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PubMed1990

Conjugal transfer of plasmid pWBG637 from Staphylococcus aureus to Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus faecalis.

Plasmids pWBG636 (GmR) and pWBG642 (EmR) derived from the conjugative plasmid pWBG637 were tested for ability to transfer conjugatively to Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Both plasmids transferred to S. epidermidis and Strept. faecalis but not to B. subtilis and E. coli. Once in S. epidermis and Strept. faecalis they were transferred back to S. aureus. Restriction endonuclease analysis showed that the plasmids were stably maintained in S epidermidis and Strept. faecalis.

Conjugation, Genetic↗
PubMed1990

Common antibiotic resistance plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis from human and canine infections.

The plasmids of a multiresistant "canine" Staphylococcus epidermidis-culture were investigated. Two small plasmids, the 4.55 kB chloramphenicol resistance (CmR-) plasmid pSC4 and the 4.45 kB tetracycline resistance (TetR-) plasmid pST 3 could be isolated. Detailed restriction maps of pSC 4 and pST 3 were constructed by double restriction endonuclease digests. The restriction maps revealed extensive structural homologies between pSC 4 from "canine" S. epidermidis and the CmR-plasmid pC 221 from "human" S. aureus as well as between pST 3 from "canine" S. epidermidis and the TetR-plasmid pT 181 from "human" S. aureus. These data suggested that an exchange of small plasmids between S. epidermidis and S. aureus might be possible.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Correlation between methicillin-resistance and resistance to fluoroquinolones in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis].

Fluoroquinolones resistance in Staphylococci is associated to point mutations in grlA (80,84 and 116) grlB, gyrA (84,88) and gyrB genes. Almost all MRSA strains are ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistant while, in a lesser degree, MRCoN staphylococci show to be resistant to levofloxacin. This observation made possible to predict a different correlation between methicillin-resistance and the resistance to FQs in this two different species. In this study, we compare genomic analysis of S. aureus and S. epidermidis with the resistance to FQs. Our results show that strains of MRSA are distributed in 4 different PFGE-types while 12 MRSE strains are distributed in 9. MRSA resistant to FQs showed a unique PFGE pattern; on the contrary of FQs susceptible MRSA and MSSA. Furthermore mecA and gyrA genes are located in the same SmaI fragment in MRSA and in different in MRSE. MSSE and MRSE show more ClaI/mecA polymorphisms than MRSA. All this data confirm the clonal origin of MRSA and show that FQs resistance is linked to the presence of mec locus and both clonally spread. On the contrary in MRSE FQs-resistance is independent from MR and arise with the normal frequence of antibiotic induction.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1986

Abnormal humoral immune response to Staphylococcus aureus in patients with Staphylococcus aureus hyper IgE syndrome.

Patients with the S. aureus hyper IgE syndrome (SAHIGES) have an abnormal IgE response to cell wall and surface antigens of S. aureus. In this paper we describe the detection of IgE antibodies to soluble antigens of staphylococci (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) and qualitative abnormalities of the IgG response to soluble S. aureus antigens in patients with SAHIGES. These findings may be of pathogenetic importance and help to delineate SAHIGES from other diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of bactericidal activities of various disinfectants against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Various disinfectants were compared in terms of the duration of bactericidal activity against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), among S. aureus isolated in our hospital. Strains of S. aureus which showed minimum inhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin of less than 1.56 micrograms/ml and of 3.13 micrograms/ml or higher were designated MSSA and MRSA respectively. There was no difference in sensitivity to disinfectants between MSSA and MRSA. There was a great variation in the duration of bactericidal activity of chlorhexidine gluconate against these species with the majority requiring contact times of between 2 minutes and over 20 minutes. All strains except for one strain of MRSA were killed within 20 seconds after disinfection with benzalkonium chloride. All strains were killed within 20 seconds after disinfection with alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride or povidone-iodine.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMed2000

[Interspecies lysogenization in staphylococci: transfer of bacteriophage converting enterotoxin A from a clinical strain of Staphylococcus aureus to Staphylococcus intermedius].

The ability of lysogenization was examined of 50 S. intermedius strains and of 77 strains belonging to 14 different species of coagulase-negative staphylococci using 8 enterotoxin A converting bacteriophages isolated from S. aureus. All the examined bacteriophages showed lytic activity against at least 1 of 11 susceptible strains of S. intermedius to them. Lytic activity towards coagulase-negative staphylococci was observed for 6 of 8 examined bacteriophages. Two bacteriophages were active against 1 of 9 examined S. capitis strains, one against 1 of 11 examined S. haemolyticus strains, four against 1 of 6 examined S. lugdunensis strains, three against 1 of 6 examined S. warneri strains and one against 1 of 5 examined S. xylosus strains. Lysogenization with bacteriophage f421-1 able to convert positively enterotoxin A and staphylokinase and negatively beta-haemolysin of one S. intermedius strain was successful. S. intermedius lysogenized with phi 421-1 was able to produce both enterotoxin A and staphylokinase and lost ability to produce beta-haemolysin. Our results showed a broad lytic spectrum and interspecies host range of some S. aureus bacteriophages and the ability of interspecies transfer of bacteriophages between S. aureus and S. intermedius.

Enterotoxins↗
PubMed2004

Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to the Episkin reconstructed epidermis model and to an inert 304 stainless steel substrate.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the respective influence of the physicochemical interactions and the roughness involved in the first part of the biological substrate biocontamination. METHODS AND RESULTS: Therefore we compared the bioadhesion results obtained on the biological model substrate (Episkin) and on a commonly employed inert substrate (AISI 304 stainless steel), frequently used either in dermatology or in development of medical devices. The two studied strains presented different characteristics, both physicochemical and microbiological. Staphylococcus epidermidis, a relatively hydrophobic bacteria capable of exchanging interactions which are principally of the van der Waals type, adhered more to 304 steel than to the surface of reconstituted skin. As for S. aureus, an essentially basic, hydrophilic bacteria, was more adherent to Episkin (a bipolar, hydrophilic substrate) than to stainless steel (a unipolar, basic, hydrophilic substrate). CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of electrostatic interactions, the adhesion of substrate-dependent bacteria to the surface of reconstituted skin was dependent upon the balance between gamma(LW), gamma(+) and gamma(-). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Consequently, so as to restrict microbial adhesion and reduce adhesive binding between micro-organisms and the surface of the skin, it would be preferable to render this substrate hydrophobic and apolar through the use of appropriate surface treatment.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2006

Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from residential indoor bioaerosols.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we evaluated the levels of Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic-resistant S. aureus in colony-forming units (CFU) per cubic meter of air. DESIGN: We used Andersen two-stage samplers to collect bioaerosol samples from 24 houses in El Paso, Texas, using tryptic soy agar as the collection media, followed by the replicate plate method on Chapman Stone selective medium to isolate S. aureus. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine antibiotic resistance to ampicillin, penicillin, and cefaclor, which represent two distinct classes of antibiotics. RESULTS: The average recovered concentration of respirable heterotrophic organisms found outside each home was 345.38 CFU/m3, with an average of 12.63 CFU/m3 for S. aureus. The average recovered concentration of respirable heterotrophic organisms found inside each home was 460.23 CFU/m3, with an average of 15.39 CFU/m3 for S. aureus. The respirable S. aureus recovered from inside each home had an average resistance of 54.59% to ampicillin and 60.46% to penicillin. Presence of cefaclor-resistant and of multidrug-resistant S. aureus was the same, averaging 13.20% per house. The respirable S. aureus recovered from outside each home had an average resistance of 34.42% to ampicillin and 41.81% to penicillin. Presence of cefaclor-resistant and of multidrug-resistant S. aureus was the same, averaging 13.96% per house. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that antibiotic-resistant bioaerosols are commonly found within residential homes. Our results also suggest that resistant strains of airborne culturable S. aureus are present in higher concentrations inside the study homes than outside the homes.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of Telavancin in a rabbit model of aortic valve endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus.

The activities of telavancin and vancomycin were compared in vitro and in the rabbit model of aortic valve endocarditis against a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain, COL, and a vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain, HIP 5836. Telavancin was bactericidal in time-kill studies at a concentration of 5 microg/ml against both COL and HIP5836. Vancomycin was bacteriostatic at 5 microg/ml and bactericidal at 10 microg/ml against COL and was bacteriostatic at 10 microg/ml against VISA strain HIP 5836. Compared to untreated controls, a twice-daily regimen of 30 mg/kg of telavancin reduced mean aortic valve vegetation titers of the COL strain by 4.7 log(10) CFU/g after 4 days of therapy and sterilized 6/11 vegetations compared to 3.4 log(10) CFU/g with 3/10 vegetations sterilized for a regimen of twice-daily vancomycin, 30 mg/kg; these differences were not statistically significant. Telavancin was significantly more effective than vancomycin in the VISA model, producing a 5.5 log(10) CFU/g reduction versus no reduction in CFU with vancomycin. In experiments comparing 2-day regimens of telavancin at 30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg twice daily, organisms were rapidly eliminated from vegetations, but the effect was not different between the two doses. These results suggest that telavancin may be an effective treatment for endocarditis and other serious staphylococcal infections accompanied by bacteremia, including infections caused by staphylococci not susceptible to vancomycin.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2003

Susceptibility of skin and soft-tissue isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes to topical antibiotics: indications of clonal spread of fusidic acid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) isolates (n = 255) from outpatients with skin and soft-tissue infections were collected in 3 different areas in Norway. Group A streptococci (GAS, n = 68) were isolated from skin or pharyngotonsillar specimens from outpatients. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of bacitracin, fusidic acid and mupirocin were tested using the E-test. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of fusidic acid-sensitive (FusS) and -resistant (FusR) SA were compared. All GAS isolates showed MIC of bacitracin of < or = 1.0 mg/l, of mupirocin of < or = 0.125 mg/l and of fusidic acid 1.0-4.0 mg/l. All the SA showed MIC of mupirocin < or = 0.5 mg/l and of bacitracin of > or = 2.0 mg/l, 91% with MIC > or = 16 mg/l. FusR was shown by 32.5% of the SA strains with similar prevalence rates in 3 different geographical areas of Norway. One particular PFGE pattern (type 1) was shown by 76% of the FusR SA. SA of type 1 belonged to phage group II and produced exfoliative toxins. Thus, the results demonstrated a high prevalence of FusR among SA causing skin infections and that this was mainly due to dissemination of clonally related FusR SA.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1999

Inhibition of virulence factor expression in Staphylococcus aureus by the Staphylococcus epidermidis agr pheromone and derivatives.

The agr quorum-sensing system in Staphylococci controls the production of surface proteins and exoproteins. In the pathogenic species Staphylococcus aureus, these proteins include many virulence factors. The extracellular signal of the quorum-sensing system is a thiolactone-containing peptide pheromone, whose sequence varies among the different staphylococcal strains. We demonstrate that a synthetic Staphylococcus epidermidis pheromone is a competent inhibitor of the Staphylococcus aureus agr system. Derivatives of the pheromone, in which the N-terminus or the cyclic bond structure was changed, were synthesized and their biological activity was determined. The presence of a correct N-terminus and a thiolactone were absolute prerequisites for an agr-activating effect in S. epidermidis, whereas inhibition of the S. aureus agr system was less dependent on the original structure. Our results show that effective quorum-sensing blockers that suppress the expression of virulence factors in S. aureus can be designed based on the S. epidermidis pheromone.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2003

Interaction between methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).

In this paper we describe the in vitro interaction between three strains of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) [NCTC 11561 and two strains derived from patients (PMSSA)] and endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA) 1, 3, 15 and 16. Mixed bacterial cultures of MSSA and EMRSA were incubated and subcultured after one, two and seven days. A proportion of MRSA in 50 randomly selected colonies was assessed. All strains of EMRSA (EMRSA 1, 3, 15 and 16) outgrew and virtually eradicated MSSA (NCTC 11561) after 24 h. The interaction between strains of PMSSA and the various strains of EMRSA was variable. PMSSA strain 1 was almost completely outgrown by EMRSA 1 and EMRSA 3 after seven days. Similarly there was a substantial increase of EMRSA 1 and 3 when tested against PMSSA strain 2. EMRSA 15 increased modestly against both strains, but EMRSA 16 failed to increase in proportion against either of the strains. We conclude that there is a complex interaction between various strains of EMRSA and MSSA. This interaction may have an important bearing on colonization of patients with MRSA.

Antibiosis↗