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PubMed1993

[The therapeutic effect of central nervous stimulants in edema disease of swine].

During a natural outbreak of edema disease in different farms 160 weaned piglets showing the clinical symptoms of palpebral edema, mental discomfort and apathy were selected and divided into three groups. The groups were treated as follows: Group 1 (51 piglets) received twice daily one i. m. dose of Gentamycin (11 mg/kg body weight), Prednisolone (1 mg/kg body weight), Melperone (4 mg/kg body weight) for 3 days. Group 2 (55 piglets) received twice daily one i. m. dose of Amphetaminum Phosphoricum 1 mg/kg body weight for 3 days. Group 3 (54 piglets) untreated control. The result showed that group 2 treated with stimulant of the central nervous system gave the best results concerning survival. It ist the authors opinion that concerning clinical symptoms and therapy further classification is necessary.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1979

In vivo and in vitro studies on temperature-sensitive mutants of swine vesicular disease virus.

Two temperature-sensitive mutants of the Ukg 27/72 strain of swine vesicular disease virus were isolated in tissue culture and a third was derived following adaptation in mice. All three were found to have similar growth restrictive temperatures, but varied considerably in their virulence when administered to pigs. The route of inoculation appeared to exert a considerable influence on the apparent degree of attenuation, the antibody titre engendered and the transmission of disease to pigs held in contact with inoculated animals. One strain appeared almost totally attenuated when inoculated animals. One strain appeared almost totally attenuated when inoculated into pigs but spread to animals in contact causing severe disease. Virus re-isolated from one such animal was found to have retained its temperature sensitive phenotype, suggesting that virulence in this case was not directly related to temperature sensitivity. Pigs with high antibody titres were found to be susceptible when placed in contact with challenge animals, although the lesions which developed were mild.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of quaternary ammonium compounds with 0.1% sodium hydroxide on swine vesicular disease virus.

The effects of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) with sodium hydroxide on swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), an enterovirus were studied. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) with 0.1% NaOH showed a stronger effect against SVDV than other QACs with 0.1% NaOH. The effect of DDAC with 0.1% NaOH was strong at 40 degrees C. DDAC was effective against SVDV at pH values around 11.0, but not in the distilled water control. The effect of DDAC with 0.1% NaOH was already observed at 1 min after mixing of the DDAC with SVDV. Observation under an electron microscopy revealed that the probable mechanism of inactivation of DDAC with 0.1% NaOH is as follows: The virus particles were partially destroyed by 0.1% NaOH. DDAC gathered these affected particles and formed a micelle, then SVDV lost its infectivity. From these results, QACs with 0.1% NaOH are considered to be very effective against SVDV representing enteroviruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Detection of early infection of swine vesicular disease virus in porcine cells and skin sections. A comparison of immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization.

Sensitive methods are required to study the early pathogenesis of swine vesicular diseases (SVD). Therefore, two new methods, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in-situ hybridization (ISH), were developed and tested for their specificity and sensitivity. With these methods the SVD virus (SVDV) infection in cytospins of primary porcine kidney cells and in frozen skin sections was investigated. Both IHC and the ISH showed a specific cytoplasmic staining, but the IHC detected more infected cells than the ISH. Furthermore, both IHC and ISH were able to detect SVDV in skin sections 4.5 h after infection. It is concluded that IHC is the most suitable and simplest method to identify cells and tissues that support the initial replication of swine vesicular disease virus. However, IHC can only be applied to frozen sections, whereas ISH can also be used in paraformaldehyde-fixed tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Construction of a full-length infectious cDNA clone of swine vesicular disease virus strain NET/1/92 and analysis of new antigenic variants derived from it.

The Dutch swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) isolate NET/1/92 was one of the first isolates belonging to a new SVDV antigenic group. This strain was completely sequenced and was shown to have 93% similarity with the UKG/27/72 isolate. To enable antigenicity, replication, maturation and pathogenicity studies of NET/1/92, an infectious full-length cDNA clone, designated pSVD146, was prepared. The in vitro and in vivo biological properties of the virus derived from pSVD146 were studied by analysing antigenicity, plaque morphology, growth curves and virulence in pigs. The epitopes of newly prepared monoclonal antibodies were roughly mapped by fusion-PCR. Fine mapping of epitopes at the amino acid level was achieved by introducing single amino acid mutations in pSVD146. Two new amino acids important in epitope formation were located in VP1; one was mapped in the C-terminal end and the second is thought to be located in the H-I loop. Growth curve and plaque sizes in vitro were similar between virus derived from pSVD146 and the parent wild-type virus. In virulence studies in pigs, the lesions score, neutralization titres and the seroconversion rates were comparable between virus derived from pSVD146 and the parent strain. Since virus derived from pSVD146 had the same biological properties as the parent strain NET/1/92, the full-length infectious cDNA clone pSVD146 will be very useful in studies of the antigenicity, virulence, pathogenesis, maturation and replication of SVDV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

[Possible methods of control of virus disease in swine today and in the future (author's transl)].

To begin with, possible approaches to the control of virus disease in swine are discussed in general. The choice of a method of control will be decided by various factors such as the ecological and geographical environment of the animal population, the epizootiological behaviour of the causative virus itself as well as economic and political considerations. These consist in definitely freeing the swine population and/or keeping it free from a particular virus, maintaining a particular virus in an enzootic state, promoting this enzootic state within the herd, vaccinating and, finally, combining the above procedures. In conjunction with the trend towards increasingly large piggeries, the equilibrium between natural or specific immunity of the animal population and various viruses is often upset to the advantage of the virus. The pressure of infection will increase unduly and the epizootiological behaviour of the virus in question will not infrequently undergo alterations. Therefore, it is believed that the need for artificially increasing immunity or maintaining it at its current level will constantly increase in the long run. This can only be achieved by frequent vaccination. It is not unlikely that vaccination will remain as the sole and last possibility of effectively controlling various forms of virus disease in pigs.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

Persistent infection is a rare sequel following infection of pigs with swine vesicular disease virus.

Nine isolates from pigs persistently infected with a recent Italian isolate of swine vesicular disease (SVD) virus, ITL/9/93, were collected sequentially over 121 days and were characterized antigenically and biochemically. There was an accumulation of amino acid (aa) substitutions in the capsid proteins throughout the carrier state that could be correlated with alterations in antigenicity in virus isolates collected late stage in infection. The aa substitutions detected mainly occurred in VPI and antigenic changes were detected in late isolates both at antigenic site 1, resulting in loss of binding of Mab 4GO7, and at a closely located site which has not yet been named, recognized by Mab C29. In further experiments groups of pigs were exposed to a range of SVD viruses, but no virus was isolated beyond 16 days post infection (dpi) nor viral RNA detected beyond 42 dpi. Attempts to transfer infection to sentinel pigs introduced some time after initial infection of the original pigs were largely unsuccessful. The carrier state was established in only one out of five experimental infections of pigs with SVD virus and can therefore be considered a rare sequel toinfection with SVD virus and is of limited significance in the epidemiology of the disease.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

[Safety aspects of the practical application of a gI-negative subunit vaccine against Aujeszky's disease in swine].

On two farms in an area in which Aujeszky's disease is endemic, 192 pregnant sows were vaccinated with a gI-negative sub-unit vaccine against Aujeszky's disease. The rectal temperatures of the sows were recorded once daily for seven consecutive days, starting on the day of vaccination, and the vaccinated animals were observed for local and systemic reactions. The temperatures recorded did not exceed 39.8 degrees C in any case, and local or systemic reactions caused by vaccinations were not observed. One sow (0.6 per cent) aborted, but other symptoms of disease were not apparent, and there was no relationship with vaccination. In a second experiment, the carcasses of 120 pigs, vaccinated once or twice with the same vaccine, were carefully examined for local reactions. In eleven pigs (9.1 per cent) slight cicatricial reactions were visible within from 20 to 34 days after inoculation, the diameter not exceeding 1.5 cm in any of the cases. Traces of vaccination were no longer perceptible within 84 days after vaccination. The vaccine was found to be very safe for pregnant sows under field conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Validation of a screening liquid phase blocking ELISA for swine vesicular disease.

A direct liquid-phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) was developed for serological examination of swine vesicular disease (SVD). The sensitivity and specificity of the test were assessed on 272 and 365 sera collected on two farms where an outbreak had occurred. The specificity of the direct LPBE was higher than the specificity of the indirect LPBE. The European Community reference serum for SVD (RS 01-04-93), which has been adopted as the threshold for SVD serological examination in the European Community, had a mean titre of 2.19 in the neutralisation test. At a cut-off level of 2.0 in the neutralisation test, the sensitivity of the direct LPBE (screening at 1:432 final dilution) on the two farms was 90% and 99%, respectively. Based on these results, the screening dilution of the direct LPBE was adjusted to 1:160 final dilution, to obtain a sensitivity > or = 98% on both farms. Regression analyses showed a good correlation between the virus neutralisation test and the direct LPBE (r = 0.87). Compared to the indirect LPBE described before, the direct LPBE correlates better with the neutralisation test, has a higher specificity, and is more rapid. Because sera are tested in only one dilution, the test is highly suitable for the examination of large numbers of serum samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Crystal formation of swine vesicular disease virus in porcine kidney cells (IB-RS-2 cells).

Crystal formation of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) in IB-RS-2 cells was studied by electron microscopy. Cells were harvested 0, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6 and 7 hours after inoculation. Crystalline arrays of SVDV was first observed in the cytoplasm of a few cells 4.5 hours after inoculation. In the cytoplasm of many cells harvested at 5 hours, 1 to 3 crystalline arrays of SVDV were observed. After that, a small number of cells had crystalline arrays in the cytoplasm. The cells with crystalline arrays were rich in ribosome and polysome with dilated mitochondria and many tiny vesicles. An individual virus particle was ca. 18 nm in diameter, and the center-to-center space ca. 22 nm. Crystalline arrays varied in size depending on the plane of section.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Immune recognition of swine vesicular disease virus structural proteins: novel antigenic regions that are not exposed in the capsid.

Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) is an enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family that belongs to the coxsackievirus B group. A number of antigenic sites have been identified in SVDV by analysis of neutralizing monoclonal antibody-resistant mutants and shown to be exposed on the surface of the capsid. In this paper we have identified seven new immunodominant antigenic regions in SVDV capsid proteins by a peptide scanning method, using a panel of sera from infected pigs. When these antigenic regions were located in the capsid by using a computer-generated three-dimensional model of the virion, one was readily exposed on the surface of the virus and the remaining sites were located facing the inner side of the capsid shell, at subunit contacts, or in the interior of the subunit structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Evaluation of a modified live-virus vaccine for the prevention of porcine parvovirus-induced reproductive disease in swine.

Each of 5 gilts was vaccinated IM with modified live-virus (MLV) vaccine for porcine parvovirus (PPV), and 5 gilts were used as nonvaccinated controls. Vaccinated gilts developed hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies to PPV (titer of 320 to 1,280) by 2 weeks after vaccination. All gilts wee bred, and at about 40 days of gestation their immunity was challenged by intranasal and oral administration of a virulent strain of PPV. Gilts were killed at about 84 days of gestation and their litters were examined. Litters from vaccinated gilts comprised 59 live and 2 dead fetuses. Neither the virus nor antibodies to the virus were detected in any of the fetuses. In contrast, litters from nonvaccinated gilts comprised 25 live and 29 dead fetuses, and PPV was isolated from all dead and 9 live fetuses. Viral antigen was detected by direct immunofluorescence in the lungs of all PPV-infected fetuses, and 7 of the live infected fetuses had HI antibodies. Modified live virus did not cause transplacental fetal infection in 3 seronegative gilts inoculated at about 40 days of gestation. All 3 gilts had antibodies to PPV (80 to 640) when killed at about 84 days of gestation, and neither HI antibodies nor PPV were detected in any of the 20 live and 1 dead fetuses from these gilts. Modified live virus replicated in the tissues of fetuses of 2 gilts inoculated in utero. Seven of 8 fetuses inoculated with MLV died and were infected. These results demonstrated the efficacy of MLV vaccine for the prevention of PPV-induced reproductive disease in swine. Although MLV did not cross the placental barrier in pregnant animals, its pathogenicity for porcine fetuses after direct in utero inoculation indicates that its use should be limited to nonpregnant animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Importance of arginine 20 of the swine vesicular disease virus 2A protease for activity and virulence.

A major virulence determinant of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), an Enterovirus that causes an acute vesicular disease, has been mapped to residue 20 of the 2A protease. The SVDV 2A protease cleaves the 1D-2A junction in the viral polyprotein, induces cleavage of translation initiation factor eIF4GI, and stimulates the activity of enterovirus internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs). The 2A protease from an attenuated strain of SVDV (Ile at residue 20) is significantly defective at inducing cleavage of eIF4GI and the activation of IRES-dependent translation compared to the 2A protease from a pathogenic strain (J1/73, Arg at residue 20), but the two proteases have similar 1D-2A cleavage activities (Y. Sakoda, N. Ross-Smith, T. Inoue, and G. J. Belsham, J. Virol. 75:10643-10650, 2001). Residue 20 has now been modified to every possible amino acid, and the activities of each mutant 2A protease has been analyzed. Selected mutants were reconstructed into full-length SVDV cDNA, and viruses were rescued. The rate of virus growth in cultured swine kidney cells reflected the efficiency of 2A protease activity. In experimentally infected pigs, all four of the mutant viruses tested displayed much-reduced virulence compared to the J1/73 virus but a significant, albeit reduced, level of viral replication and excretion was detected. Direct sequencing of cDNA derived from samples taken early and late in infection indicated that a gradual selection-reversion to a more efficient protease occurred. The data indicated that extensive sequence change and selection may introduce a severe bottleneck in virus replication, leading to a decreased viral load and reduced or no clinical disease.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Gross pathological findings in sows of different parity, culled due to recurring swine urogenital disease (SUGD) in Kenya.

In a large Kenyan production unit the urogenital organs and mammary glands of 771 sows, culled due to recurring swine urogenital disease (SUGD) were subjected to necropsy Necropsy findings were analysed separately according to parity group of the sows [parities 2 (n = 252); 3-5 (n = 250); and > 5 (n = 269)]. Sows of higher parities had more pathological changes in their ovaries, uteri, vaginas, cervices, urinary bladders, kidneys and mammary glands compared to parity 2 sows (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Parity 2 sows had more ovarian degeneration, mucosal hyperaemia, congestion in the bladder, and acute purulent exudative mastitis than parity > 5 sows (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively).

Animals↗