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Results for “Structural equation modeling”

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PubMed1987

Structural-equation models of current drug use: are appropriate models so simple(x)?

The simplex and common-factor models of drug use were compared using maximum-likelihood estimation of latent variable structural models in two samples: a sample of 226 high school students, using ratio-scale measures of current drug use, and a sample of 310 industrial workers and 811 college students, using ordinal-scale measures of current drug use. Latent variables of alcohol, marijuana, enhancer hard drugs, and dampener hard drugs were specified in a series of structural models. Contrary to previous findings with cumulative drug-use data, the common-factor model provided a more acceptable representation of the observed current-use data than did the simplex model in both samples. In addition, the similarity of results across both of these samples supports recent contentions by Huba and Bentler (1982) that quantitatively measured variables are not necessarily superior to qualitative, ordinal indicators in latent variable models of drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Explaining adolescent drug use: an elaboration strategy for structural equations modeling.

We report a series of analyses designed to estimate increasingly elaborated theoretical models that explain adolescent drug use. Each of the successive elaborations adds a theoretical construct to the explanatory model in order to increase our understanding of drug use by specifying in greater detail the nature of the structural relationships among the latent variables. The more detailed specification is accomplished by 1) specifying new direct effects that increase explained variance in drug use, 2) decomposing direct effects through the interpolation of hypothesized intervening variables, 3) specifying antecedents of variables that modify their direct effects, and 4) exposing suppressor effects. Where indicated, we evaluate alternative explanations of the observed relationships. We do this by controlling for common antecedent effects to reduce spuriousness or by examining different specifications of causal linkages among the explanatory constructs.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a structural equation model for causal relationships among arteriosclerosis risk factors.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the dynamic causal relationships among arteriosclerotic risk factors, including age, smoking, alcoholic consumption, exercise, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Data were collected from the medical records of 400 male clients who visited a university hospital located in Inchon, Korea, from May 1996 to December 1996 for physical examinations. The Lineal Structural Relationships 8 program was used to verify the fitness of the hypothetical model to data. All of the fit statistics, except the Chi-square value, showed that the hypothetical model was well fitted to the data. Seven percent of obesity was explained by the variables of age, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise. Sixty percent of hyperlipidemia could be explained by the variables of age, smoking, exercise, and obesity. And 22% of hypertension was explained by the variables of age, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and hyperlipidemia. Our results showed that these risk factors were directly and indirectly interrelated, and lifestyle variables (smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise) influence almost all of arteriosclerotic risk factors.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1999

A Structural Equation Model of the Effects of Negative Affectivity, Leader-Member Exchange, and Perceived Job Mobility on In-role and Extra-role Performance: A Chinese Case.

In this paper, we contrast the effects of leader-member exchange (LMX) with the effects of perceived job mobility on in-role performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). We further model negative affectivity as the antecedent of both LMX and perceived job mobility and suggest that LMX and perceived job mobility mediated the relationship between negative affectivity and performance. We obtained matching data from supervisor and subordinates in a major battery manufacturing company in southern China. Subordinates provided the negative affectivity, perceived job mobility, and LMX assessment, and their immediate supervisors provided the in-role performance and OCB assessment. Results from a structural equation analysis show that both LMX and perceived job mobility predicted OCB. Instead of being a direct antecedent of OCB, the relationship between negative affectivity and OCB is found to be mediated by LMX and perceived job mobility. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Reserve capacity of the elderly in aging sensitive tests of fluid intelligence: a reanalysis via a structural equation modelling approach.

In the last decade there has been a growing interest among developmental psychologists to investigate whether the cognitive performance of older adults can be improved by means of training programs. A number of cognitive training studies involving aging sensitive abilities of fluid intelligence have been performed with healthy older adults (Willis et al. 1981; Baltes et al., 1984/1986). In this paper we reanalyse data from Baltes et al. (1986) concerning the ADEPT Induction, ADEPT Figural Relations, Induction Standard and the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Tests. In contrast to the above study, where the data analysis was based on a MANOVA approach, usually carried out when experimental data were gathered, this discussion implements an approach to change measurement for which the structural equation of different aspects of change in means as manifested in the moment matrices. The results here confirm these by Baltes et al. (1986), and suggest conclusions concerning change in means over time in the experimental and control groups, which are not implied by their study.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

An examination of the psychometric properties of the Test of Reading Performance using structural equation modeling.

The present purpose was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Test of Reading Performance, a new scale designed to evaluate the reading performance of Greek elementary school students. The sample consisted of 181 elementary school students, attending Grades 1-6 at two elementary schools in the area of Thessaloniki. The Test of Reading Performance was hypothesized to measure six constructs, namely, letter knowledge, phoneme blending, word identification, morphology knowledge, syntactic knowledge, and passage comprehension. Each construct was defined by two to four measured variables. The chosen structural model supported the multidimensional nature of reading and the relationship between the measured variables and constructs. Estimates of discriminant and convergent validity using confirmatory factor analytic procedures were satisfactory although these was multicollinearity for the measures morphology-syntax and morphology-comprehension. Internal consistency was also satisfactory for the full scale (alpha = .83).

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

An empirical comparison of lead exposure pathway models.

Structural equation modeling is a statistical method for partitioning the variance in a set of interrelated multivariate outcomes into that which is due to direct, indirect, and covariate (exogenous) effects. Despite this model's flexibility to handle different experimental designs, postulation of a causal chain among the endogenous variables and the points of influence of the covariates is required. This has motivated the researchers at the University of Cincinnati Department of Environmental Health to be guided by a theoretical model for movement of lead from distal sources (exterior soil or dust and paint lead) to proximal sources (interior dust lead) and then finally to biologic outcomes (handwipe and blood lead). The question of whether a single structural equation model built from proximity arguments can be applied to diverse populations observed in different communities with varying lead amounts, sources, and bioavailabilities is addressed in this article. This reanalysis involved data from 1855 children less than 72 months of age enrolled in 11 studies performed over approximately 15 years. Data from children residing near former ore-processing sites were included in this reanalysis. A single model adequately fit the data from these 11 studies; however, the model needs to be flexible to include pathways that are not frequently observed. As expected, the more proximal sources of interior dust lead and handwipe lead were the most important predictors of blood lead; soil lead often had a number of indirect influences. A limited number of covariates were also isolated as usually affecting the endogenous lead variables. The blood lead levels surveyed at the ore-processing sites were comparable to and actually somewhat lower than those reported in the the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Lessened bioavailability of the lead at certain of these sites is a probable reason for this finding.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1996

Quality of life of patients with end stage renal disease: a structural equation model.

In this study, the perceived quality of life (QOL) of 215 patients with and stage renal disease (ESRD) was examined. A LISREL model describing the patients' perceptions of their QOL was tested and, after some revisions, was found to be consistent with the data (chi 2 = 33.76, df = 25, p = 0.113). QOL was measured by: the Self-Anchoring Striving Scale, the Index of Well-Being, and the Time Trade-Off Technique. The model includes the patients medical characteristics, their health status, functional status, support and outlook. Outlook, functional status and treatment modality had significant direct effects on QOL. Support influenced QOL through the mediating variable, outlook. This study suggests that a theoretical reexamination of the measurement structure of QOL is warranted.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Binge eating and exercise behavior after surgery for severe obesity: a structural equation model.

OBJECTIVE: The current study sought to find indications for the appropriateness of a model in which eating patterns and exercise beliefs influence binge eating and physical exercise, respectively, that, in turn, influence outcome after gastric banding for severe obesity. METHOD: Participants were 157 patients (144 females, 13 males) who completed questionnaires approximately 34 months (range = 8-68 months) after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). RESULTS: Our data showed a well-fitting model in which external and emotional eating were associated with outcome through binge eating. Several exercise beliefs were associated with physical exercise, but physical exercise was not associated with weight loss or physical health. CONCLUSION: Binge eating was related more strongly to the outcome after gastric banding than physical exercise. Future research should examine whether a strong focus on the management of binge eating and external and emotional eating could improve the outcome of morbidly obese patients with unsuccessful weight outcome after obesity surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Testing structural equation models for twin data using LISREL.

Simple genetic models can be fitted to twin data using software packages such as LISREL (Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1986a). After discussion of data preparation and routine checks on possible violation of assumptions of the twin method, we illustrate univariate, bivariate, and multivariate genetic models which can be tested in cross-sectional twin data using LISREL. These include models for cohort or cohabitation effects, genotype x sex interaction, and certain types of genotype x environment interaction and genotype-environment correlation.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1987

The impact of late adolescent substance use on young adult health status and utilization of health services: a structural-equation model over four years.

This study examined the impact of adolescent substance use on young adult health status and health service utilization, while controlling for earlier subjective and objective health problems and seeking medical care. Data were obtained from 654 participants when they were in late adolescence and 4 years later when they were young adults. Latent-variable models were used to determine what effect, if any, adolescent drug use had on later health. A second-order factor of general drug use had a small, but significant, influence on decreasing subjective physical hardiness over the 4-year period. However, general drug use was not directly related to later physical symptomatology, subjective health problems, or health service utilization. General cigarette use and amount of cigarette smoking were significantly related to a range of health outcomes including increased psychosomatic symptoms, respiratory symptoms, reporting trouble with health, nights spent in the hospital, and health service utilization, as well as decreased subjective physical hardiness. Early cannabis use decreased later subjective physical hardiness and increased health problems experienced over the 4 years. Hard drug use was associated with increased emergency physician visits during adolescence and increased perceived trouble with health as young adults. Due to the fact that adolescent general drug use decreased subjective physical hardiness over 4 years, it is possible that continued substance use might lead to more serious objective health consequences later in life (i.e. physical symptoms).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Initial construct validation of frequently employed ANAM measures through structural equation modeling.

ANAM measures were based on procedures used in both clinical and performance assessment. This paper reviews data from studies designed to delineate specific neurocognitive functions assessed by more commonly used ANAM measures. Data are brought together from both exploratory and confirmatory analyses. Current findings support the use of these measures for assessing aspects of attention, processing efficiency, and working memory. Recommendations for further research include the need for larger samples and the inclusion of specific marker variables.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed2001

Preventive intervention effects on developmental progression in drug use: structural equation modeling analyses using longitudinal data.

This study examined the plausibility of the gateway hypothesis to account for drug involvement in a sample of middle school students participating in a drug abuse, prevention trial. Analyses focused on a single prevention approach to exemplify intervention effects on drug progression. Improvements to social competence reduced multiple drug use at 1- and 2-year follow-ups. Specific program effects disrupted drug progression by decreasing alcohol and cigarette use over 1 year and reducing cigarette use over a 2-year period. Controlling for previous drug use, alcohol was integrally involved in the progression to multiple drug use. Subgroup analyses based on distinctions of pretest use/nonuse of alcohol and cigarettes provided partial support for the gateway hypothesis. However, evidence also supported alternate pathways including cigarette use as a starting point for later alcohol and multiple drug use. Findings underscore the utility of targeting more than one gateway substance to prevent escalation of drug involvement and reinforce the importance of social competence enhancement as an effective deterrent to early-stage drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Therapeutic empathy and recovery from depression in cognitive-behavioral therapy: a structural equation model.

This study demonstrated that therapeutic empathy has a moderate-to-large causal effect on recovery from depression in a group of 185 patients treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The authors simultaneously estimated the reciprocal effect of depression severity on therapeutic empathy and found that this effect was quite small. In addition, homework compliance had a separate effect on clinical recovery, over and above the effect of therapeutic empathy. The patients of novice therapists improved significantly less than did the patients of more experienced therapists, when controlling for therapeutic empathy and homework compliance. Ss who terminated therapy prematurely were less likely to complete the self-help assignments between sessions, rated their therapists as significantly less empathic, and improved significantly less. Ss with borderline personality disorder improved significantly less, but they rated their therapists as just as empathic and caring as other patients. The significance of these findings for psychotherapy research, treatment, and clinical training is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Structural equation model of intellectual change and continuity and predictors of intelligence in older men.

This study examined the effects of abilities as a young adult, an engaged lifestyle, personality, age, and health on continuity and change in intellectual abilities from early to late adulthood. A battery of measures, including a verbal and nonverbal intelligence test, was given to 326 Canadian army veterans. Archival data provided World War Two enlistment scores on the same intelligence test for this sample: Results indicated relative stability of intellectual scores across 40 years, with increases in vocabulary and decreases in arithmetic, verbal analogies, and nonverbal skills. Young adult intelligence was the most important determinant of older adult performance. Predictors for verbal intelligence were consistent with an engagement model of intellectual maintenance but also indicated the importance of introversion-extraversion and age. Nonverbal intelligence in late life was predicted by young adult nonverbal scores, age, health, and introversion-extraversion.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Structural equation models of latent interactions: evaluation of alternative estimation strategies and indicator construction.

Interactions between (multiple indicator) latent variables are rarely used because of implementation complexity and competing strategies. Based on 4 simulation studies, the traditional constrained approach performed more poorly than did 3 new approaches--unconstrained, generalized appended product indicator, and quasi-maximum-likelihood (QML). The authors' new unconstrained approach was easiest to apply. All 4 approaches were relatively unbiased for normally distributed indicators, but the constrained and QML approaches were more biased for nonnormal data; the size and direction of the bias varied with the distribution but not with the sample size. QML had more power, but this advantage was qualified by consistently higher Type I error rates. The authors also compared general strategies for defining product indicators to represent the latent interaction factor.

Analysis of Variance↗