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PubMed1987

Condylar fracture of the cannon bone with axial sesamoid fracture in three horses.

The case histories of three young thoroughbred racehorses with displaced lateral condylar fractures combined with an axial fracture of the lateral sesamoid bone are described. In two cases the condylar fracture was repaired surgically but both horses developed severe degenerative joint disease and remained lame. The third horse was destroyed humanely. It is important that axial fractures of the sesamoid bone are recognised so that a poorer prognosis can be given for treatment of condylar fractures in racing thoroughbreds.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Extracellular matrix composition of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon: relationship with age and anatomical site.

The objectives of the present study were to test the hypotheses that: (1) the composition of the extracellular matrix of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) shows great functional similarities with articular cartilage, i.e. that significant differences exist in biochemical composition of differently loaded areas (which in the case of tendons may be more apparent as tendon shows more obvious differences than cartilage); and (2) that, as in articular cartilage, no substantial alterations in biochemical composition take place during ageing once adulthood has been attained. Tendon samples were taken from 60 adult slaughter horses from a central area at cross-section in the mid-metacarpal region and at the height of the proximal sesamoid bones (sesamoid region) of the SDFT. Contents of collagenous and non-collagenous components were determined. None of the parameters were correlated with age in either region, except for a significant increase in pentosidine cross-links with age in the sesamoid region. Between the two anatomical regions, there were significant differences in all variables, except for hydroxylysylpyridinoline cross-links. It was concluded that in the equine SDFT, similar to articular cartilage, most molecular parameters are not influenced by age in mature horses, indicating a low remodelling rate. Tendon composition is clearly different between regions, apparently reflecting different specific modes of biomechanical loading at the points sampled.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Aneurysmal bone cyst of the index sesamoid.

Sesamoid bone disorders are rare and usually are a result of trauma or degenerative causes. Tumors of the sesamoid bones of the hand are encountered less frequently. We report a case of an aneurysmal bone cyst of the radial index sesamoid of the hand. The tumor was treated successfully by sesamoid bone resection.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Bone scintigraphy in the assessment of the hallucal sesamoids.

Bone scintigraphy is frequently used to evaluate suspected hallucal sesamoid pathology. Increased scintigraphic activity of the hallucal sesamoid is assumed to corroborate clinical suspicion of pathology, but the incidence of such increased uptake has not been studied in an asymptomatic population. Using a 0 to 2 bone scintigraphic rating system, 25 of 86 (29%) asymptomatic infantry recruits and 7 of 27 (26%) asymptomatic sedentary adults were found to have grade 1 or grade 2 activity. When using scintigraphy to evaluate hallucal sesamoid pathology, caution should be used in interpreting the meaning of increased scintigraphic activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Callus formation of the tibial hallux sesamoid mimicking a bone tumor.

Sesamoid tumors of the hallux are rare, and their incidence and differential diagnosis have not been well described. We present a case with a bizarre callus formation of the medial sesamoid of the hallux that mimicked a bone tumor. After excision of the mass and related sesamoid, the patient remained asymptomatic during 3 years of follow-up.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1994

Mechanical loading affects the synthesis of decorin and biglycan in intact immature articular cartilage in vitro.

Sesamoid bone cartilage from the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of six-month-old calves was cultured intact on its bone support. The sesamoid bones for the experiment were subjected to loading with 0.2 MPa at 0.2 Hz for a week. Controls were cultured for 0 or 7 days, labelled with [35S] sulfate for 17 h, harvested, and extracted in 4 M guanidine HCI with proteinase inhibitors, for analysis on Sepharose CL-2B columns under dissociative conditions. It was found that the population of labelled small proteoglycans was significantly larger in the loaded cartilage than in the cultured controls. This population was pooled and further purified on dissociative Sepharose CL-4B columns. The resulting profiles showed two peaks. The material eluting at Kav 0.80 contained only chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate chains. The peak at Kav 0.48 was analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It consisted of the dermatan sulfate proteoglycans decorin and biglycan. The amounts of newly synthesized decorin and biglycan in the cultured control cartilage were lower than in the control cartilage that had been labelled on day 0. The synthesis of decorin, but not of biglycan, was significantly higher in the loaded cartilage than in the cultured control cartilage. Through its interaction with collagen type II, decorin may aid the adaptation of articular cartilage to increased loading.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Similarity, plausibility, and judgments of probability.

Judging the strength of an argument may underlie many reasoning and decision-making tasks. In this article, we focus on "category-based" arguments, in which the premises and conclusion are of the form All members of C have property P, where C is a natural category. An example is "Dobermans have sesamoid bones. Therefore, German shepherds have sesamoid bones." The strength of such an argument is reflected in the judged probability that the conclusion is true given that the premises are true. The processes that mediate such probability judgments depend on whether the predicate is "blank"--an unfamiliar property that does not enter the reasoning process (e.g., "have sesamoid bones")--or "non-blank"--a relatively familiar property that is easier to reason from (e.g., "can bite through wire"). With blank predicates, probability judgments are based on similarity relations between the premise and conclusion categories. With non-blank predicates, probability judgements are based on both similarity relations and the plausibility of premises and conclusion.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1996

The diagnostic nerve block of the sesamoidean nerve: desensitized structures and possible clinical applications.

The sesamoidean nerve branches from the palmar nerve and runs towards the proximal sesamoid bone. To study the structures innervated by this nerve, a technique for blocking it was developed. The effect of this nerve block was determined in ponies with an induced lameness located in the lateral proximal sesamoid bone (5 ponies) or in the distal part of the lateral branch of the suspensory ligament (5 ponies), and in 10 horses with clinical sesamoidosis. A lameness provoked by the implantation of an expansion plug in the proximal sesamoid bone could, to a large extent, be anaesthetized by a sesamoidean nerve block. However, lameness due to a local tendonitis in the lateral branch of the suspensory ligament, was only partially eliminated by a sesamoidean nerve block. In horses with sesamoidosis the lameness improved, on average, by about 30%. It is concluded that the sesamoidean nerve contains sensory fibres that innervate the proximal sesamoid bone. The sesamoidean nerve block is highly specific for pain originating from the proximal sesamoid bone including the adjacent distal part of the extensor branch of the suspensory ligament. In horses suffering from sesamoidosis the main source of pain appears not to be located in the proximal sesamoid bone. The specificity of the sesamoidean nerve block makes it a useful technique for differentiating the site of a lameness located in the fetlock area.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sesamoid pathology of the 1st metatarsal bone].

The sesamoid region constitutes an "anatomo-clinical entity" because the small sesamoid bones and the tendino-sero-cutaneous formations which surround them are in close association. Subjected to various microtraumatisms, (professional, sports or static), it expresses its pathology through a painful sesamoid point, a localized tumefaction that is more or less ifnlammatory (sometimes with a pseudo-gout aspect) or a painful corn that disturbs walking. The observation of radiologic alterations of the sesamoid bones results in the discussion of osteonecrosis (Renander's disease) or a fracture. This region may also be the site of a specific micro-cristalline inflammation (with deposit of various crystals) or a rheumatic (mainly rheumatoid, sometimes psioriatic or spondylarthritic) responsible for sesamoid alterations of variable intensity. I can also be involved in an infectious process that is either acute or chronic (fistulization). The sesamoid region has a rich pathology, that is often poorly understood since it is inadequately investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Metacarpal fracture associated with lymphosarcoma-induced osteolysis in a horse.

A 19-year-old Appaloosa gelding was reluctant to move. Radiography revealed diffuse, permeative lysis of the cortex and subchondral bone of the phalanges, third metacarpal bones, proximal sesamoid bones, radius, carpal bones, tibia, mandible, and nasal bones of the skull. A comminuted fracture of the distal aspect of the left third metacarpal bone was identified on a lateral to medial radiographic view of the left metacarpophalangeal joint. Histologic examination of the first phalanx, third metacarpal bone, and sternum revealed multifocal infiltrates of nodular lymphosarcoma in cortical and subchondral bone. Osteoclastic cavities were apparent in bone trabeculae contiguous with nodular foci of lymphosarcoma. Osteoclastic osteolysis was not evident at bone surfaces that were not directly adjacent to neoplastic cells. Although lymphosarcoma is the most frequent malignant neoplasia encountered in horses, diffuse neoplastic infiltration of cortical and subchondral bone of the appendicular and axial skeleton represents an unusual presentation of lymphosarcoma.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Insertion of the abductor hallucis muscle in feet with and without hallux valgus.

Textbooks of human anatomy present different opinions on the insertion of the abductor hallucis muscle which is concerned in etiology as well as in therapy of hallux valgus. In plastic and reconstructive surgery the muscle is taken as a graft for flap-surgery. In this study 109 feet (58 right, 51 left) were examined, 18 of these with clinical hallux valgus. The tendon of the muscle may attach to the tendon of the medial head of the short flexor hallucis muscle where a subtendineous bursa can be found. At the head of the first metatarsal bone the joint capsule is reinforced by fibres arising from the medial sesamoid bone which may be called "medial sesamoidal ligament." The tendon passes the first metatarsophalangeal joint plantarily to its transverse axis. Three types of insertion could be distinguished: type A, insertion at the proximal phalanx (N = 42); type B, insertion at the medial sesamoid ligament and at the medial sesamoid bone (N = 65); type C, insertion at the medial sesamoid bone (N = 2). In all types superficial fibres of the tendon extended to the medial and plantar sides of the base of the proximal phalanx, running in a plantar to dorsal direction. Statistical analysis exposed neither significant differences between both sides nor significant difference between normal feet and feet with hallux valgus. Therefore, a specific pattern of insertion of the abductor hallucis muscle in hallux valgus cannot be stated.

Foot↗