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The NEECHAM Confusion Scale: construction, validation, and clinical testing.

This article reports the development of the NEECHAM Confusion Scale for rapid and unobtrusive assessment and monitoring of acute confusion. The scale was tested in two samples (N = 168 and 258, respectively) of elderly patients hospitalized for acute medical illness. Internal consistency and interrater reliability of the instrument were found to be high. The NEECHAM correlated well with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the sum of DSM-III-R positive items. Factor analyses identified and confirmed cognitive/behavioral and physiological domains. The NEECHAM provides a valid and reliable bedside assessment of acute confusion, particularly at its onset and in patients with "quiet" manifestations.

Confusion↗
PubMed1982

Daily activities of college students and the construct validity of the Jenkins Activity Survey.

To examine the everyday behavioral correlates of Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) scores, 70 college students recorded the nature of their activities for 1 week. Several behavioral differences between individuals classified as Type A and Type B on the basis of JAS scores were observed. These differences were consistent with most definitions of the Type A behavior pattern. Type As spent more time in class, studying, and participating in religious services and less time socializing with friends than Type Bs. Type A individuals were more likely to be fraternity or sorority members and to report higher career aspirations than Type Bs. The degree to which Type As' diligent school-related behavior could be attributed to greater academic demands was examined. It is proposed that the JAS may provide a better index of a personality predisposition to exhibit coronary-prone behavior given the appropriate circumstances than an index of coronary-prone behavior per se.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of female sexual arousal: response specificity and construct validity.

Specificity of vaginal pulse amplitude and vaginal blood volume in reaction to visual sexual stimuli was investigated by comparing responses to sexual, anxiety-inducing, sexually threatening, and neutral film excerpts. Subjective sexual arousal, body sensations, emotional experience, skin conductance, and heart rate were monitored along with the genital measures. Self-report data confirmed the generation of affective states as intended. Results demonstrated response specificity of vaginal vasocongestion to sexual stimuli. In terms of both convergent and divergent validity, vaginal pulse amplitude was the superior genital measure. Skin conductance discriminated among stimuli only to a small degree, whereas heart rate failed to discriminate among stimuli altogether.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The Swedish version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Construct validity and interrater reliability.

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) has been translated into Swedish and tested in 88 chronic schizophrenic patients. All 4 subscales exhibited a roughly normal distribution. The overall alpha for the positive, negative and general psychopathology subscales were 0.81, 0.58 and 0.63, respectively. The correlation between the positive and negative subscales was -0.17 (NS). The interrater reliability was 0.73-0.75 for the positive, 0.65-0.74 for the negative and 0.75-0.77 for the general psychopathology subscales. The intraclass coefficients were 0.75-0.77 for the positive, 0.27-0.46 for the negative, 0.56-0.72 for the general psychopathology subscales and 0.66-0.71 for the total scale. Thus, the validity and reliability of the PANSS (Swedish version) are quite satisfactory.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1989

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Dimension of schizophrenia--reliability and construct validity.

This study has focussed on a 10-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) subscale for the quantification of schizophrenic states. Seven psychiatrists interviewed jointly patients who all fulfilled the DSM-III criteria of schizophrenia, and in a subsequent pencil-and-paper procedure a judgment analysis was performed. The reliability analysis showed that less experienced BPRS raters made less consistent judgments implying the cautionary statement that the proper use of a scale for schizophrenia requires specialized training with the scale. The validity analysis showed that the BPRS items had an additive relationship implying that the sum of these items is a sufficient statistic for the measurement of severity of schizophrenic states. Finally, the results seem to indicate, that the underlying dimension defined by the 10-items BPRS subscale includes hierarchically the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The construct validity of the ischemic score of Hachinski for the detection of dementias.

Two hundred forty-one nursing home patients from the National Nursing Home Survey Pretest were assessed using the Ischemic Score of Hachinski. Medical chart diagnoses were used to classify those with and without dementia. The Mini-Mental State Examination was used to assess the accuracy of the medical-chart diagnoses of dementia. The Ischemic Score failed to differentiate multi-infarct dementia from other types of dementias. Instead, the difference between the two dementia groups was in the direction opposite that predicted by Hachinski.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

The Youth Client Satisfaction Questionnaire: development, construct validation, and factor structure.

Developed and pilot-tested a measure of satisfaction with mental health services for young clients. One hundred fifty youth from 11 to 17 years of age who had completed services received the measure as a telephone interview. Fourteen of 17 candidate items met criteria for test-retest reliability, part-whole correlation, and correlation with a validation item, and they were retained in the instrument. Total score test-retest reliability and internal consistency were highly satisfactory. Principal components analysis revealed two factors, labeled Relationship With Therapist and Benefits of Therapy. Unexpectedly, satisfaction scores were not related to change in youth self-reported behavior problems. However, convergent validity was indicated by significant relationships with change in parent-reported behavior problems, parent satisfaction, parent ratings of treatment progress, therapist ratings of progress, and Global Assessment of Functioning change scores. These results indicate that the Youth Client Satisfaction Questionnaire is a reliable and valid measure of consumer evaluations of their treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Personality disorder assessment: the challenge of construct validity.

We begin with a review of the data that challenge the current categorical system for classifying personality disorder, focusing on the central assessment issues of convergent and discriminant validity. These data indicate that while there is room for improvement in assessment, even greater change is needed in conceptualization than in instrumentation. Accordingly, we then refocus the categorical-dimensional debate in assessment terms, and place it in the broader context of such issues as the hierarchical structure of personality, overlap and distinctions between normal and abnormal personality, sources of information in personality disorder assessment, and overlap and discrimination of trait and state assessment. We conclude that more complex conceptual models that can incorporate both biological and environmental influences on the development of adaptive and maladaptive personality are needed.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Construct validity of the MacAndrew Scale: secondary psychopathic and dysthymic-neurotic character orientations among adolescent male misdemeanor offenders.

The empirical validity of the MacAndrew Scale was investigated in 200 adolescent males convicted of misdemeanor offenses who were classified according to their pattern of alcohol intoxication. Classification results were comparable to those from studies of adult men--true positive = 80%, false negative = 20%, true negative = 81% and false positive = 19%. An empirical cluster analysis of factor scores from the California Psychological Inventory yielded 14 personality types. About 56% of these cases resembled two character orientations (Emotional Extraversion or Emotional Introversion) that were hypothesized by MacAndrew to mediate addiction-proneness among males. However, 38.7% of these subjects were not alcohol misusers. The hypothesis that Emotional Introverts tend to be classified as false negatives was not supported--true positive = 79% and false negative = 21%. Although MacAndrew's formulation of two character orientations has heuristic value, the present study found alcohol misuse among adolescents with other personality characteristics. Studies of nonoffender adolescent males were recommended to clarify the MacAndrew Scale's sensitivity to the character orientation Emotional Introvert. Consistent with earlier research, the present study found no evidence of high levels of emotional tension in the form of anxiety or depression among adolescent alcohol misusers.

Adolescent↗