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Results for “Tooth Remineralization”

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PubMed1992

Acid-susceptibility of lesions in bovine enamel after remineralization in the presence of fluoride and/or carbonate.

After de- and subsequent remineralization at 0.03 and 1.0 ppm fluoride and either 0, 1, 10, 20 or 25 mM carbonate, artificial lesions in bovine enamel were demineralized again. The amount of secondary demineralization was determined after 15, 30 and 70 h of demineralization by means of quantitative microradiography. The results showed that fluoride incorporated during the remineralization period retards lesion formation during secondary demineralization. Carbonate incorporated during the remineralization period enhances secondary demineralization. An interaction between both ions was observed.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Retention in plaque and remineralization of enamel lesions by various forms of calcium in a mouthrinse or sugar-free chewing gum.

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) nanocomplexes incorporated into sugar-free chewing gum have been shown to remineralize enamel subsurface lesions in situ. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of CPP-ACP, with that of other forms of calcium, to be retained in supragingival plaque and remineralize enamel subsurface lesions in situ when delivered in a mouthrinse or sugar-free gum in randomized, double-blind trials. In the mouthrinse study, only the CPP-ACP-containing mouthrinse significantly increased plaque calcium and inorganic phosphate levels, and the CPP were immunolocalized to the surfaces of bacterial cells as well as the intercellular matrix. In the chewing gum studies, the gum containing the CPP-ACP, although not containing the most calcium per piece of gum, produced the highest level of enamel remineralization independent of gum-chewing frequency and duration. The CPP could be detected in plaque extracts 3 hrs after subjects chewed the CPP-ACP-containing gum. The results showed that CPP-ACP were superior to other forms of calcium in remineralizing enamel subsurface lesions.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

Dentin microhardness during and after whitening treatments.

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of bleaching agents on dentin microhardness during and after bleaching. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Specimens were randomly assigned to seven groups (n = 15): Nite White Excel 2 Z [NW] 10% and 22%; Rembrandt [REM] 10% and 22%; Opalescence [OPA] 10% and 20%; and a placebo agent. The 42-day whitening treatment consisted of daily application of the agents to the dentin surfaces for 8 hours, followed by immersion in artificial saliva for 16 hours. After the bleaching treatment, specimens were kept immersed in artificial saliva for 14 days. Microhardness was measured at baseline, 8 hours, and 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of bleaching and during the posttreatment period (7 and 14 days). RESULTS: The analysis of variance for split-plot showed a significant effect on the interaction between bleaching agent and time. Tukey's test and regression analyses revealed that during the bleaching period, the agents NW 10%, NW 22%, and OPA 20%, which did not differ from each other, did not alter dentin microhardness, showing constant microhardness values. There were no differences among REM 10%, REM 22%, and OPA 10%, which showed significant reductions in microhardness after day 14 compared to other agents. After bleaching procedures, there was an increase in dentin microhardness for all groups. CONCLUSION: Throughout the bleaching treatment, depending on the agent applied, dentin showed a transitory decrease in microhardness values. In the posttreatment period, artificial saliva presented a remineralizing effect on the bleached surfaces.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

Remineralization potential of an anticaries/antigingivitis mouthrinse.

PURPOSE: To assess the ability of a new formulation (Listerine with 0.022% NaF) to remineralize initially decalcified bovine enamel compared to a positive control, clinically established 0.022% NaF rinse. METHODS: A cyclic demineralization/remineralization in vitro model was utilized and the level of remineralization was monitored by examining the Knoop microhardness over 6 and 18 D/T/R cycles RESULTS: (1) both the test formulation and positive control rinses were statistically significantly effective in remineralizing artificial lesions in vitro; and (2) the test formulation performed "at least as good as" the positive control. These results support the concept that the remineralization potential of the fluoride rinse is not adversely affected by the addition of essential oils.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Root caries in the elderly: an update for the next century.

Root caries is an emerging challenge to the dental professions because of the growing number of increasingly aging adults who have retained many or all of their teeth. Risk factors for developing root caries point to both intraoral and environmental factors, making the management of root caries complex and multidisciplinary. Prevention is the most desirable approach for management, but patients who have developed caries of the roots can be treated with remineralization strategies or a variety of restorative approaches. Dental professionals need to keep abreast of new approaches emerging for the management of root caries.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Linseed based saliva substitutes and their effect on mineral dissolution of predemineralized bovine dentin in vitro.

OBJECTIVES: Polymers used in saliva substitutes might inhibit remineralization. The present study evaluated the effects of various calcium, phosphate, and fluoride concentrations of linseed based solutions on the mineral loss of predemineralized bovine dentin in vitro. METHODS: Dentin specimens were prepared, embedded and polished. The specimens were demineralized (pH 5.6; 6 d; 37 degrees C) and half of each sample was covered with nail varnish. Subsequently, the specimens (n=10) were exposed to 14 linseed based solutions (calcium 0-1.1 mM; phosphate 0-7.7 mM, fluoride 0-0.03 mM) at pH 5.5 and 6.5 as well as to Salinum for 14 days (37 degrees C). The differences in mineral loss (DeltaDeltaZ) between the values prior to and after storage in the solutions were evaluated from microradiographs of thin sections. RESULTS: After the exposure to the various solutions decreased mineral contents compared to those after demineralization could be observed (p<0.05; paired t-test) whereas for the specimens stored in solution with the highest calcium and phosphate concentration no significant change in mineral loss could be evaluated (p>0.05). Salinum induced a significantly greater mineral loss compared to the equivalent saturated solution (p<0.05; ANOVA, Bonferroni). The general linear model revealed a significant dependency for DeltaDeltaZ on 'phosphate' (p=0.000) and 'fluoride' (p=0.001), but not on 'calcium' (p=0.397) and 'pH' (p=0.368). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of calcium, phosphates, and fluorides seems to have a positive effect on the remineralizing qualities of linseed based saliva substitutes.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1994

[The effects of ultramicronized synthetic hydroxyapatite on the etched enamel. An in-vitro study with computerized analysis].

The authors studied in vitro effects produced by etching (37% H3PO4) 80 microns thick teeth sections and the following application of H.A.u.m (Apagen). The changes of the superficial and lower layers were investigated by gray level alterations of section images. The changes were investigated by using a computerized image analysis system, by pseudocolors, standard deviation of gray levels and by calculating the surface rate affected by significative alteration. Etching application increased extension of high gray level zones. Pseudocolors showed 35 microns depth alterations. the evaluation of standard deviation means that major changes affected superficial layers; the evaluation of the extension of low gray levels zones showed a restoration of the pretreatment optical pattern. The results of this study demonstrate that H.A.u.m. (Apagen) applications are able to remineralize both superficial and lower layers of etched enamel.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1999

Effects of fluoride toothpaste on etched enamel of orthodontic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of fluoride toothpaste on acid-etched enamel by means of a scanning electron microscope. METHODS: Permanent first premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were etched with 37% H3PO4. They were divided into two groups in pairs of contralateral teeth. Group 1 was treated with fluoride toothpaste slurry; Group 2 was treated with deionized water. Treatment time was three weeks (one hour, 3 times a day). RESULTS: At the conclusion of the experiment, large amounts of precipitate were observed on the enamel surface of the teeth that were treated with fluoride toothpaste slurry. The etched structures were no longer evident and the enamel surface was smooth. The acid resistance of the teeth was significantly enhanced. However, clearly etched enamel structures were visible on the enamel surface of the teeth that were treated with deionized water. CONCLUSION: Fluoride toothpaste could promote the remineralization of etched enamel and enhance its resistance to acid attack.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1997

Effect of fluoride treatment on remineralization of bleached enamel.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the remineralizing capacity of different fluoride treatments on dental enamel bleached with carbamide peroxide (Opalescence). Sixty bovine enamel slabs were subjected to four cycles comprising bleaching (12 h) and remineralization in artificial saliva (8 h). The samples were evenly distributed among four groups (A-D). During the first hour of the remineralization period the specimens in Group A were covered with a fluoride varnish (Duraphat; 2.23% F-). In group B the enamel slabs were stored in a fluoride solution (0.2% F- as NaF) for 1 min prior to remineralization. Group C did not receive a fluoride treatment, and group D (control) was stored in distilled water instead of bleaching. Microhardness (VHN) was evaluated before the experiments and after the second and fourth cycle, respectively. Final hardness was calculated as percentage of the initial hardness. Analysis of variance was applied to the data followed by pairwise comparisons with corrected level of significance (P < 0.01). Hardness decreased significantly in groups A-C compared to the control group (D). The bleached and unfluoridated specimens (group C) showed a significantly higher hardness loss compared to the fluoridated specimens, whereas no significant difference was observed between the two fluoridated groups. It is concluded that remineralization of bleached enamel is improved by application of highly concentrated fluorides.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

The effect of adding calcium lactate to xylitol chewing gum on remineralization of enamel lesions.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether adding calcium lactate to chewing gum containing xylitol enhances remineralization of enamel surfaces using an early caries lesion model. Enamel slabs were cut from human extracted sound teeth and artificial subsurface lesions created within each. Half the enamel slabs were used as controls and stored in a humidifier while half were mounted into oral appliances worn by 10 volunteers (22-27 years old, 2 males and 8 females) in a three-leg trial, during which they wore the appliance without chewing gum, chewed gum containing xylitol + calcium lactate or chewed gum containing only xylitol 4 times a day for 2 weeks. Calcium concentrations in the enamel surfaces of control and test slabs were measured by X-ray spectrometry and degrees of remineralization were calculated. The mean degree of remineralization was greater after chewing xylitol-Ca gum (0.46 +/- 0.10) than after no gum (0.16 +/- 0.14) or after chewing xylitol gum (0.33 +/- 0.10) (p < 0.01). In conclusion, chewing gum containing xylitol + calcium lactate could enhance remineralization of enamel surface compared to chewing gum containing only xylitol or no gum chewing.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Effect of fluoride concentration on remineralization of carious enamel: an in vitro pH-cycling study.

An in vitro pH-cycling experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of fluoride concentration on enamel demineralization and remineralization. Artificial caries lesions were formed in an acid-buffered solution and subjected daily to a 3-hour acid attack, a 5-min immersion in the test NaF solution (0, 1, 250, 500, 1,000, 1,750 and 2,500 ppm F), and to 21 h in an artificial saliva. Changes in mineral content were assessed weekly for 5 weeks using microradiography/microdensitometry. The lesions in the control group (0 ppm F) and the 1-ppm F group demineralized. Remineralization was significantly higher in the 500-ppm F group compared to the 250-ppm F group. However, higher fluoride concentrations did not produce any further significant increase in remineralization. Laminations were apparent in lesions subjected to the 250- and 500-ppm F solutions.

Bicuspid↗

PubMed1993

Fluoride and mineral content in hyper-remineralized coronal bovine dentine in vitro after an acid challenge.

In this paper the acid resistance of hyper-remineralized dentine was quantified by means of fluoride and mineral measurements. Hyper-remineralization was achieved by demineralization of dentine in an acidic gel system (pH 5) for 3 weeks, followed by remineralization in a solution containing 1.5 mM Ca, 0.9 mM phosphate and 10 ppm F at pH 7 and 37 degrees C for 8 days. The samples were subsequently again demineralized in the gel system mentioned for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Analysis for fluoride was done by means of the microdrill biopsy technique and to obtain information on the fluoride distribution by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS); mineral was assessed by microradiography. The results showed that in hyper-remineralized dentine the original fluoride content was approximately 30,000 ppm F. This value was still in the same order after the acid challenge of 3 weeks at pH 5. These values were substantially higher than the baseline values in sound or in demineralized dentine being about 900 ppm F. The main microradiographic result was that there was no significant mineral change in the hyper-remineralized dentine due to the acid challenges. There was, however, a tendency for mineral redistribution deeper into the dentine lesion leading to lamination phenomena. The SIMS experiments on some of the samples showed a fluoride distribution in agreement with the microdrill fluoride data. Furthermore a fluoride redistribution took place in deeper parts of the lesion due to the acid challenges. The combined fluoride concentration and microradiographical data indicate that fluoride-enriched and highly mineralized hyper-remineralized dentine is more acid resistant than sound or demineralized dentine.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of sucrose-containing gum and fluoridated dentifrice on in situ remineralization of artificial caries].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralization of incipient carious lesions in bovine enamel in situ. Artificial carious lesions were produced and fixed in removable lower appliances in the region of the lingual surfaces of first molars, in six volunteers with ages between 18 and 22 years, who were subjected to 3 distinct experimental periods of 1 week each. In the first period (control group), patients brushed their teeth with a non-fluoridated dentifrice 4 times a day (after meals), and, in the second period (group I), patients used a dentifrice containing 1,500 ppm of fluorine (in the form of MFP). In the third period (group II) volunteers brushed their teeth with non-fluoridated dentifrice and used chewing gum containing 60% of sucrose during 20 minutes, 4 times a day (after meals). Before and after each treatment, the specimens underwent Vicker's hardness test (200 g of load), and the remineralization percentage (alpha) was calculated. The control group showed 2.78% of demineralization, and groups I and II showed 3.36 and 5.21% of remineralization, respectively. Statistical analysis (with Kruskal-Wallis and Miller's tests) showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control and experimental groups (I and II). Group II showed greater alpha than group I, but this difference was not significant. These results suggest that the use of sucrose-containing chewing gum and fluoridated dentifrice has a considerable effect on the remineralization of incipient carious lesions and may be a valuable alternative for their prevention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Intratubular crystal deposition and remineralization of carious dentin.

An analysis of accumulated experimental results, the mechanism of intratubular crystal deposition in the transparent layer and remineralization of the matrix of carious dentin has led to a more rounded concept and understanding of dentin caries relevant to clinical practice. The transparent layer of carious dentin is not sclerotic but is part of the demineralized softened dentin. The crystal precipitation in the tubules is an intermediate product in a slow demineralization process. Physiological remineralization occurs in matrix of the inner carious dentin which has crossbanded collagen fibers and odontoblastic processes. The overall process of dentin caries is re-examined and described in view of these concepts.

Crystallization↗

PubMed1990

[Comparisons of effects of vitamin D3 metabolites on mineralization: utilization of incisor dentin in parathyroidectomized rats].

The rat incisor is continuously growing throughout the animal's life recording the state of mineralization within its dentin at all times. Therefore, it was assumed that the incisor dentin was suitable material for studying the effects of various drugs on such mineralization. The present study set out to examine the effects of vitamin D3 metabolites on the remineralization of dentin and the serum calcium level in parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats. Male Wistar rats weighing about 200-250 g were parathyroidectomized. Each rat was given daily 12 g of a synthetic diet containing 0.1% Ca and 0.4% P (normal P) or 0.06% P (P deficient) without vitamin D. Exp. I: Three groups of rats given a normal P diet were orally administered vehicle, 25 (OH) D3 (50 IU/rat) or 1,25 (OH)2D3 (5 IU/rat) for 5 days from the 28th day after PTX, respectively. Exp. II: Two groups of rats given a normal P diet or a P deficient diet were further divided into 4 sub-groups and intramuscularly administered 0, 5,000, 10,000 or 20,000 IU of vitamin D3 on the 9th day after PTX, respectively. The active vitamin D3, 1,25 (OH)2D3 restored the mineralization of the dentin which had been suppressed following PTX, and elevated the serum calcium level to about 9 mg/dl. However, the 25 (OH) D3 neither restored the mineralization of the dentin nor elevated the serum calcium level in the PTX rats. At doses below 1,000 IU, vitamin D3 could not restore the mineralization of the dentin. However, at massive doses above 5,000 IU, the mineralization was restored in proportion to the dose. The serum calcium levels also increased in proportion to the dose. It is assumed that the increase of the serum calcium level was mainly due to the enhancement of calcium absorption from the intestine by vitamin D3. Both remineralization of the incisor dentin and increase of the serum calcium level were more marked in groups of rats given a P deficient diet than in those given a normal P diet. In all cases in the present experiments, the degree of mineralization of the dentin seemed to correspond with the degree of elevation of the serum calcium levels. These results suggest that the remineralization of the dentin in the PTX rats was attributable to the effect of the vitamin D3 metabolites on serum calcium regulation. Relative biological activities of 1,25 (OH)2D3, 25 (OH) D3 and vitamin D3 on the remineralization of dentin were estimated to be 1, less than 0.02 and less than 0.001, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions in situ by sugar-free lozenges containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate.

BACKGROUND: The anticariogenic potential of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes (CPP-ACP) has been demonstrated using laboratory, animal and human in situ caries models. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CPP-ACP incorporation into a sugar-free lozenge (pressed mint tablet) on enamel remineralization in a human in situ model. METHODS: The study utilized a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design with four treatments: (i) a lozenge containing 56.4mg (3 per cent w/w) CPP-ACP; (ii) a lozenge containing 18.8mg (1 per cent w/w) CPP-ACP; (iii) a lozenge not containing CPP-ACP; and (iv) a no lozenge nil-treatment control. Ten subjects wore removable palatal appliances with four, human-enamel, half-slab insets containing subsurface lesions. Lozenges were consumed, without chewing, four times per day for 14 days duration. After each treatment period the enamel slabs were removed, paired with their respective demineralized control, embedded, sectioned and subjected to microradiography and computer-assisted densitometric image analysis to determine the level of remineralization. RESULTS: The incorporation of CPP-ACP into the lozenge significantly increased enamel subsurface lesion remineralization with 18.8 and 56.4mg of CPP-ACP increasing remineralization by 78 and 176 per cent respectively, relative to the control sugarfree lozenge. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that lozenges are a suitable vehicle for the delivery of CPP-ACP to promote enamel remineralization.

Administration, Buccal↗

PubMed2006

Effects of irradiation on in situ remineralization of human and bovine enamel demineralized in vitro.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of irradiation and surface condition on in situ remineralization of demineralized human and bovine enamel. Specimens (n=96) obtained from 24 human molars and 24 bovine incisors were prepared. The surfaces of half of the specimens were abraded while the others remained natural. Each of the 12 human and bovine abraded and sound specimens was irradiated fractionally up to 46.5 Gy (3.1 Gy/day, 5 days/week), while the remaining samples were not irradiated. Prior to and following the demineralization (pH 5.0; 14 days) all specimens were partly covered with nail varnish (control). After in vitro demineralization 2 irradiated and 2 nonirradiated specimens were inserted into both buccal aspects of 12 intraoral appliances, which were worn by 12 persons for a period of 6 weeks. All samples were brushed twice a day with a fluoride-containing toothpaste. Mineral analyses revealed a significant influence on mineral loss (DeltaZdemin), mineral gain (DeltaDeltaZ), lesion depth (LDdemin), and lesion depth reduction (DeltaLD) of the variables 'material' and 'irradiation' (p<0.05; ANOVA). Reciprocal interactions could be observed between these two variables for DeltaZdemin, DeltaDeltaZ, and LDdemin, due to significantly reduced values found for the irradiated, abraded bovine specimens compared to the nonirradiated ones (p<0.05; Bonferroni post hoc test). It can be concluded that neither irradiation nor abrasion influenced in vitro demineralization or in situ remineralization of the human specimens, whereas abrasion hampered demineralization in irradiated, bovine specimens.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Secondary caries and restoration replacement: an unresolved problem.

This article reviews the prevalence and main causes of restoration failure and replacement. It then focuses on secondary caries, its histopathology, etiology, difficulties in diagnosis, and prevention and remineralization possibilities. This article concludes that although secondary caries is still the main reason for restoration replacement, the development of new technologies for detecting and monitoring these lesions at an early stage should allow for testing new interventions to arrest or remineralize these lesions, which would delay the need for re-restoration.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗