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PubMed2005

Age effects in perception of time.

Despite the widespread belief that the subjective speed of the passage of time increases with age, empirical results are controversial. In this study, a combination of questionnaires was employed to assess subjective time perception by 499 subjects, ages 14 to 94 years. Pearson correlations and nonlinear regression analyses on a variety of questionnaires and the age of the participants show that the momentary perception of the passage of time and the retrospective judgment of past periods of time are a function of chronological age; however, small-to-moderate effects accounted for at most 10% of the variance. Results generally support the widespread perception that the passage of time speeds up with age. These results are discussed in the context of models of prospective and retrospective time judgment, but interpretations have to be treated with caution given methodological limitations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Judging time intervals using a model of perceptuo-motor control.

Estimating a time interval and temporally coordinating movements in space are fundamental skills, but the relationships between these different forms of timing, and the neural processes that they incur, are not well understood. While different theories have been proposed to account for time perception, time estimation, and the temporal patterns of coordination, there are no general mechanisms which unify these various timing skills. This study considers whether a model of perceptuo-motor timing, the tau(GUIDE), can also describe how certain judgements of elapsed time are made. To evaluate this, an equation for determining interval estimates was derived from the tau(GUIDE) model and tested in a task where participants had to throw a ball and estimate when it would hit the floor. The results showed that in accordance with the model, very accurate judgements could be made without vision (mean timing error -19.24 msec), and the model was a good predictor of skilled participants' estimate timing. It was concluded that since the tau(GUIDE) principle provides temporal information in a generic form, it could be a unitary process that links different forms of timing.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Effect of observation time on the perception of details in x-ray pictures].

The authors studied the influence of perception time on the quantified image quality of radiographs, using as an experimental basis the target presentation time during which there was no active involvement of the observer. No change in the influence on the observer was seen down to an observation time of 1 sec.; there was a slight but practically negligible drop on further reduction to 0.5 sec. At 0.1 sec. there was a drop that would have been approximately compensated by a contrast enhancement of object detail to about twice the original value. The influence of the perception time was placed in relation to an example of the influence of structured noise on the detection performance. This influence proved to be significantly greater than that of time. A comparison of the concept of "conspicuity" as defined by Revesz and Kundel was set in relation to the term "Auffälligkeit" ("distinctiveness") coined by Stender. It was established that the quality reserve QR after Borcke corresponds to "Auffälligkeit" as defined by Stender and should best be separated from image quality changes dues to the influence of structured noise on the detection of radiological abnormalities.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Unraveling the mysteries of timing: women's perceptions about time to treatment for cardiac symptoms.

Women in the USA are at disproportionate risk of dying from a myocardial infarction (MI), of suffering disabilities following an MI, and of reinfarcting and dying within a year of their initial MI. Various explanations, including women's older age at clinical manifestation of coronary heart disease (CHD) and higher likelihood of co-morbidities, have been offered for women's heightened risk of poor outcomes. Less frequently, research has focused on examining women's prolonged time elapse between symptom onset and biomedical treatment, a phenomenon that renders women less likely to undergo lifesaving reperfusion strategies. [1] To explore factors and circumstances that may shape CHD time to treatment, 40 middle age and older women living in Kentucky, USA, half with diagnosed CHD and half with chronic conditions considered to be risk factors for CHD, participated in a series of in-depth interviews. While much of the existing CHD literature implicates individual responsibility as the determining feature in time to treatment, these women's narratives suggested that treatment decisions inextricably are linked to broader social and structural constraints. Such supra-individual forces that shape the CHD experiences of women include the social construction of "standard" cardiac symptoms based on male norms that ultimately confuse symptom detection, women's negative encounters with health care providers who discount their knowledge, the competing social demands women face when threatened by a serious illness, and structural barriers delimiting women's health care choices.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

[Visual perception, reaction time and their alteration under the influence of alcohol in patients with remote sequelae of closed cranio-cerebral trauma].

In patients with remote sequalae of closed brain injuries the author examined the time of perception of letter stimula by the aid of a technique of reverse masking, the time of motor reactions to simple and letter stimula and changes of these temporary parameters under the influence of small doses of alcohol (60 ml 40 degrees alcohol). The time of perception and time of motor reactions to a simple stimula were practically identical to those in normals. The time of motor reactions to aletter stimula was higher than to a simple one and in patients significantly higher than in normals. Under the influence of alcohol the time of perception and motor reactions increase in conditions of letter distinguishing. These facts permit to consider that alcohol in such patients makes the processing of information in the CNS slower and most strongly influences the central cortical processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Probing the cognitive representation of musical time: structural constraints on the perception of timing perturbations.

To determine whether structural factors interact with the perception of musical time, musically literate listeners were presented repeatedly with eight-bar musical excerpts, realized with physically regular timing on an electronic piano. On each trial, one or two randomly chosen time intervals were lengthened by a small amount, and the score. The resulting detection accuracy profile across all positions in each musical excerpt showed pronounced dips in places where lengthening would typically occur in an expressive (temporally modulated) performance. False alarm percentages indicated that certain tones seemed longer a priori, and these were among the ones whose actual lengthening was easiest to detect. The detection accuracy and false alarm profiles were significantly correlated with each other and with the temporal microstructure of expert performances, as measured from sound recordings by famous artists. Thus the detection task apparently tapped into listeners' musical thought and revealed their expectations about the temporal microstructure of music performance. These expectations, like the timing patterns of actual performances, derive from the cognitive representation of musical structure, as cued by a variety of systemic factors (grouping, meter, harmonic progression) and their acoustic correlates. No simple psycho-acoustic explanation of the detection accuracy profiles was evident. The results suggest that the perception of musical time is not veridical but "warped" by the structural representation. This warping may provide a natural basis for performance evaluation: expected timing patterns sound more or less regular, unexpected ones irregular. Parallels to language performance and perception are noted.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1998

Perception of timing of kinesthetic stimuli.

A psychophysical method was used to estimate the timing of perception of kinesthetic stimuli with different velocities in normal volunteers. A 1 ms auditory click occurred randomly before or after an imposed flexion movement at either 20, 40 or 60 deg/s of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Subjects reported whether the click was perceived before or after the movement onset (experiment 1) or perception of movement velocity (experiment 2). The time at which there was a 50% chance that subjects reported movement or velocity perception after the click was taken as an estimate of the time subjects perceived the stimuli. The difference in time of perceived movement velocity discrimination and movement onset was only significant when the velocity was 20 deg/s (52 ms). This suggests that movement onset and identification of the velocity of the faster movements are perceived nearly simultaneously.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

How time flies: a study of novice skydivers.

Although time distortion is commonly reported during a traumatic experience, there is little research addressing the phenomenon. This study investigated the role of affect in time perception in a very stressful experience by indexing novice tandem skydivers' (N=76) levels of fear and excitement before the skydive and soon after landing. Estimations of how long skydivers thought their experience lasted were obtained after landing. Whereas increased fear was associated with the perception of time passing slowly, increased excitement was associated with the perception of time passing quickly. These data support models of time perception based on avoidance and approach motivations influencing time distortion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The bi-logic perception of time.

The problem of perception and conceptualisation of time in the unconscious and the conscious is seen in terms of Matte-Blanco's theories. In a short outline of his ideas, symmetrical and asymmetrical logic and his newer concept of 'bi-logic structures' are discussed. Clinical examples from the psychoanalysis of a patient with a time problem are presented to illustrate the hypothesis that a misperception and misconception of time lead in this case to obsessive-compulsive pathology. The clinical application of Matte-Blanco's postulations not only explains the psychopathology of the patient but also allows the formulation of a treatment strategy leading to a positive solution of the problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Personality styles, manifest needs, and the perception of time in college women.

Reports the continued development of a multivariate theory of personality styles and a scale, the Multivariate Personality Inventory, designed to measure these styles in both pathological and normal populations. In a sample of college women, theory-generated predictions of the manifest needs of each personality style were examined with the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Results supported the validity of the Multivariate Personality Inventory in regard to the need profile of each personality style group. To examine the relationship between the personality styles and behavior, a series of time estimation measures also were employed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reconstructive memory related to adolescent-parent conflict interactions: the influence of attachment-related representations on immediate perceptions and changes in perceptions over time.

This investigation examined the hypothesis that individuals change, over time, their perceptions of interactions with attachment figures in ways that are consistent with their attachment-related representations of those individuals. In an original and a replication study, adolescents participated in laboratory conflict discussions with each of their parents. Adolescents rated their perceptions of the interactions immediately after the conflict discussions, then again 6 weeks later. Results indicated that (a) adolescents' immediate perceptions of the interactions were influenced by their attachment-related representations of their parents, and (b) adolescents' perceptions, over a period of 6 weeks, shifted such that their later perceptions were more congruent with their attachment-related representations than were their immediate perceptions. Implications for the continuity of relational models and relationship patterns are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Routine and the perception of time.

The authors investigated the influence of routine on people's estimation of time, testing the hypothesis that duration is remembered as being shorter when time is spent in a routine activity. In 4 experiments and 2 field studies, the authors compared time estimations in routine and nonroutine conditions. Routine was established by a sequence of markers (Study 1), variation of the task (Studies 2 and 3), or the number of repetitive blocks (Study 4). As hypothesized, the duration of the task was remembered as being shorter in routine conditions than in nonroutine ones. This trend was reversed in experienced (prospective) judgments when participants were informed beforehand of the duration-judgment task (Study 3). In Studies 5 and 6, the authors examined remembered duration judgments of vacationers and kibbutz members, which provided further support for the main hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The perception of time in scale model environments.

It has been claimed that when subjects observe differently-scaled model environments their experience of temporal duration is compressed relative to standard clock time in the same proportion as the scale of the model being observed. A series of experiments is reported in which subjects made judgements of duration while observing model environments of different scale. In each experiment, two similar model environments of different scale were presented. Three different kinds of model were used: scale model railways, sitting-room models, and abstract nonrepresentional models. Despite considerable individual variability, significant effects were obtained. Smaller scale was, up to a point, related to a compression of subjective time relative to clock time, although the effect was nowhere near as great as that previously reported. Also, when scale was reduced beyond a certain point the effect on judgements of duration was eliminated, or even reversed. It is suggested that the effect of time compression is related to differences in the density of the information to be processed in environments of different scale, and that there may be an optimum value for information density related both to the scale and to the type of environment.

Adolescent↗