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Standard reference materials and data quality assurance: the lesson from the analysis of trace elements.

The problem of having accurate and precise analytical data of the concentrations of trace elements and compounds in bioclinical studies is of fundamental importance. This can be conveniently faced if appropriate standard reference materials, with known concentrations of the analyte object of study, are available. This paper reviews the present situation of these standard materials in the field of trace element analysis in biological specimens. The most important requirements in the preparation and in the application of these materials are presented and discussed.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗

Health quality data.

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Health Maintenance Organizations↗

Automating the flight surgeon's report, simplifying the investigative-reportage task, and enhancing the data quality and depth: a concept.

Current U.S. Navy medical officers' investigative reports concerning aviation mishaps are filed on paper form Flight Surgeon's Reports (FSRs). Typically, the investigating medical officer has not investigated many mishaps and needs guidance to assure the thorough collection and reportage of available information, including that which often might seem at first to be extremely insignificant. Additionally, the FSRs often contain errors capable of being detected and corrected, as well as entries that appear questionnable and require verification. Often the FSR is laced with blanks which cloud interpretation: are these blanks the result of an actual non-availability of information, losses of information, or simply errors of omission? A positive statement for each blank, even a statement that the data were not available, would greatly aid those who later use the reports for analyses. Proposed herein is an approach for reducing the investigating medical officer's problems in collecting, collating, and reporting information, thereby enhancing the quality and completeness of the data, reducing the cost of data entry into Naval Safety Center computers, and, ultimately, enhancing the knowledge of the aircrew automated escape system and aircrew life support system community concerning the conditions of use and the performance of their equipment in emergency situations. Such knowledge enhancement should result in significant improvements in aircrew equipment and the effectiveness and safety of the aircrews.

Accidents, Aviation↗

Development of baseline (air quality) data in Pakistan.

During 2003-2004, SUPARCO, the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission has conducted a year long baseline air quality study in country's major urban areas (Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Peshawar). The objective of this study was to establish baseline levels and behavior of airborne pollutants in urban centers with temporal and spatial parameters. This study reveals that the highest concentrations of CO were observed at Quetta (14 ppm) while other pollutants like SO(2) (52.5 ppb), NO(x) (60.75 ppb) and O(3)(50 ppb) were higher at Lahore compared to other urban centers like Karachi, Peshawar etc. The maximum particulate (TSP) and PM10 levels were observed at Lahore (996 ug/m(3) and 368 ug/m(3) respectively), Quetta (778 ug/m(3), 298 ug/m(3)) and in Karachi (410 ug/m(3), 302 ug/m(3)). In all major cities the highest levels were recorded at major intersections and variations were directly correlated with traffic density. These pollutants showed highest levels in summer and spring while lowest were observed in winter and monsoon. A data bank has been generated for future planning and air pollution impact studies.

Air Pollutants↗

Do users ignore spatial data quality? A decision-theoretic perspective.

Risk analysis (RA) has been proposed as a means of assessing fitness for use of spatial data but is only rarely adopted. The proposal is that better decisions can be made by accounting for risks due to errors in spatial data. Why is RA so rarely adopted? Most geographical information science (GISc) literature stresses educational and technical constraints. In this article we propose, based on decision theory, a number of hypotheses for why the user would be more or less willing to spend resources on RA. The hypotheses were tested with a questionnaire, which showed that the willingness to spend resources on RA depends on the presence of feedback mechanisms in the decision-making process, on how much is at stake, and to a minor extent on how well the decision-making process can be modeled.

Journal Article↗

A Multi-Source Information System via the Internet for End-Stage Renal Disease: Scalability and Data Quality.

A Multi-Source Information System (MSIS), has been designed for the Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (REIN) dedicated to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). MSIS aims at providing reliable follow-up data for ESRD patients. It is based on an n-tier architecture, made out of a universal client, a dynamic Web server connected to a production database and to a data warehouse. MSIS is operational since 2002 and progressively deployed in 9 regions in France. It includes 11,500 patients. MSIS facilitates documenting medical events which occur during the course of ESRD patient' health care and provides means to control the quality of each patient's record and reconstruct the patient trajectory of care. Consolidated data are made available to a data warehouse and to a geographic information system for analysis and data representation in support of public-health decision making.

Data Accuracy↗

Comparison of road traffic emission factors and testing by comparison of modelled and measured ambient air quality data.

This paper describes a comparison of three different sets of road traffic emission factors released by the UK government for use in air quality review and assessment. The air quality management process of review and assessment began in 1997 in the UK. During this period of ongoing review and assessment, a number of changes have been made to the emission factors provided by the government. The use of different sets of emission factors during the assessment process has lead to some inconsistencies between results from neighbouring local authorities and also between different modelling exercises undertaken by the same local authorities. One purpose of this study has been to compare three different sets of emission factors, including the most recent set, and to some degree highlight the uncertainty associated with the use of factors, such as the shift of emphasis in terms of emissions from cars to heavy goods vehicles. The most recently released emission factors are the most comprehensive to date, and theoretically more accurate than previous sets due to the larger database of emission measurements that they have been based on. Therefore, the most recent set of emission factors have been additionally used in a validation exercise between modelled and monitored data. Comparison has been undertaken with monitoring data at a variety of urban background, urban centre and roadside sites. This work has shown some differences between the predicted trends in emission factors and measured trends in ambient air pollution levels, especially at roadside sites, indicating an under-prediction of the air pollution contribution from road traffic.

Journal Article↗