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PubMed2005

Bilateral Kuttner tumor of submandibular glands; a case report and review of the literature.

Kuttner tumor is a relatively uncommon disease of the salivary gland. It is also known as chronic sclerosing sialadenitis or cirrhosis of the submandibular gland. The examination of the submandibular gland characterizes clinically by a firm swelling of the gland, and histologically by progressive periductal sclerosis, dense lymphocytic infiltration with lymphoid follicle formation, reduction of the secretory gland parenchyma and fibrosis. Clinical, cytologic, histopathologic and immunohistopathologic features with briefly reviewed relevant literature describing 231 cases are discussed. The patients with the mean age of 44 years (range 13-81 years) had submandibular masses known to be present for 1 week to 55 years (mean 23.2 years). There is a slight predilection for occurrence in men. This is the first reported description of bilateral Kuttner tumor of submandibular glands in Thailand. It was initially diagnosed as a primary submandibular gland neoplasm that fine needle aspiration revealed to be chronic sialadenitis.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Stereological study of the sexual dimorphism in mouse submandibular glands.

The sexual dimorphism of the mouse submandibular glands was studied by stereological methods. Albino mice of both sexes aged 140 days were used. Their average weight was 34.7 g por males and 26.0 g for females. The following morphometric dimensions were evaluated for the acini, intercalated ducts, convoluted granular tubules, striated ducts, excretory ducts and stroma: volume density, total volume, surface density, total external surface, surface-to-volume ratio, nuclear and cellular volume, and absolute number of cells. We also determined the mean diameters and estimated the total length of striated ducts and granular tubules in the gland. Analysis of the results showed that sexual dimorphism is present in all the morphological compartments of the mouse submandibular glands.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Pleiotropic effect of Tabby gene on epidermal growth factor-containing cells of mouse submandibular gland.

The influence of the Tabby gene on the submandibular gland of the mouse was assessed by comparing the mass of the gland, and its content of granular convoluted tubules, in prepubertal, pubertal, and adult Tabby mice and their wild type brother controls. The Tabby mice showed reduction in mass of the adult submandibular gland, delayed development of the granular convoluted tubules, and reduction in relative content of granular convoluted tubules. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is released from the granular convoluted tubules of the mouse submandibular gland, and it is known to experimentally influence the development of at least some of the structures that are affected by the Tabby gene. Accordingly, the question of a relationship between the Tabby gene and EGF is raised.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

VIP and noncholinergic vasodilatation in rabbit submandibular gland.

The effect of parasympathetic nerve activation on rabbit submandibular gland (SMG) blood flow and saliva secretion were studied before and after systemic administration of atropine or hexamethonium. The parasympathetic fibers were stimulated electrically (2 and 15 Hz, 10 V, 1 msec) at the plexus around the submandibular salivary duct or at the chorda lingual nerve. In untreated animals, stimulation of parasympathetic fibers caused a frequency-dependent increase of salivary secretion and blood flow in the SMG. Atropine treatment completely abolished saliva secretion at 2 Hz and 15 Hz and the increase in SMG blood flow during stimulation at 2 Hz. Although atropine significantly reduced the vasodilatory response at 15 Hz, the highest blood flow measured under such circumstances was still about 2.5 times the prestimulation value. After hexamethonium administration no blood flow increase or saliva secretion was seen upon chorda lingual stimulation. The concentration of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in the venous effluent of the SMG increased during nerve stimulation. Atropine significantly reduced, and hexamethonium abolished this VIP-output elicited by parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Local infusion of VIP, peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) and substance P all caused atropine-resistant vasodilation but no salivation. The present data suggest that VIP and possibly PHI play a role in the atropine-resistant vasodilatation in rabbit submandibular gland elicited by parasympathetic nerve stimulation. The contribution of sensory mediators such as substance P released by stimulation of afferent nerves in the chorda lingual nerve to the salivary and vasodilatory responses seems to be of minor importance in the rabbit submandibular gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[A case of a giant calculus of the submandibular gland].

The case of salivary calculi of the submandibular gland and of its duct is very frequent, anyway, in this field it is very unusual to find a calculus heavier than 1 g. In this report the Authors relate about a particularly interesting case of a giant calculus. This kind of calculus is very interesting because of its large size, its position and some morphological peculiarities. In the end the experts confirm the necessity, in these cases, of a surgical intervention, including the extirpation of the gland.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of androgen on translatable renin mRNA in the mouse submandibular gland.

In mature outbred Swiss male mice, submandibular gland renin enzyme activity is 4- and 10-fold higher than in glands of prepubescent males and mature females, respectively. Levels of translatable renin mRNA have been studied in mouse submandibular gland during postnatal development and following administration of testosterone. The [35S]methionine-labeled cell-free translation products directed by male glandular mRNA contain a 47 +/- 2kd renin precursor that is not detected in products coded by prepubescent male or female gland mRNA. This cell-free synthesized precursor is detected immunochemically only in the translation products of gland mRNA from males of 33 days or older and from females receiving testosterone administration, a pattern consistent with the measurements of renin enzyme activity. This increase in biologically active renin mRNA is a selective one, since unfractionated male and female mRNAs have similar overall nucleotide sequence complexity corresponding to 1% of mouse single copy DNA. The cDNA transcribed from male gland mRNA reacts 5- and 10-fold faster with the template mRNA than with female or prepubescent male gland mRNA, respectively, which indicates that the male gland contains abundant nucleotide sequences that exist at low concentration in the female or prepubescent male. Selective hybrid arrested translation confirms that the levels of renin mRNA are lower in the glands of prepubescent males than in those of the mature males. These data indicate that the regulation of renin enzymatic activity by androgens is mediated by an increase in the levels of translatable renin mRNA both during postnatal development and after testosterone administration.

Androgens↗
PubMed1989

Impaired production of nerve growth factor in the submandibular gland of diabetic mice.

The production of nerve growth factor (NGF) in submandibular glands was examined in two kinds of diabetic mice. In genetically diabetic (C57BL/KsJ db/db) mice, which manifest marked insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, the concentration of NGF in the submandibular gland was less than one-tenth that of the nondiabetic controls. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/KsJ mice, which show pancreatic insulitis leading to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia, the glandular NGF concentration fell in a time-dependent manner to 26% of control level at 5 wk after the streptozotocin injection. A daily administration of insulin to the streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice restored the NGF concentration to almost the control level. The molecular size of NGF (13 kDa) in the glandular extracts of the genetically diabetic (db/db) mice in Western blots was indistinguishable from that of the control mice, but its level was reduced in the glands of the diabetic (db/db) animals. Although plasma NGF concentrations were normally below the sensitivity of the assay (less than 0.80 ng/ml) in both the control and the diabetic (db/db) mice, administration of cyclocytidine, which stimulates NGF release from the submandibular gland into the blood circulation, increased the plasma NGF level to 5.95 ng/ml in the control mice, but it failed to do so in the diabetic (db/db) mice. These findings suggest that, in diabetic mice, NGF production in the submandibular gland and its capacity to release NGF into the circulation are decreased.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Evidence for the involvement of the submandibular gland epidermal growth factor in mouse mammary tumorigenesis.

The submandibular gland is a rich source of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in mice. The concentration of EGF in the gland of virgin female mice of C3H/HeN strain increased as much as 9-fold from the age of 30 to 52 weeks. During this period, the incidence of mammary tumor in virgin females increased markedly to a maximal level of 62.5% (n = 48) at 52 weeks of age. Removal of the submandibular gland (sialoadenectomy) of virgin mice 14-22 weeks old reduced the tumor incidence to 12.8% (n = 39) at the age of 52 weeks and also increased the latency period of mammary tumor development as much as 14 weeks when compared to that of normal mice. Long-term treatment of sialoadenectomized virgin mice with EGF (5 micrograms per mouse every other day) increased the tumor incidence to 33.3%. Moreover, sialoadenectomy of mammary tumor-bearing animals caused a rapid and sustained cessation of tumor growth, but EGF administration (5 micrograms per mouse per day) quickly restored the rate of tumor growth to a normal level. These results indicate that submandibular gland EGF plays a crucial role in mouse mammary tumorigenesis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

A mucocele of the submandibular gland.

We encountered an unusual case of a mucocele arising from the submandibular gland. Among the limited number of cystic salivary gland neoplasms reported in the literature, there have been no reports, to our knowledge, of a similar cystic lesion. The unique characteristics of this mass permitted definitive diagnosis by computed tomographic scanning.

Adenolymphoma↗
PubMed2005

Large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the submandibular gland.

Large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma (LCUC) arising in the submandibular gland is so rare that there have been only a few reported cases. We encountered a 65-year-old Japanese male, whose left submandibular gland was enlarged due to LCUC. Exenteration of the left submandibular gland together with selective neck dissection was performed, followed by postoperative radiotherapy. Current literature concerning the histopathological and clinical features of this neoplasm was reviewed.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of genetic and endocrine control of renin and kallikrein in mouse submandibular gland.

The effects of strain, sex, hypophysectomy and hormone treatment on mouse submandibular gland renin, kallikrein, S2266 hydrolase, and BAEe esterase activities have been examined. Renin activity is determined by the Rnr locus on mouse Chromosome 1. Female SWR/J mice (Rnrs/Rnrs) have 1000-fold higher submandibular gland renin activity than C57BL/6J mice (Rnrb/Rnrb). Both strains have similar kallikrein activity. Renin, BAEe esterase, and S2266 hydrolase are substantially higher in male mice compared to females of the same strain whereas kallikrein is not. Dihydrotestosterone and/or thyroxine treatment induces renin, BAEe esterase, and S2266 hydrolase in female mice with little effect on kallikrein. All four enzyme activities are profoundly reduced by hypophysectomy. Dihydrotestosterone and thyroxine are both required to restore renin, BAEe esterase, and S2266 hydrolase to induce levels. Dihydrotestosterone and/or thyroxine restores kallikrein to control levels. We conclude that renin and kallikrein in the mouse submandibular gland are under different genetic and endocrine control. In addition, the synthetic substrate S2266 is not a specific substrate for kallikrein activity in mouse submandibular gland cytosol.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Autonomic regulation of cystatin S gene expression in rat submandibular glands.

Innervation of rat submandibular and parotid glands by the autonomic nervous system regulates saliva volume, its rate of secretion and its composition. The autonomic nervous system also plays a regulatory role in the differentiation and growth of salivary glands, and in the expression of specific sets of genes. Rat cystatin S, a member of family 2 of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor superfamily, is expressed in submandibular and parotid glands of human and rat. In the rat, cystatin S gene expression is tissue- and cell type-specific, is temporally regulated during postnatal development, and not observed in adult animals. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (IPR) induces hypertrophic and hyperplastic enlargements of rat salivary glands and the expression of a number of genes including cystatin S. Sympathectomy reduces, but does not completely block, IPR-induced expression of the cystatin S gene in submandibular glands of adult female rats, indicating the participation of sympathetic factor(s) in its regulation. Bilateral parasympathectomy also reduces IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression, suggesting a role of the parasympathetic nervous system in its regulation. Experiments described in this paper suggest that similar factor(s) arising from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system simultaneously participate in IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression in submandibular glands.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Fine structure of submandibular glands of mice with testicular feminization (Tfm/Y).

The fine structure of the submandibular gland of the mouse with testicular feminization (Tfm/Y) was studied by light and electron microscopy. The architecture of the Tfm/Y gland proved to be rather similar to that of the normal female mouse in both tubular ratio and structure. Granular convoluted tubular cells in Tfm/Y mice characteristically had fewer secretory granules and increased cytoplasmic vacuoles than normal littermates, suggesting an altered synthesis of secretory granules in this cell type of the Tfm/Y mouse. Moreover, there were differences in the ultrastructure of submandibular glands between Tfm/Y and normal female mice. In the gland of the Tfm/Y mouse, basal striations of the striated secretory tubular cells were not so developed and granular intercalated duct cells were less than those of normal females. These findings support the evidence that the secretory tubule of the mouse submandibular gland responds to androgens, resulting in accentuated development in the male, while also suggesting the possibility that the mouse submandibular gland is regulated by other factors which lead to the prominent sexual dimorphism observed in this gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The size and composition of the submandibular glands in late-onset diabetes.

Postmortem submandibular glands from 14 patients with late-onset diabetes mellitus were examined in a histomorphometric study and were compared with 14 control glands. The diabetic glands were larger than the control glands and showed increased volume fractions of the stromal components, including vessels, and proportionally less parenchyma. These findings indicate that the increased total volume present in submandibular glands in late-onset diabetes is mainly to increased volumes of fibrous tissue, fat and vessels.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Submandibular gland adenocarcinoma of intercalated duct origin in Smgb-Tag mice.

A line of transgenic mice that develops submandibular gland adenocarcinoma of intercalated duct origin was established. In these mice, the oncogene SV40 T antigen (Tag) is expressed from the neonatal submandibular gland secretory protein b (Smgb) gene promoter. This hybrid gene directs expression of the oncoprotein to neonatal submandibular gland proacinar and terminal tubule cells and to intercalated ducts of the adult gland. Transgene expression resulted in duct luminal cell hyperplasia as early as 20 to 30 days postnatally, which progressed to dysplasia by 3 to 4 months of age. Marked dysplasia and in situ carcinoma were evident at 4 to 6 months of age. All histologic changes were more pronounced in males. Submandibular gland adenocarcinoma developed stochastically in more than half of the adult male mice by 12 months of age (average age: 10.8 months, range: 6 to 13.5 months). Tag expression persisted in in situ carcinoma and all tumors. Using a combination of immunocytochemical and ultrastructural criteria, submandibular gland dysplasia and tumors were found to originate from intercalated ducts. The dysplastic ducts and adenocarcinoma in Smgb-Tag mice were morphologically similar to previously reported Tag-induced dysplasias of striated ducts and granular convoluted tubules and a Tag-induced adenocarcinoma of striated duct origin. These findings demonstrate that salivary gland dysplasias and tumors of similar histologic appearance can arise from distinct differentiated cell types. Analysis of the molecular changes accompanying tumor formation in Smgb-Tag mice could increase knowledge of human salivary gland tumorigenesis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Phenotypic expression of human epidermal growth factor in foetal submandibular gland and pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland.

The phenotypic expression of the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) was investigated immunohistochemically in human foetal submandibular glands from the 5th to 10th month of gestation, adult normal submandibular glands and 48 cases of pleomorphic adenomas. In foetal submandibular glands, both the terminal buds and primary ducts at the intermediate stage of gestation were positive for EGF, and in particular, the outer layer cells of primary ducts showed strong EGF-immunoreactivity. EGF-positive cells decreased as the gestational stage advanced and only ductal cells were weakly positive for EGF at the terminal stage of gestation. In the adult normal submandibular gland, weak immunoreactivity for EGF was restricted to ductal cells. However, 41 (86%) of the 48 pleomorphic adenomas had EGF-positive cells which were distributed among the ductal, chondroid and myxoid portion. No EGF-immunoreactivity was detected in the solid portion of pleomorphic adenomas. These results suggest that EGF may play an important role in the growth and differentiation of foetal cells as well as the proliferation of tumour cells in pleomorphic adenomas.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed1995

Effects of testosterone on tumor induction and epidermal growth factor production in the mouse submandibular gland.

To determine whether testosterone administration was capable of modifying salivary gland carcinogenesis, female mice were given 1 mg of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) into the left submandibular gland and then Group 1 mice received 5 mg of testosterone propionate and Group 2 mice received vehicle, olive oil, subcutaneously for 8 weeks. Twelve weeks after the start of the experiment, the weight of the left submandibular gland of the Group 2 mice was greater than that of the Group 1 mice. The incidences of submandibular gland carcinoma in Groups 1 and 2 were 41% (12/29) and 57% (17/30), respectively. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels of the left submandibular gland were significantly higher in Group 1 as compared with Group 2. These findings indicate that testosterone increases the production of EGF in the DMBA-injected submandibular gland, but does not promote the development of submandibular gland carcinoma.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗