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PubMed1996

Exchange of Borrelia burgdorferi between Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae:Acarina) sexual partners.

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection rate in Ixodes persulcatus Schulze maintained at different relative humidity gradients in male and females pairs, separated by sex, and in ticks of both sexes having either normal or abnormal exoskeleton were compared. Ticks were collected in the St. Petersburg Region of Russia during 1992 and 1994. We observed that the infection rate among the ticks maintained as sexual pairs was 1.75-2.00 times higher than that among ticks maintained singles, indicating a borreliae interchange between sexual partners. This pathogen interchange was thought to result from a venereal or omovampiric (cannibalistic) mode of borreliae transmission. Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. was determined to be present in 22.9% (112 infected specimens of 489 total), whereas infection occurred in 17.4% of single females and 16.5% of single males. The data indicate the importance of isolating ticks sexually during quantitative disease investigations with borreliae as well as tick-borne encephalitis virus and other tick-borne pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The significance of antilymphocyte antibodies in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and their sexual partners.

Antilymphocyte antibodies have been demonstrated in autoimmune diseases, acute viral infections, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) by using either the conventional microlymphocytotoxicity or the double fluorescence technique. In the present study, we used both methods to detect the antilymphocyte antibodies and to characterize further their immunologic significance in patients with AIDS and their sexual partners. The results using the conventional microlymphocytotoxicity method demonstrated that 8 of 10 patients with AIDS and 6 of 10 partners had significant levels of antilymphocyte antibodies which were reactive with B and T cells at cold and warm temperatures. A significant loss in antibody activity following absorption with B, T, and Daudi cells and Staphylococcus aureus, but not platelets or red cells, indicated that these antibodies are not directed to HLA class I antigens but, rather, to antigens that are common to both groups of lymphocytes. There is a close association between antilymphocyte antibodies and lymphopenia in patients but not in partners. Antibodies against lymphocyte subclasses [helper (T4) and suppressor (T8)] were detected by the double fluorescence staining technique, which employs C6-deficient serum as a nonlytic source of complement, and demonstrated the binding of antibodies to target cells, in contrast to lysing of the target cells as in the microlymphocytotoxicity method. The results of this assay showed that antibodies were directed to both populations, and there was no correlation or association between the absolute numbers of peripheral T4 and T8 cells and the percentage of antibody binding. Taken together, there appear to be at least two kinds of antilymphocyte antibodies: lymphocytotoxic antibodies detected by the conventional microlymphocytotoxicity assay and noncytotoxic antibodies detected by the double fluorescence staining technique. The former may be responsible in part for the lymphopenia. The latter may alter lymphocyte function. The patients and partners who had antilymphocyte antibodies also had anti-HTLV-III antibodies, although there was not any close correlation between titers. These findings support the possibility that both types of antibodies occur as part of a generalized immune response, possibly stimulated by the same viral agent.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human papillomavirus identification and typing of both sexual partners.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of diagnostic methods for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. STUDY DESIGN: The diagnostic methods were morphologic and immunohistochemical techniques and in situ hybridization. The first ones consisted of (1) a cytologic smear on the females, (2) cytologic examination of a urethral brushing on the males, (3) colposcopy on the females, and (4) histologic examination of the uterine cervix. RESULTS: A synchronous HPV infection was found in 50% of the sexual partners. HPV was detected also in 30% of cervical biopsies by immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization was performed on both the cervical biopsies and urethral samples from the males. By this method the same subtype of the virus was observed in both sexes. The types of HPV were identified in 45% of 20 females and 80% of 20 males. Analytically, in men, 7 cases of HPV 6/11 types, 3 cases of 16/18, 5 cases of 31/33/35 and 1 case each of 16/18 and 31/33/35 were observed. In women, in 4 cases subtypes 6/11, in 2 cases types 16/18 and in 3 cases types 31/33/35 were identified. CONCLUSION: Male partners of women with HPV infection should be investigated in order to produce greater insight into HPV prevalence and the mechanisms of viral transmission.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The volume of a sexually dimorphic nucleus in the ovine medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus varies with sexual partner preference.

Sheep are one of the few animal models in which natural variations in male sexual preferences have been studied experimentally. Approximately 8% of rams exhibit sexual preferences for male partners (male-oriented rams) in contrast to most rams, which prefer female partners (female-oriented rams). We identified a cell group within the medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus of age-matched adult sheep that was significantly larger in adult rams than in ewes. This cell group was labeled the ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus (oSDN). In addition to a sex difference, we found that the volume of the oSDN was two times greater in female-oriented rams than in male-oriented rams. The dense cluster of neurons that comprise the oSDN express cytochrome P450 aromatase. Aromatase mRNA levels in the oSDN were significantly greater in female-oriented rams than in ewes, whereas male-oriented rams exhibited intermediate levels of expression. Because the medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus is known to control the expression of male sexual behaviors, these results suggest that naturally occurring variations in sexual partner preferences may be related to differences in brain anatomy and capacity for estrogen synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Infections in pregnant women: the need to assess and possibly treat the fetus and the sexual partner as well.

Assessing and treating pregnant women in the emergency department for complaints unrelated to pregnancy are complex processes at best. Obtaining a consultation from an obstetrician is always prudent, even if it is simply by telephone. Careful attention to laboratory and other diagnostic test results is imperative, and communication with the patient's primary care physician and/or obstetrician is a must. Assessment of fetal well-being should be documented, and implications for the fetus of all treatments and/or omitted treatments should be considered. With infections in pregnant women, remember to think about implications for the baby and the woman's sexual partner; both may need to be assessed and treated.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Managing patients with genital herpes and their sexual partners.

There is increasing recognition of the growing size and significance of the genital herpes epidemic. Recent developments in the wide-scale availability of type-specific herpes simplex virus (HSV) sero-logic assays have meant that many previously undiagnosed mild,atypical, and subclinical infections may now be diagnosed with some degree of confidence without the use of Western blots. The value of such diagnostics is controversial. However, the importance of HSV with its facilitation of HIV transmission and acquisition, the availability of various preventative strategies for limiting vertical HSV transmission, and the growing evidence that condoms, some educational and counseling interventions, and antiviral therapies may limit sexual transmission, have challenged many of the arguments against wider testing of the population.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1991

Transmission of hepatitis C virus to sexual partners of seropositive patients with bleeding disorders: a rare event.

Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was studied in 30 partners to anti-HCV positive multitransfused patients with a bleeding disorder. Anti-HCV ELISA C-100 was used as a screening test. Positive results were confirmed with the first generation RIBA test. Indeterminate samples were tested also with the second generation RIBA to verify the positivity. The time of sexual exposure added up was at least 95 years. 29 partners were anti-HCV seronegative. Only 1 partner was anti-HCV indeterminate. Thus sexual transmission of HCV was a rare event.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The relationship of unsafe sexual behavior and the characteristics of sexual partners of HIV infected and HIV uninfected adolescent females.

PURPOSE: To compare characteristics of sexual relationships in HIV infected and HIV uninfected female adolescents and their association with condom use. METHODS: HIV infected and uninfected subjects, aged 13-19 years, were enrolled in a prospective HIV study from 15 sites in 13 U.S. cities. Baseline data on demographic information, substance use, sexual behavior, partner information, and condom use were collected through direct and computer-assisted interviews from currently sexually active females. Univariate, multiple logistic regression, and repeated measures analyses were employed. RESULTS: Data from 153 HIV infected and 90 HIV uninfected female subjects showed, on average, that current partners were 4-6 years older. In multivariate analysis, HIV infected subjects were older (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.04-1.81), had more lifetime partners (OR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.03-4.82), initiated consensual vaginal sex earlier (OR = .74; 95% CI:.58-.95), perceived partner to also be HIV infected (OR = 7.46; 95% CI: 3.2-17.4), and had less unprotected sex (OR = .27; 95% CI:.16-.45). Length of relationship was associated with more unprotected sex for both HIV infected and uninfected subjects (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.27-5.27, OR = 4.13; 95% CI: 1.31-13.05, respectively). Mean partner age difference was greater among HIV infected than for HIV uninfected (OR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.01-1.12); this greater age difference for HIV infected females was associated with less protection (OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03-1.15). HIV disclosure influenced condom use: without disclosure, less condom use was reported (OR = 6.8; 95% CI: 2.29-20.24) controlling for perception that partner was also HIV infected (OR = 1.1; 95% CI: 1.02-1.21). CONCLUSIONS: Because age differential influenced reported condom use, more research, particularly qualitative, is needed into the dynamics of these relationships. Prevention efforts must address partners, particularly older ones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Early olfactory experience, novelty, and choice of sexual partner by male rats.

After rearing by citral-scented or unscented dams, adult male rats were given simultaneous choices of citral-scented or unscented female partners in approach, contact, and sexual behavior tests. There was no evidence that mate choice had been affected by the early rearing experience. In Experiment 1, both citral and control males approached citral-scented females in a T-apparatus at slightly above chance levels and exhibited no differences in copulatory behavior during successive pairings. In Experiment 2, normally reared males directed their first mount more rapidly to a citral female, but otherwise mated equally with the scented and unscented females. In Experiment 3, citral-reared males approached citral and unscented females equally, whereas controls approached citral females less often. With 2 females in the same arena (Exp. 3), the first mount was more rapid when the odor of the partner matched that of the dam, but no other measure of sexual behavior was affected by the partner's odor. Despite the importance of early olfactory experience for the development of social behavior, a preference for estrous-related odors is evidently not learned before mating experience. Under some circumstances, a novel odor added to familiar conspecific odors may attract naive males to potential partners.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed1983

Post-exposure hepatitis B vaccination of sexual partners of acute viral hepatitis patients.

Sexual transmission of HBV was studied in a sample of 350 sporadic acute viral hepatitis type B adult patients hospitalised in the Infectious Diseases Hospital of Athens, Greece. Spouses with acute viral hepatitis type B (six in number) or asymptomatic HBsAg carriership (80 in number) were considered as the most likely sources of infection in 86 (24.6 per cent) of the 350 patients. Only 164 (46.8 per cent) spouses were susceptible to HBV and 149 agreed to participate in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial of hepatitis B vaccine. The Merck Sharp and Dohme vaccine (20 micrograms per dose) or placebo were administered as soon as possible and repeated one and six months later. Vaccinees were interviewed, clinically examined and bled one, three, six and nine months after the first injection. HBV events (clinical hepatitis type B in seven or serological evidence of HBV infection in 15) were diagnosed in 22 vaccinees. We anticipate completing the required sample to establish the possible protective efficacy of the hepatitis B vaccine by the end of November 1982. Final results of the trial will be available early next year.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Associations between health risk behaviors and opposite-, same-, and both-sex sexual partners in representative samples of vermont and massachusetts high school students.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between health risk behaviors and sexual experience with opposite-, same-, or both-sex partners in representative samples of high school students. DESIGN: We used 1995 and 1997 data from the Vermont and Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. Logistic regression and multiple regression analyses were used to compare health risk behaviors among students who reported sex with opposite-sex partners only (opposite-sex students), with same-sex partners only (same-sex students), and with both male and female sexual partners (both-sex students). SETTING: Public high schools in Vermont and Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: Representative, population-based samples of high school students. The combined samples had 14 623 Vermont students and 8141 Massachusetts students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Violence, harassment, suicidal behavior, alcohol and other drug use, and unhealthy weight control practices. RESULTS: In both states, both-sex students were significantly more likely to report health risk behaviors than were opposite-sex students. For example, both-sex students had odds 3 to 6 times greater than opposite-sex students of being threatened or injured with a weapon at school, making a suicide attempt requiring medical attention, using cocaine, or vomiting or using laxatives to control their weight. In both states, same-sex students were as likely as opposite-sex students to report most health risk behaviors. CONCLUSION: Relative to opposite- and same-sex students, both-sex students may be at elevated risk of injury, disease, and death by experiencing serious harassment and engaging in violence, suicidal behavior, alcohol and other drug use, and unhealthy weight control practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

HIV serostatus disclosure to sexual partners among HIV-positive injection drug users.

Utilizing mixed methods analyses with cross-sectional data from an ethnically diverse sample of HIV-seropositive injection drug users (IDUs), we sought to examine disclosure and sexual behavior based on partner type, partner serostatus, and transmission risk. Results indicated that more participants disclosed to their HIV-positive sex partners than to their HIV-negative or unknown status sex partners. However, unexpectedly, we found that more participants disclosed to casual sex partners than primary partners before first sexual contact. Consistent disclosers reported more unprotected sexual activity compared to nondisclosers, and were more likely to believe they had a responsibility to disclose. Nondisclosers were less likely than consistent disclosers to believe it was important to protect sex partners from HIV and were more resentful of wearing condoms. In terms of the qualitative data, we found that the emotionally upsetting narratives came from those we defined as "eventual disclosers." This category represented those participants who were in relationships and had not disclosed their status to their primary partners until after having had sex with that partner. These narratives indicated that researchers looking at disclosure behavior should be aware of varying disclosure contexts as well as the emotional consequences impacting disclosure decision-making within these contexts.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Choice of partners: sexual cell interactions in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Recognition of mating partners is of central importance in the sexual processes. In consideration that the most important function of sexuality is to shuffle genetic materials to generate wider variation of characters, mating among different genetic backgrounds is preferable. Wild isolates of cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum are predominantly heterothallic, but homothallic ones also exist. In addition, there are bi-sexual strains which are compatible with either mating type of heterothallic strains but are self-incompatible. How cells of these organisms choose proper mating partners may include the essential mechanisms for sexual cell recognition in general. This minireview addresses studies on sexual cell interactions of D. discoideum with special attention to cell recognition and evolution of the mating system.

Animals↗