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PubMed1975

[Phage typization of Staphylococcus aureus strains from staphylococcic mastitis of dairy cows].

Of 62 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from milk samples of dairy-cows with staphylococcic mastitis from five agricultural enterprises, 68 p. c. could be typified as bacteriophages. In 42 typified strains, altogether 17 different phage pictures were found, in which case, in the different agricultural enterprises, the number of phage picture fluctuated between 1 and 8. Phage picture 42 D was found and dominated in all the agricultural enterprises. Of the typified strains, 76% could be ranked only into one phage group and 24% in the "M" group (= miscellaneous). Of 32 typified strains, 56.3% belonged to phage group IV, 25% to group III, 12.5% to group I, and 6.2% to group II.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Plasmid analysis and phage typing in the study of staphylococcal colonization and disease in newborn infants.

Plasmid analysis, bacteriophage typing and antibiograms were used to detect the source and rate of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and disease in newborn infants in a nursery. Staphylococcal colonization on the nasal mucosa and umbilicus of 140 neonates took place within 12 hours after birth. The colonization rates reached 100% from the fourth day onward and fell to 66.7%, 25.5% and 17.5% by the age of 1 month, 6 months and 1 year, respectively. The incidence of nursery-acquired infection caused by S. aureus was at least 16.4%. All infections were confined to the skin or mucosa and were not serious. It is believed that the S. aureus which colonized and infected the newborn infants mainly originated from the nares and the hands of nurses, because only S. aureus strains from nurses and infected infants had the same phage patterns (52/52A/47/53/75/77/81) and carried 2 plasmids of the same size (1.4 and 1.7 Md), whereas S. aureus isolated from other sources did not have the same phage patterns or plasmid profiles. In view of the results of this study, it is considered that the importance of careful washing of the hands of personnel before and after handling infants should be emphasized.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1989

[Phagotherapy of postoperative suppurative-inflammatory complications in patients with neoplasms].

The authors assess the efficacy of phage therapy ofsuppurative and inflammatory complications in oncological patients. A clinical and laboratory analysis has involved 131 patients whose etiotropic therapy consisted of bacteriophages (65 patients) and antibiotics (66). Medicinal phages, manufactured by the Tbilisi Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, have been administered according to 3 schemes: (1) parallel with antibiotics, (2) after long ineffective antibiotic therapy, (3) phages alone starting from the onset of the purulent complication. The preparations have been prescribed with due consideration for the isolated microflora sensitivity. Incorporation of phages in combined therapy of infectious complications has yielded positive results in 81.5% of cases, whereas antibiotics have proved effective in but 60.6%. The efficacy of phage therapy depends on the type of pyoinflammatory complications (the results are the best in the management of wound infections), the microflora pattern of the purulent foci (phages are the most effective with a corresponding monoinfection), characteristics of the therapeutic phages proper (Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage is characterized by the highest therapeutic activity, as compared to staphylococcal and other phages).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1963

The vivo interaction between staphylococcus bacteriophage and Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus bacteriophage 81 is capable of in vivo interaction with Staphylococcus aureus, Type 80/81. This is immediately made evident by increased levels of bacteriophage and concomitant survival of 81 per cent infected mice. The reaction is dependent upon the use of active, type-specific bacteriophage. The maximal protective effect is observed at a bacteriophage to bacteria ratio of 1:2 and decreased quantities of bacteriophage result in decreased protection. Time and sequence of administration are also determining factors. It is evident that bacteriophage administered intravenously is capable of interaction with the infecting bacterial cell at the site of infection. In vivo produced bacteriophage is apparently eliminated or otherwise rendered nondetectable fairly rapidly, occurring within a period of 5 to 10 days. However, it appears that host defense mechanisms are stimulated in the process and actively play a protective role against subsequent challenge inocula administered up to 3 weeks later.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Relative rates of lysis of staphylococcal cell walls by lytic enzymes from various bacteriophage types.

Lytic enzymes were isolated from 14 strains of phage-infected Staphylococcus aureus. Cell walls were prepared from the same uninfected strains of bacteria. Comparison of the lytic rates was made for each enzyme, with each of the cell walls as substrate. Differences in the rate of substrate utilization of the various cell wall types exceeded 10-fold. Cell walls from strains 42E, 29, and 77 were the best substrates, whereas cell walls from strains 3C, 80, and 187 were the poorest substrates. The cell wall amino acid composition is discussed as related to lytic enzyme specificity. A possible explanation of phage typing of staphylococcal cells, based on enzyme activity and cell wall composition, is presented.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1975

[Phage typing of strains of Staphylococcus aureus from staphylococcal mastitis of dairy cows].

Of 62 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from milk samples of dairy-cows with staphylococcic mastitis from five agricultural enterprises, 68 p. c. could be typified as bacteriophages. In 42 typified strains, altogether 17 different phage pictures were found, in which case, in the different agricultural enterprises, the number of phage picture fluctuated between 1 and 8. Phage picture 42 D was found and dominated in all the agricultural enterprises. Of the typified strains, 76% could be ranked only into one phage group and 24% in the "M" group (= miscellaneous). Of 32 typified strains, 56.3% belonged to phage group IV, 25% to group III, 12.5% to group I, and 6.2% to group II.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of valinomycin and nigericin on the efficacy of bacteriophage infection of staphylococcal cells].

The effect of ionophore antibiotics, valinomycin and nigericin, on the generation of the membrane potential, the pH gradient and the efficacy of phage infection in tetracycline-resistant staphylococci has been studied. Valinomycin at a concentration of 0.5 microM induces the dissipation of the membrane potential, and nigericin at a concentration of 12.0 microM decreases the value of the pH gradient on the membrane of staphylococci. The separate use of antibiotics has no essential influence on the efficacy of phage infection. The combined use of valinomycin and nigerimycin produces the maximum inhibition of phage infection (64.5%) at the stage of the introduction of DNA into the bacterial cell, which is indicative of a definite role played by the membrane potential and the pH gradient in the transport of phage DNA into staphylococcal cells.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Inhibition of bacteriophage K proliferation on Staphylococcus aureus in raw bovine milk.

AIMS: To assess the ability of staphylococcal bacteriophage K to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ability of bacteriophage (phage) to replicate in milk is important in situations where phage might be used as a therapeutic for bovine mastitis. Phage K was able to replicate normally, leading to elimination of the host culture in milk, which had been previously heat-treated. When raw milk was used under identical conditions, the phages were unable to replicate. Phage adsorption assays were performed and these demonstrated that adsorption of phage was significantly reduced in the raw milk while it was restored in the heat-treated sample (86.50% compared with 99.96% adsorption respectively). When confocal microscopy with a Live/Dead Bac light staining system was employed, it was observed that in raw milk S. aureus formed clusters associated with fat globules, while in heat-treated milk, bacterial agglutination had not occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Raw milk inhibits staphylococcal phage K proliferation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This observation has implications for the exploitation of staphylococcal therapeutic phage in milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Experimental infection of the skin in the hamster simulating human impetigo. III. Interaction between staphylococci and group A streptococci.

The interaction between staphylococci and Group A beta hemolytic streptococci in mixed lesions was investigated in an experimental impetigo model. A strain of staphylococcus of phage Type 71, which has been shown in vitro to produce a bacteriocin for streptococci and other Gram-positive organisms, eliminates or reduces Group A streptococci in mixed lesions. In contrast, staphylococcal strains of phage Types 75 and 81, which do not produce a demonstrable bacteriocin in vitro, exhibit no such effect. Some variation was noted in the in vivo response of two different streptococcal M Types to the bactericidal effect of phage Type 71 staphylococci. Bacterial antagonism is more pronounced when staphylococci and streptococci are injected simultaneously into animals than when staphylococci are superimposed on preexisting streptococcal lesions. Marked variations were found in the numbers of viable streptococci (colony-forming units) recovered from individual lesions containing identical mixtures of streptococci and phage Type 71 staphylococci. The frequency of a demonstrable bactericidal effect was related to the number of streptococci injected. With small inocula of streptococci, the tendency towards an all-or-none effect was particularly striking. No evidence of selection of streptococcal or staphylococcal mutants which might explain this phenomenon was obtained. These observations suggest that the bactericidal effect of phage Type 71 staphylococci on other Gram-positive organisms, previously demonstrated in vitro, appears to operate also in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Staphylococcal sepsis in a burns unit.

An outbreak of staphylococcal sepsis in a burns unit occurred between January 1976 and May 1978. Many patients and members of staff had boils, and a number of patients also developed septicaemia. Most of the boils in the early period of the trial and a large proportion of boils in patients during the later period yielded Staphylococcus aureus resistant to penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin only (PTE), and were shown to be of phage type 95 in the early period while strains were phage typed. From blood cultures, most strains in the early period were of resistance pattern PTE and phage type 95, but in the later period other resistance patterns were predominant. Strains from burns were usually multiresistant (PTEKNML) and of the phage pattern 29/77, which had been endemic in the Unit, but during the early period of the outbreak there was an increased proportion of strains in burns with the resistance pattern PTE and of phage type 95. Staphylococcal sepsis has for many years been very infrequent in the burns unit. This outbreak seems to have been initiated by a strain of phage type 95 and resistance pattern PTE, but during the course of the outbreak the endemic strain of type 29/77 and some other staphylococci seem to have developed enhanced ability to cause clinical infections, conceivably by transduction from the epidemic strain of phage type 95.

Burns↗
PubMed1967

Adsorption of staphylococcal bacteriophage by milk proteins.

Propagation of homologous bacteriophage in a culture of Staphylococcus aureus (1:1 ratio of phage to bacteria) in Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) and in skim milk indicated more activity of phage in TSB. Early lysis of bacteria in skim milk followed by a pronounced rise in bacterial population suggested that staphylococcal phages were being inactivated by milk. Titration of phages from skim milk, whey, and TSB indicated about 90% adsorption of phages by acid- and heat-precipitable proteins of skim milk, whereas numbers recovered from whey were quite comparable to those recovered from TSB. Reducing the pH from 6.5 to 4.0 increased the percentage of phages recoverable from skim milk from 10 to 56%. Apparently, the changes in electrical charges on the casein micelles at this low pH were responsible for release of many phages from their complex with casein.

Adsorption↗