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PubMed2001

[Endurance training for fitness--role of individualized training program].

There are many different aspects that should be taken into account when exercise counselling of trained and untrained persons is required. Factors to be considered include the endurance capacity (EC), the general sport skills and the goals of the individual willing to start a training program. First the advisor should try to characterize the EC of the person by estimating or measuring EC. Based on this information, advice for an individual training programme can be given. As a principle for cardio-respiratory fitness training, a person should at least practise three times per week 20-30 minutes in a moderate exercise intensity to achieve a sufficient training effect. When training more than three times/week people should vary the mode of exercise and training intensity to improve the quality of training and to avoid overcharge symptoms. After a certain duration of the training cycle, the plans should be adapted to new or changed conditions. A distinct improvement of EC can be expected after 8-12 weeks of regular training. The article gives an overview of the possibilities for testing and the planning of training, should help the reader either to start his own training program or to give appropriate advice to an athlete requiring training counselling.

Counseling↗
PubMed1975

A report of a 1972 survey of physician's assistant training programs.

This article presents select results of a 1972 survey of all physician's assistant training programs in the United States and its territories. The survey gathered a broad range of information useful to federal health manpower policymakers, physician assistant training program administrators, guidance counselors, and prospective students. Responses were received from 75 operational programs and 13 programs still in planning for an estimated response rate of 81 per cent from the estimated 108 programs in existence.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1993

Pediatric and MCH training in Japan: JICA training program in the National Children's Hospital.

The experience of the training program for overseas doctors in the National Children's Hospital during 8 years is described. The program was supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the objectives of the training course are to provide doctors from developing countries with a better understanding of diagnosis and treatment as specialized pediatricians and pediatric surgeons and to introduce recent medical techniques and equipment for child care. From 1984 to 1993, 37 doctors from 22 developing countries of Asia, Middle and South America and Africa have attended this program. There were 22 pediatricians, 14 pediatric surgeons and one dentist. The outline of this group training program and problems with the course are discussed.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trust in training: the Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers International Union Worker-to-Worker Training Program.

The OCAW's Worker-to-Worker Training Program was established with one of the first grants awarded under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. The union intended the program to serve as a model to industry and to raise the standard of safety and health training throughout the industry. The program, which requires trainees to actively participate in learning activities, has garnered praise from its participants.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1999

The Costa Rican emergency medicine residency: design and implementation of a new specialty training program in Central America.

A program of physician training in the specialty of emergency medicine was developed in Costa Rica, Central America, during the years 1993 and 1994. The program involved 2 phases: a faculty preparation course, and the residency itself. The preparation of faculty members for the residency was undertaken in Costa Rica, with a US emergency faculty physician residing in the host country to assist in the development of the program. Twenty-one faculty members were prepared to teach the residency curriculum. A core group of Costa Rican physician educators with assistance from the US emergency medicine specialist developed a curriculum suitable for the needs of the region. A selection process for prospective applicants to the residency program is described. The first residents began training in February 1994, just before completion of the faculty program. The first emergency medicine specialists graduated from the 3-year training program in 1997. The residency program continues to function at the time of this publication. This description is offered as one model for the initiation of emergency medicine specialty training in a developing country.

Costa Rica↗
PubMed1997

Do victims of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest benefit from a training program for emergency medical dispatchers?

In this paper, we assessed the effects of a training course for emergency medical dispatchers on the handling of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases in the dispatch center of a two-tiered emergency medical services system. A total of 112 cardiac arrest cases were studied; 64 before and 48 after the training course. Before the course, all relevant information was obtained in 36% of cases, only partial information in 56% and no useful medical information in 8%. The corresponding figures after the training program were 62, 38 and 0%, respectively (2 x 3 chi2 test, P = 0.01). Trends towards an increase in the percentage of cases in which a second-tier team was sent immediately after the initial call (58 vs 75%; chi2 test, P = 0.06) and towards shorter overall intervals between receipt of the call and dispatch of the second-tier team (logrank test, P = 0.10) were noticed. Similarly, the survival rate increased from 2% before, to 8% after the training course (chi2 test with Yates' correction, P = 0.24). We conclude that our training program for emergency medical dispatchers produced some beneficial effects.

Apnea↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of two training programs for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: incidence of major complications.

To determine the need for a training program for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, we evaluated two programs by surveying perioperative complications. The two programs were completed by eight surgeons in each. Program A consisted of 10 supervised operations and program B of only 2. A total of 1054 operations were performed, and 12 major complications required conversion to open surgery owing to transection of the bile duct in 5 cases, laceration of the common bile duct in 1 case, delayed perforation of the common hepatic duct in 1 case, bile leakage in 2 cases, duodenal injury in 1 case, and bleeding from the cystic artery in 2 cases. The incidence of a major complication was significantly higher in group B than in group A, and six of the nine major complications in group B occurred during the initial seven independent operations. Overall, the most common major complication was an injury during the operation to the common bile duct or to the hepatic duct. Four of the five transections of the bile duct required Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, and the other required end-to-end anastomosis with T-tube drainage; one laceration required simple suture closure; and the one delayed perforation required T-tube drainage. The mean duration of hospitalization for 7 patients with an injury to the bile duct was 74.4 days (range 16-151 days). We recommend that a training program for laparoscopic cholecystectomy should include at least 10 operations to prevent a major complication during the initial 10 operations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

An assessment of the efficacy of sports vision training programs.

BACKGROUND: The claim that sports vision training programs can enhance visual skills and the level of sporting performance was investigated. METHODS: Thirty young subjects were assigned equally to visual training, reading (placebo), and control groups. Visual and motor tests were administered before and after 4 weeks of training or control activity to determine whether any improvements in performance had occurred. RESULTS: Significant improvements on some aspects of vision were apparent for the visual training group, but their improvements in both vision and motor performance were no greater than for either of the other groups. DISCUSSION: There was no evidence for visual training improving either visual or motor performance beyond levels due simply to test familiarity. The benefits of the visual training exercises commonly used by optometrists to enhance sports performance are therefore open to question.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1981

Accuracy of DSM-III diagnoses following a training program.

The authors describe a 2 1/2-day training program designed to teach mental health professionals how to use a new DSM-III classification scheme. The 251 participants had previous clinical training but no prior exposure to DSM-III. They were asked to diagnose three cases from a series of five videotapes case vignettes; the authors then compared the participants' diagnoses with the expert opinion of clinical faculty. The degree of agreement among the participants with the expert opinion varied across the five cases, but the overall level of agreement was high (74.2%). These results indicate that with adequate training the new DSM-III classification scheme can be accurately applied to diagnostic situations.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1983

The outcomes of mental health training programs: a review of the literature.

In these times of fiscal austerity, educators are asked increasingly to justify their programs. This review of literature indicates there are few controlled studies focusing on outcomes of mental health training programs, largely because the goals of training programs have been poorly identified and/or infrequently used as a basis for evaluation. In addition, these studies lack adequate criteria of success and standardized measures of success. Educators are, therefore, unable to critically evaluate the impact of the trained worker on patient care.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1980

Evaluation of a training program for certified alcoholism counselors.

Evaluation of a training program for alcoholism counselors indicated that such training resulted in significant gains in knowledge, changes in attitude, greater ego strength and capacity for self-disclosure, as well as higher ratings of trainees on scales of effectiveness of counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Factors affecting choice of surgical residency training program.

BACKGROUND: A significant problem facing American surgery today is the lack of participation from women and minorities. In 1995 and 1996, 15.1 and 15.8% of United States general surgical residency graduates were women. Of our 71 graduates in the last 12 years, 38% were women. The aim of this study was to identify the factors influencing our residents' choice of training program and the reasons why our program has a high percentage of female graduates. METHODS: Between 1989 and 2000, 27 women and 44 men completed general surgical training at our university and 44/71 (59%) responded to our survey. The age at residency completion was 34 +/- 2.2 years for men and 33.9 +/- 2.8 years for women. Fifty-five percent of men and 30% of women went on to fellowship training; and 36% of men and 20% of women are in academia. RESULTS: Factors influencing our graduates' selection of training program are: Only 23% of men had a female faculty as their mentor, whereas 90% of women had a male faculty as their mentor during training. Only 59% of men but 80% of women (P < 0.05) agreed that female medical students need role models of successful female faculty members. Fifty-five percent of men and 45% of women would encourage a female medical student to choose surgery as a career, but 82% of men and 50% of women would encourage a male medical student to do so. Ninety-one percent of men and 85% of women would choose surgery as a career again. CONCLUSIONS: A surgical residency training program with strong leadership, good clinical experience, and high resident morale will equally attract both genders. Women may pay more attention to the program's gender mix and geographic location.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Audiology training in Nigeria--II: A cost-effective approach to training programs.

The purpose of this article is to provide some ways and means so that an audiology training program can be implemented in a developing country (Nigeria). Specific problems facing students, faculty and the training process itself are examined. Suggestions are provided to reduce these problems. In addition to mobilization of local resources, it is suggested that international cooperation be sought in the development, establishment and implementation of audiology training programs in developing countries. While the present approach may not be unique, it may provide some cost-effective means for meeting the shortage of hearing health care professionals in many developing countries.

Audiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of the dyslexia training program: a multisensory method for promoting reading in students with reading disabilities.

The development of reading and spelling skills in students with dyslexia, by definition, is delayed and often remains delayed despite years of instruction. Three qualities are thought to facilitate reading development in these children: the provision of a highly structured phonetic-instruction training program with heavy emphasis on the alphabetic system, drill and repetition to compensate for short-term verbal memory deficits, and multisensory methods to promote nonlanguage mental representations. The Dyslexia Training Program, a remedial reading program derived from Orton-Gillingham methods, embodies these qualities. Following their 2-year program, students displaying dyslexia demonstrated significantly higher reading recognition and comprehension compared with a control group. The two groups did not differ in spelling. In addition, the degree of improvement in reading demonstrated by students who received the Dyslexia Training Program by videotape and by those who received it live from instructors did not differ.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

Voucher-based reinforcement of attendance by unemployed methadone patients in a job skills training program.

This study evaluated the use of voucher reinforcement for maintaining attendance of unemployed methadone patients in a job skills training program. Participants received vouchers for attending daily 2-h computer data entry training sessions. The vouchers had monetary values and were exchangeable for goods and services. During the first 6-week condition, daily vouchers were initially worth $8, increased by $0.90 for every consecutive day of attendance to a maximum of $34.10, and reset to $8 following any day of missed attendance. During the second 6-week condition, voucher values decreased each day by 20% of that individuals' earnings on the previous day. During a final 4-week condition, the highest pay level previously achieved by each individual was reinstated and stayed at that level for the remainder of the condition, except that voucher values reset back to $8 following any missed session. Five of 7 participants completed the study. For those 5 participants, 94% and 98% attendance rates were sustained during first and second high pay conditions, respectively. Four of 5 subjects stopped attending when pay fell to $6-$9 (median = $7) per session in the descending pay amount condition (the fifth subject continued to attend throughout). Mean percent of work days attended was significantly higher during the two high pay conditions than during the decreasing pay condition (P < 0.001). All participants acquired data entry skills. Participants reliably rated the work experience as 'interesting', 'enjoyable', 'challenging', and 'helpful'. Mean ratings for these adjectives obtained on all days attended were significantly higher than ratings of the experience as 'frustrating', 'boring', or a 'waste of time' (P < 0.001). These data show that voucher-based reinforcement can promote sustained attendance of chronically unemployed substance abusers in intensive employment training programs and support the continued evaluation of these incentive procedures under a wider range of worksite training conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The employment status of 1995 graduates from radiation oncology training programs in the United States.

PURPOSE: To quantify the employment status of 1995 graduates of radiation oncology training programs in the United States. METHODS AND MATERIALS: All senior residents (149) and fellows (36) who completed training in 1995 were mailed an employment survey questionnaire by the Association of Residents in Radiation Oncology (ARRO). Telephone follow-up of nonrespondents achieved a 100% response rate. Twenty graduates who chose to continue training and five who returned to their home countries were removed from the study. Of the 160 who attempted to enter the U.S. workforce, 106 were men and 54 were women. Initial job status and job status at 6-8 months following graduation were determined. RESULTS: Unemployment was 6.9% at graduation and 4.4% at 6-8 months. Underemployment (part-time employment) was 10.6% at graduation and 11.9% at 6-8 months postgraduation. Of those working part-time 6-8 months after graduation, 63% (12 of 19) did so involuntarily after unsuccessfully seeking full-time employment. For the 20 graduates who chose to continue training with fellowships, seven (35%) did so solely to avoid unemployment, four (20%) were partially influenced by the job market, and nine (45%) were not influenced by the job market. Adverse employment search outcome was defined as being either unemployed as a radiation oncologist or involuntarily working part-time. Excluding those who chose to work part-time, a total of 19 (11.9%) graduates at 6-8 months following graduation, compared to 22 (13.8%) at graduation, were either unemployed or involuntarily working part-time. In terms of gender, this represented 18.5% (10 of 54) of females and 8.6% (9 of 105) of males. In terms of geographic restrictions in the job search, 56% of males and 70% of females with an adverse employment outcome limited their job search to certain parts of the country. This compares to 62% of all graduates in this study with geographic restrictions in their job search. In terms of perceptions of the workforce and employment opportunities, 95% of all graduates believed there was an oversupply of radiation oncologists and 95.5% believed the job market was worse than what they had anticipated on entering training. Only 42.8% of all graduates were satisfied with the job opportunities available to them. A significant number of private practice positions (41%) did not offer a partnership track, and those that did so had an increased median employment period before partnership (3.25 years) compared to previous years. CONCLUSION: This is the only employment survey for any specialty in which a 100% response rate was achieved. Upon graduation, a significant number of residents and fellows were either unemployed or involuntarily underemployed. The job market absorbed only a fraction of them at 6-8 months. Most graduates, including those employed full-time, were not satisfied with the practice opportunities available to them during their job search. Many private-sector jobs did not offer a partnership track, and those that did required an increased employment period. A higher rate of involuntary part-time employment was seen for female graduates. Geographic restrictions in job search alone could not account for graduates being unemployed or underemployed, and could not account for gender differences. An overwhelming majority of 1995 radiation oncology graduates believed that the job market had deteriorated and that there was an oversupply of radiation oncologists. As one of two major studies tracking the employment status of radiation oncology graduates, we believe this study to be superior in methodology. We also believe this study presents data in a manner useful to medical students, training program directors, and healthcare policymakers.

Employment↗
PubMed1995

Psychomotor disturbances in psychiatric patients as a possible basis for new attempts at differential diagnosis and therapy. Part VI. Evaluation of psychomotor training programs in schizophrenic patients.

Parts I-III of this series established signs of disturbed motor performance--the "psychotic motor syndrome" (PMS)--in schizophrenic and endogenous depressed patients, which was not found in neurotic/reactive depressed nor healthy persons. Part IV yielded EEG signs of concomitant brain dysfunction in these patients, which were demonstrated by other (SPECT/PET) neuroimaging methods also. In part V we engaged in the development of motor-training programs applied both actively and mentally, using the PMS as target syndrome in depressed patients. We hypothesized that motor training would not only improve disturbed motor behaviour, but ameliorate other symptoms of psychopathology additionally, which was supported for these patients. Part VI is the final paper of this series demonstrating favourable results of our motor-training programs in 96 schizophrenic inpatients in two separate investigations. A general discussion to the whole series attempts to link motor symptoms to neuroimaging findings of brain dysfunction during motor challenge and to modern three- and four-factor models of schizophrenic symptomatology. A final version of our complete training programs will be published as an appendix to this paper along with information regarding the abbreviated test battery.

Adolescent↗