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Results for “Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic”

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PubMed1992

Psychoanalytic contributions to Holocaust studies.

The purpose of this presentation is to provide a comprehensive overview to a wide audience of how effects of trauma incurred by victims of Nazi persecution during the Holocaust may affect survivors and their children. In doing so, one has to accept that powerful defences employed by survivors themselves and the world about them led to a 'latency period' which delayed investigation of the late sequelae of Holocaust trauma. Bridging the gap was stimulated by the passage of indemnification legislation by the Federal German Republic which enabled mental health professionals to investigate these possible effects. Psychoanalytic theories of trauma had to be reconsidered in the light of these inquiries. Further study revealed that the effects of massive and cumulative trauma may be transmitted to the second generation. Recurrent themes and conflicts in children of survivors have been described. Clinical illustrations have been provided to illuminate some aspects of problems encountered in treating members of a traumatized group. Finally, issues involving unresolved mourning and questions of commemorating the Holocaust have been considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Is a diagnosis of occupational post-traumatic schizophrenia possible?

We present the case of a man who became ill with schizophrenia at the age of 44 after he had been subjected to a series of investigations at his place of work. This case illustrates the issue of the development of schizophrenia as a result of trauma or stress. In our presentation we go into a detailed history of the case and the relevant legal and medical aspects, referring to the legal theory of microtrauma and the theory behind stress-vulnerability, in an attempt to contribute to the understanding of schizophrenia. We consider the legal definitions of 'occupational damage' and the 'common illness'. As to qualifying medical terms, medical science looks upon illnesses as resulting from the reciprocity between the organism and the environment. While the organism forever tends to maintain its equilibrium, environmental factors threaten to upset it. Considering mental illnesses in general and schizophrenia in particular, we discuss the theory of 'stress-vulnerability hypothesis'. We convey our opinion on how it is possible to bridge the gap between the law and medical science. Bringing together the two disciplines and their terms is not simple. The most significant question is whether vulnerability, or to be more precise, vulnerability or a genetic tendency, constitutes a natural morbidity process which is aggravated by the traumatic factor, or whether an individual who bears a 'vulnerability' is healthy until he comes into contact with the environmental factor. It is our opinion that one must not attach too much importance to this theory and must not consider it as fact, but rather confine one's judgment to cases where a latent 'vulnerability' has a clear-cut clinical expression. If we rely on a prevalent medical theory as if it were an evident reality we may miss the truth and may attach too much importance to a matter which is as yet solely theoretical. Our aim is to do justice to human beings. It is better to rely on facts than to trust the existence of latent factors which are within the bounds of theory. We also present a review of the literature about the connection between schizophrenia and trauma or unusual events of life.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The prevalence of posttraumatic psychopathology in the general and the clinical population.

Since the beginning of psychiatry, there has been a controversy about the consequences of traumatic events. Although there is no real dispute about human suffering caused by extreme stress events, social scientists have wondered whether traumatic events could lead to lasting psychopathology. This dispute was very strong in the first two versions of the the diagnostic and statistical manual of the American Psychiatric Association, which came out in 1952 and 1968. In DSM I (1), trauma could only lead to "gross stress reactions", which were part of "transient situational personality disorders". Extreme stress events were thought to lead only to a transient/temporary disturbance and if there was more disturbance than that, another diagnostic label had to be found. This attitude towards trauma has changed over the years and from 1980, in DSM III, there emerged the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, a disorder which can be lasting or transient (2). In the past years, it has become clear that posttraumatic stress disorders are not the only form of psychopathology that follows after traumatic events. Major depressive episodes and dissociative disorders can also follow traumatic events. In this article, the results of two studies are reviewed. The first is a survey of the major studies into the prevalence of disorders after traumatic events. The main conclusion of this study shows that about 20% of the people that go through severely distressing events develop severe disorders. The second study focuses on the prevalence of disorders in the process of coping with traumatic events in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. Results of this study showed that clinically significant signs of these disorders were found to be present in 18% of the psychiatric outpatient referrals. In the discussion, the conclusion is drawn that posttraumatic psychopathology is a phenomenon that every clinician is confronted with on a regular basis. We might then wonder why specific treatment for posttraumatic psychopathology is still such a neglected area in psychiatry and psychotherapy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Validity of psychotraumatic reactions.

To determine whether posttraumatic reactions occurred in injured individuals not confronted with litigation or compensation (as reckoned in the U.S.), a parallel study was undertaken in a social-democratic country (Austria) between ski- and work-injured groups. Although each group had a significantly different way of regarding the injury, there appeared to be a comparable incidence of posttraumatic psychiatric reaction in each. The absence of compensation (in contrast to disability maintenance) did not inhibit the appearance of the posttraumatic reaction. A discussion of the effects of compensation and litigation pointed out the separate nature of the problems associated with these two aspects of dealing with injury, with those problems being imposed upon, but not causative of, the posttraumatic psychiatric reaction.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trauma relief.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Crisis Intervention↗
PubMed1978

[Self-implied languages and psychopathological expression].

Nevroses and dellusions are self-induced language in which the uttered statement is implemented in an immanent and intransive way, through the psycho-pathological language itself. The narrative pattern and the pathological process are closely linked together in the same two-sided utterance, clinical and at the same time narratological; as is demonstrated by the analysis of two cases.

Delusions↗
PubMed1979

[Psychiatric and postsurographic approach in the study of post-concussion syndromes following head or whiplash injuries. Correlation and additional aspects].

Purpose of this paper is to point out the interest in case of post-concussional syndroma following an head or whiplash injury to practice both: a posturographic examination objectiving the functioning of the different sensori-motor systems who maintain the body equilibrium giving an approach of the possibility of an organic etiology, psychiatric one giving the psychogenic aspect. Different therapeutics are proposed in regard of this double approach. Four cases illustrate this purpose.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Detection of simulation in posttraumatic expertises (author's transl)].

The test PRM, used in examinations of posttraumatic deficits, has allowed the elaboration of a score globalizing anomalies in this protocole, for this type of examination. This score, called "Score Fi", permits to detect doubtfull protocoles. The use of this PRM in a psychiatric hospital permits the hypothesis that the score Fi can also have value of an index of organicity. A study on this topic is in progress.

Adolescent↗