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PubMed2003

Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in 6 months to 5 years old children in Fars, Southern Iran.

BACKGROUND: Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common clinical problem throughout the world and an enormous public health risk in developing and even in industrialized countries. Traditionally, several methods other than serum ferritin were used to assess IDA. Our main objective was to obtain the prevalence of IDA by serum ferritin in 6 month to 5-year-old children in the province of Fars in southern Iran. MATERIAL/METHODS: 5 cc blood of 583 randomly selected, 6 months to 5 years old children was collected. The serum ferritin, hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrate (MCHC), RBC counts and WBC counts were checked. A questionnaire was filled and the data analyzed. RESULTS: The mean value for SF was 23.6+/-14.3 ng/dl. 115 (19.7%) children had low serum ferritin (SF<12ng/dl). The low serum Hb showed statistical correlation with low serum ferritin (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of IDA (19.7%) in our study was less than the prevalence reported in other developing countries (25+/-35%), (p<0.05). However, the prevalence was higher compared to industrialized countries (5+/-8%). This demonstrates that in southern Iran the nutritional status has improved, which is probably because of obligatory iron supplements given to the pregnant mothers and their under two year old infants, by the Health Care Centers, but we are still below the standards of WHO recommendations.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed2002

Caries prevalence in 3-year-old children living in a low socio-economic multicultural urban area in southern Sweden.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dental caries in 3-year-old children living in a multi-cultural low socio-economic urban area of Malmö, Sweden, and to establish its relationship to some medical, oral and behavioural factors associated with caries risk. All 238 children that became 3 years of age between July and December 2000 were invited to participate and 94% showed up for examination. The parents completed a structured questionnaire concerning social and ethnic background, medical history and oral health behaviour and a clinical examination of the child was performed in optimal light with a mirror and probe. Visible plaque, gingival health and occurrence of initial and manifest caries lesions, extractions and fillings (defs) were scored. The prevalence of caries was 85% with a mean defs value of 4.4 +/- 4.3. Of those with caries, 55% had manifest lesions while 45% exhibited lesions that were limited within the enamel. The variables significantly associated with caries were frequent intake of meals (odds ratio, OR = 6.0), gingivitis (OR = 3.7), presence of visible plaque (OR = 3.2) and compromising medical conditions (OR = 2.7). Children without fluoride supplements or fluoridated toothpaste had significantly (p < 0.05) more caries that those with a daily intake of fluoride (mean defs 7.2 +/- 5.3 vs 4.0 +/- 4.0). In conclusion, a high prevalence of caries was found in a low socio-economic multi-cultural population in an urban area of Malmö, Sweden. Thus, early childhood caries may still be a public health problem in certain groups, which calls for collective preventive measures to be re-instituted.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2004

Orthodontic treatment need of Nigerian outpatients assessed with the Dental Aesthetic Index.

BACKGROUND: When limited resources are available for orthodontic treatment, it is important that those with the greatest need receive treatment. AIMS: The aims of this study were to determine the orthodontic treatment needs of Nigerian children and young adults attending a University Hospital as outpatients, and to determine if a relationship exists between social class and orthodontic treatment need. METHODS: Of 148 consecutive patients attending a hospital department for orthodontic treatment, 136 were children and young adults (67 males, 69 females) between 6 and 18 years of age. These subjects were assessed with the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), and classified into two social classes with the Standard Occupational Classification. RESULTS: Almost 30 per cent of the children and young adults presenting for treatment had "no/little" need of orthodontic treatment, 20 per cent had DAI scores between 26 and 30 indicating that treatment was "elective", 15 per cent had a "desirable" need for treatment, and 35 per cent had a "mandatory" need for treatment. There was a significant association (p < 0.05) between treatment need and social class: more subjects from the lower social classes (semi-skilled and unskilled occupations) needed orthodontic treatment than subjects from the higher social classes (professional, managerial, and skilled occupations). CONCLUSION: The study has shown that not all outpatients presenting/referred for orthodontic treatment "need" treatment. Patients from the semi-skilled and unskilled occupations were more likely to need orthodontic treatment than patients from the professional, managerial and skilled occupations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Water fluoridation and dental caries in 5- and 12-year-old children from Canterbury and Wellington.

OBJECTIVES: Claims have been made that the effectiveness of water fluoridation has reduced due to the widespread availability of other sources of fluoride. This study examines the differences in the oral health of children living in fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas of Canterbury and Wellington, New Zealand. DESIGN: The data used in this cross-sectional study had been routinely collected into a computerized data-collection system by the School Dental Services in the two study areas. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Records of dental status (dmfs/DMFS), fluoridation status, ethnicity, and socio-economic status for 8030 5-year-olds, and 6916 12-year-olds in 1996 were analysed. RESULTS: Caries prevalence and severity was consistently lower for children in the fluoridated area for both age groups, and within all subgroups. Five-year-olds in the fluoridated area had 2.63 dmfs (sd, 5.88), and those in the non-fluoridated area 3.80 dmfs (sd, 6.79). For 12-year-olds the respective figures were 1.39 DMFS (sd, 2.30) and 2.37 DMFS (sd, 3.46). Multivariable analysis confirmed the independent association between water fluoridation and better dental health. CONCLUSIONS: This results of this study show children living in a fluoridated area to have significantly better oral health compared to those not in a fluoridated area. These differences are greater for Maori and Pacific children and children of low socio-economic status.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Dental fears, health status, and quality of life.

A total of 137 patients in a Hamburg dental fears clinic, a majority of them persons with dental phobia, were administered questionnaires regarding dental fears and health-related quality of life. Subjects also underwent a dental examination. Dental fears were shown to be associated with dental health problems. Women were more fearful than men, and younger persons were more fearful than older ones. Patients of lower social economic status had somewhat more dental health problems compared with more economically privileged persons. This study also shows, with the use of the SF-36, that dental fears are negatively related to quality of life, especially as measured in areas such as psychological well-being, vitality, and social functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between clinical dental status and oral impacts in an elderly population.

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between oral health-related quality of life and clinical dental measures in an elderly Greek population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was carried out of adults aged 65 years or older living independently in Athens. Data were collected through clinical examination and interviews. Oral health-related quality of life was assessed through the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) indicator. The sample consisted of 681 participants. Data analysis used non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and multiple logistic regressions). RESULTS: The response rate was 87.8%. Dentate participants with 1-10 teeth were 2.05 (1.25, 3.35) times and those with 11-20 teeth were 1.81 (1.11, 2.95) times more likely to report oral impacts than subjects with 21 or more teeth. Participants with anterior tooth spaces were 2.86 (1.70, 4.80) times more likely to report oral impacts than those without anterior spaces. Participants with 0-8 natural occluding pairs (NOPs) were 1.72 (1.14, 2.58) times and those with 0-3 posterior occluding pairs (POPs) were 1.57 (1.04, 2.36) times more likely to experience oral impacts than subjects with 9-16 NOPs and 4-10 POPs respectively. Decayed teeth were not significantly related to the presence of oral impacts. Edentulous participants with inadequate denture adaptation were 2.59 (1.46, 4.59) times, those with inadequate denture retention 2.41 (1.39, 4.17) times and those with denture overextension 2.51 (1.10, 5.74) times more likely to report oral impacts than subjects without the respective denture deficiencies. CONCLUSION: Clinical indicators of oral health status were significantly related to measures of oral health-related quality of life.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

An evaluation of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire in the UK.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and validity of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14), an oral health related quality of life measure for 11-14 year old children, for use in the UK. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional questionnaire and clinical analytical study. CLINICAL SETTING: Orthodontic and paediatric dentistry clinics at a dental hospital and one general dental practice. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-nine children between 11 and 14 years of age attending for an examination. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: The children were invited to complete the CPQ11-14, global oral health and impact on life overall ratings. Clinical data on caries status, malocclusion and presence of dental opacities and gingivitis were collected. CPQ11-14 was summarised as the total score (sum of the item codes) and the number of impacts reported often or every day. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0.87 and ranged from 0.59 to 0.83 for the subscales indicating acceptable internal consistency. The intraclass correlation coefficient on repeated application of the measure was 0.83 (95% CI = 0.76-0.90) suggesting almost perfect agreement. Summary measures of CPQ11-14 correlated with the global oral health rating indicating acceptable criterion validity. Impact on life overall was related to all summary measures of CPQ11-14. Number of impacts correlated with the total number of missing teeth and missing teeth due to caries. No other relationships between clinical and CPQ11-14 data were apparent. CONCLUSION: The CPQ11-14 shows acceptable reliability, criterion and construct validity in relation to life overall. Relationships with clinical data were more tenuous. If this measure is to be used to compare the impacts of oral diseases in similar settings in the UK a large sample will be required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Relationship between dental caries experience (DMFS) and dental fluorosis in 12-year-old Puerto Ricans.

OBJECTIVES: Examine the relationship between (1) DMFS and community fluorosis index (CFI) scores, and (2) between individual DMFS and NIDR/Dean Index fluorosis scores. DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Public and private schools of Puerto Rico. SUBJECTS: 1435, 12-year old students. METHOD: A probabilistic stratified sample was selected from 11 regions of Puerto Rico, according to type of school (public and private), and setting (urban and rural). Children were examined using NIDR criteria for DMFS and fluorosis. Regressions examined the relationship between DMFS means and CFI scores. Individual level DMFS was regressed on NIDR/Dean Index scores to test for linear and deviation from linear trends. RESULTS: (1) There was no statistically significant relationship between regional DMFS and CFI scores, and (2) individual level fluorosis scores when dichotomized as 0-2 as the referent level to level 3-4 demonstrated a statistical significant higher DMFS with the higher fluorosis level. Gender and school setting were statistically significant in all models: females and public school attendance were associated with increased DMFS. CONCLUSION: No ecological relationship between CFI and DMFS scores was found in 12-year-old children in Puerto Rico. Moderate and severe fluorosis were associated with higher DMFS levels relative to lower fluorosis scores, though this finding may be associated with restorations placed for cosmetic reasons. While controlling severe fluorosis is desirable, this will have little impact on overall high caries in Puerto Rican children. These findings suggest caution when interpreting caries experience using the DMFS index in populations with differing fluorosis levels.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Femoral anteversion in healthy children. Application of a new method using ultrasound.

Femoral anteversion (torsion) was measured in 219 healthy children aged 1-15 years (boys 128, girls 91). The hips and knees were examined using a standard static-image B-mode compound scanner. The torsion in each femur was calculated. The findings show: (1) A significant negative correlation between femoral anteversion and age (r = -0.43), with only 8-22% being accounted for by age (r2 value). (2) A significant correlation between anteversion of the two femora (r = 0.77). (3) No sex difference for femoral anteversion and its asymmetry. (4) Marked degrees of femoral anteversion asymmetry (more than 10 degrees) show a pattern suggesting a relation to age, side and possibly sex. (5) Abnormal femoral anteversion asymmetry in 12 children, there being an excess of children with orthopaedic symptoms and signs in the group with femoral anteversion outside 2 S.D. (6) A relation between anteversion asymmetry and foot length/tibial length ratio. (7) No relation of femoral anteversion to social class, order in family, parental age at birth of child, birth weight and presentation. (8) A significant correlation of femoral anteversion between siblings (r = 0.66).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Fat consumption and attitudes towards food with a high fat content.

A questionnaire on consumption of foods high in fat and attitudes towards these foods was completed by 518 subjects. The attitudes assessment followed the theory proposed by Fishbein & Ajzen (1975). The person's own feelings towards consumption of a type of food was found to be a good predictor of consumption, both for the individual type of food and for an index of the foods combined. Pressure from others was found to be less predictive of consumption. The degree of prediction did not vary between subjects grouped according to sex, age or social class. There were, however, differences in consumption and attitudes between these groups. Females were found to have lower consumption and more negative attitudes towards the high-fat foods. This was also true of the 26-45 year old group compared with both younger and older subjects. No differences were found between different social classes.

Adolescent↗