function and bacterial clearance during experimental salmonella infection.

The effects of additional but nontoxic amounts of vitamin A on susceptibility to salmonella infection was studied by comparing rates of bacterial clearance and phagocytosis. Forty-eight male Lewis rats were divided into a treatment group receiving a total of 6000 units of vitamin A palmitate weekly for 5 weeks and a control group was given an equal volume of saline. After completion of the treatment regimen, one-half from each group were infected intraperitoneally with 10(5) Salmonella typhimurium; the other half received intraperitoneal injection of saline. At this time no differences in weight gain were noted and all animals were sacrificed within 2 weeks. At 72 hr after bacterial challenge, all saline-treated control animals displayed bacteremia. Cultures of liver and splenic homogenates were positive in 89 and 100% of infected control animals vs 0 and 44% for treated animals during the first week of infection. Kupffer cell, peritoneal, and splenic macrophages of the vitamin A-treated group had greater phagocytic activity than controls as assessed by the percentage of cells ingesting yeast particles and by the number of particles ingested (phagocytic index). These results suggest that vitamin A in moderate amounts may benefit the host's response to infection by enhancing phagocytic cell function.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Inhibition phenomena between Salmonella strains--a new aspect of salmonella infection control in poultry].

Freshly hatched chickens show a very high susceptibility to Salmonella infections and control measures are therefore frequently focused on the period shortly after hatching. Experimental investigations using one strain against itself, differentiated by different antibiotic resistance markers, have shown that colonisation with Salmonella prevents the establishment of subsequently inoculated challenge organisms in the chicken gut. The inhibition effect lasts for several days and is detectable even when a challenge dose of 10(8) organisms is used. It is dependent of the breed of bird. Chickens colonised with Salmonella shed a subsequently inoculated challenge strain with significant lower numbers for several weeks than do non colonised control birds. The phenomenon is strain specific but not serovarspecific as has been shown in investigations using different strains of the same and other serovars for colonisation and challenge. The phenomenon shows a large variability between strains. Using other Enterobacteriaceae strains comparable inhibition against Salmonella was not observed. One important topic for further investigation is the capability of Salmonella live vaccines given orally to establish a protection effect, based on the inhibition phenomenon in the first few days of live, developing into a long-lasting immunity when birds reach immunological maturity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Salmonella infection of a Dacron aortic bifurcation graft.

We report a case of primary salmonella infection of a dacron aortofemoral bypass graft. Local graft excision with extra-anatomic bypass resulted in a successful outcome. Salmonella, whilst the commonest cause of infected abdominal aortic aneurysms, is currently a rare cause of prosthetic graft infection. However, given the increasing prevalence of salmonellosis in the community, we believe this situation will change and surgeons should be alert to this new and dangerous addition to the list of graft pathogens.

Aorta, Abdominal↗
PubMed1993

[Occurrence of Salmonella infection in diarrheal syndromes: the most common types and clinical patterns].

Diarrhoeic syndrome is one of the most commonly found acute infectious diseases, with different etiologies. Our study comprised 396 patients with acute diarrhoeic syndrome. Salmonella infection was confirmed in 26.26% of the cases. Most commonly found was S. enteritidis (54.8%), S. hada, S. Typhi murium and S. virchow. Febrile gastroenterocolitis was the most frequent clinical pattern of salmonella infection (58.6%); dysenteric type of the diseases was present in 17% of patients, while only one case (0.9%), of salmonella fever with two positive hemocultures was observed. Most severe forms of the disease were caused by S. enteritidis, in 10% of the patients and S. virchow (0.9%). There was one lethal outcome (0.9%), while in the remainder of the patients the outcome was favorable. Remarkably severe clinical patterns were observed in children under 5 and in adults over 56 years.

Acute Disease↗