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PubMed1989

Effects of prenatally administered thyroid hormones or glucocorticoids on maturation of kidney function in newborn rats.

Influences of treatment with thyroid hormones or dexamethasone during pregnancy on development of kidney function were studied in newborn rats. Treatment of dams for 3 days is followed by a higher rate of urine production in newborn rats. A statistically significant raise of sodium/potassium ratio in tetraiodothyronine- or dexamethasone-treated rats indicates a higher degree of maturation of kidney function. Treatment of dams with dexamethasone is followed by an increase of absolute excreted quantities of sodium and potassium in newborn rats. Treatment of dams with triiodothyronine can increase renal excretion of p-aminohippurate in newborn rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Effect of a blockade of the upper complex of the cervical neural structures on kidney function in patients after operations on the abdominal cavity organs].

The authors have included blockade of the upper complex of nervous structures of the neck in the program of treatment of patients after operations on the organs of the abdominal cavity. Studies on the urine-eliminating function of the kidneys and radioisotopic rhenography were performed in 105 patients before and after operation. The results show that the blockade contributes to prevention of functional disorders in the cells of renal tubules and to the improvement of the urine-eliminating and general hemocatharsic function of the kidneys.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1992

Recent advances in pharmacological management of hypertension in diabetic patients with nephropathy. Effects of antihypertensive drugs on kidney function and insulin sensitivity.

Hypertension is often seen in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients, particularly in those with nephropathy, and the progression of diabetic nephropathy is closely related to blood pressure elevation. Thus, the effects of antihypertensive drugs on kidney function and insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients are of great clinical importance. Successful antihypertensive treatment has been shown to slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Several results from short term studies have suggested that angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may be advantageous over other conventional antihypertensive agents in reducing albuminuria in both hypertensive and normotensive diabetics with microalbuminuria or persistent proteinuria. However, the decline in glomerular filtration rate during ACE inhibitor treatment is comparable to that during effective treatment with conventional antihypertensive drugs in hypertensive Type 1 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy. Whether ACE inhibitors possess a specific effect in preventing the development of diabetic nephropathy remains to be seen in properly designed long term studies. Although calcium antagonists may preserve kidney function or possess a renoprotective effect in hypertensive Type 2 diabetics with nephropathy, firm evidence supporting this contention seems to be lacking and also requires long term evaluation. Increasing attention is being directed toward the effect of antihypertensive drugs on insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients: ACE inhibitors and alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking agents have been shown to improve this sensitivity. Despite the widespread involvement of calcium in hormone secretion and action, calcium antagonists appear to have little effects on the glucoregulatory and calcium-regulatory hormones within the drug dosages used in clinical practice. Several clinical variables, such as the presence or absence of hypertension, overt nephropathy and microalbuminuria, or a combination of variables should be accounted for when evaluating critically the cumulative data on the effects of antihypertensive drugs on kidney function and albuminuria in the variety of diabetic patient groups. Understanding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of antihypertensive drugs will be of clinical importance in diabetic patients with advanced nephropathy (glomerular filtration rate of less than 30 ml/min) and/or other complications, such as impaired gastric motility or gastroparesis, and will thereby lead to a more rational management of hypertension in those patients.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1997

Kidney function in rats after 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 NX); effort of treatment with vitamin E.

In adult female rats various kidney functions were measured 3 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 NX). The distinct rises in blood urea nitrogen and in renal excretion of proteins indicate the impairment of the kidney. In 5/6 NX rats, the renal excretion of creatinine, glucosaminoglycan, and of p-aminohippurate was diminished. The concentrations of hydroxypyroline and of free hydrogen ions were distinctly increased in urine samples from 5/6 NX rats. The concentration of lipid peroxides was enhanced in kidney tissue whereas 3 weeks after 5/6 NX the concentration of GSH and GSSG in the remnant kidney tissue was unchanged. Long-term administration of vitamin E increased its concentration in plasma, kidney, and liver. Nevertheless, daily treatment with vitamin E (1 or 10 mg/100 g b.w. s.c. for 5 weeks) did not reduce the degree of impairment of kidney function following 5/6 NX.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of chloropheniramine maleate on liver and kidney functions as well as blood count of guinea pigs.

The present study aimed at exploring the effect of antihistamine chloropheniramine maleate (H1-blocker) on liver and kidney functions as well as on blood count. 60 mature guinea pigs were used. Histamine or chloropheniramine maleate was given, either alone or together, intramuscularly for 7 successive days. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected for determination of blood counts and of the levels of urea, creatinine, GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase in the sera of different groups. The results showed significant groupwise variations in blood count, liver function as well as kidney function.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Some consequences of drug choice and dosage regimen for patients with impaired kidney function.

The object of this article is to discuss difficulties in extrapolating the performances of a drug for which the kinetic parameters are derived in healthy volunteers, to patients with severely impaired kidney function. The theoretical background of some actual or probable background is given, and a possible solution for these problems is offered, that is, choosing another drug from the same drug group. In patients without kidney function, metabolism is the only pathway of elimination. When the elimination of the metabolite formed occurs by means of renal excretion only, this metabolite accumulates in patients with impaired or absent kidney function. When a metabolic pathway of the parent drug is part of a metabolic equilibrium, the metabolic return reaction results in an "apparent parent compound," with a half-life identical to that of the accumulated metabolite. In this way, the concentration of the "apparent" parent compound increases and the half-life of the sum of parent and "apparent" parent drug will change. Examples of this drug behavior are given for sulfamethoxazole, sulfametrole, sulfamethizole, procainamide, and N4-acetylprocainamide.

Drug Synergism↗
PubMed1963

[Kidney function].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Kidney Function Tests↗
PubMed1989

Effect of pump versus pen treatment on glycaemic control and kidney function in long-term uncomplicated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

Glycaemic control on pump versus pen treatment was evaluated and the effects of optimised metabolic control on kidney function was studied in very long-term uncomplicated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Ten otherwise healthy patients participated, age: 36.5 yr +/- 7.9, diabetes duration: 23.7 yr +/- 2.9, urinary albumin excretion (UAE): 5.8 micrograms/min x/ divided by 2.2, se-creatinine and blood pressure were normal and only background retinopathy was present. A 2 x 6 months randomised cross-over study was performed using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple injection technique (MIT). Glycaemic control was evaluated by a six point profile every two weeks and by measuring HbA1c monthly. At 0, 6 and 12 months, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were measured by the constant infusion technique, and UAE by radioimmunoassay. Glycaemic control was significantly better on CSII as compared to MIT (p = 0.01) or pre-study conventional treatment (CT), p = 0.03, whereas there was no difference between MIT and CT. There was no change in kidney function during either treatment. Thus, in these very long-term uncomplicated patients, glycaemic control was significantly improved during CSII. In spite of this, no change was found in GFR, which might suggest that in long-standing diabetes, kidney function is unaltered by changes in metabolic control.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Kidney function and size in diabetics before and during initial insulin treatment.

GFR, RPF, and kidney size were measured in nine young recently diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetics before (days 0) and 3 and 8 days after the beginning of the initial insulin treatment and in comparable control subjects. Kidney function was measured by a constant infusion technique using I-125-iothalamate and 131-I-hippuran. Kidney size was determined by means of ultrasound. Before insulin treatment elevated values for GFR (+44%, P less than 0.01), RPF (+18%, P less than 0.05), and kidney size (+29%, P less than 0.01) were found. Near-normal metabolic control was achieved in all patients using either multiple subcutaneous injections of insulin or an artificial betacell. GFR decreased from 160 +/- 9 SEM to 141 +/- 6 ml/min X 1.73 m2 (P less than 0.01) and further to 133 +/- 5 ml/min X 1.73 m2 (P less than 0.01, compared to day 0). Renal plasma flow was 601 +/- 33 and 588 +/- 44 ml x 1.73 m2 at days 0 and 3, respectively (NS) and decreased to 558 +/- 35 ml/min x 1.73 m2 at day 0 (P less than 0.01). By contrast no statistically significant changes in kidney volume were observed; the results on day 0, 3 and 8 were 145 +/- 7, 162 +/- 11 and 143 +/- 9 ml/1.73 m2, respectively. The present study demonstrates that kidney size and function are elevated at the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes. Near-normal metabolic control; for 8 days induces a reduction but not a complete normalization in kidney function. From the present observations it is suggested that the rapidly reversible part of the elevation in GFR cannot be explained by concomitant changes in kidney and glomerular size (morphological origin) but is probably due to a reduction in renal plasma flow and to a decreased transglomerular pressure (functional origin).

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[NAG (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase)--a sensitive marker for disorders of kidney function].

In a clinical study we tested the use of the lysosomal enzyme NAG as a parameter of kidney function. Following prospective randomization, we examined NAG excretion during cisplatin treatment with/without nephroprotection, after intravenous urography with ionic/non-ionic contrast media, during lower/upper urinary tract infections and before/after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for intrarenal calculi (first-generation equipment used). Measurements were performed in 3-h urine specimens and in urine collected over 24 h, using a simple method of analysis. A correlation between NAG leakage and functional disorder of the renal tubular cells seemed likely on the basis of additional clinical and experimental data. Increases, in some cases dramatic, in NAG excretion were observed after the administration of cisplatin and ionic contrast media, in acute pyelonephritis, and after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. However, the increase in NAG excretion was less impressive during cisplatin therapy when nephroprotective amino acids were infused, and in the urography group when non-ionic contrast media were used. Infections of the lower urinary tract did not increase NAG excretion. The results indicate that NAG is a sensitive marker of occult renal dysfunction, which can be checked by non-invasive techniques and can be used in a clinic setting to detect functional disorders of the kidney.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2000

Kidney function after radical nephrectomy: assessment by quantitative SPECT of 99mTc-DMSA uptake by the kidneys.

UNLABELLED: To determine the function of the remaining contralateral kidney after the removal of a functioning kidney, 30 consecutive patients (18 men, 12 women; average age, 67 y; age range, 34-87 y) who were undergoing unilateral radical nephrectomy were evaluated by sequential quantitative 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) SPECT (QDMSA) studies. METHODS: The 30 patients were undergoing radical nephrectomy for renal tumors. The first study was done before surgery. Follow-up studies were performed 2-23 mo after surgery. Clinical evaluations and determinations of serum creatinine level were performed at the same time as the QDMSA studies. RESULTS: The relative contribution of the resected kidneys to the global renal function before surgery was 43.2% +/- 7.3%. After surgery the uptake of the remaining kidney increased from 13.4% +/- 4.0% to 18.3% +/- 5.8% (t = 5.7; P = 0.0000). The relative function of the remaining kidney increased from 56.8% +/- 7.1% to 79.1% +/- 23.6% (t = 4.9; P < 0.0001) of the global renal function before nephrectomy. Increases in the renal volume (from 211 +/- 62 cm3 to 229 +/- 68 cm3; t = 4.5; P = 0.0001) and in the percentage injected dose per cubic centimeter (%ID/cm3) of the remaining kidney (from 0.066 +/- 0.02 % ID/cm3 to 0.085 +/- 0.03 %ID/cm3; t = 4.6; P = 0.0001) were associated with this change. Nine patients had 2 follow-up studies performed 3-4 mo after surgery and 12-14 mo after surgery. The volume of the remaining kidney (209.22 +/- 46.20 cm3 versus 217.88 +/- 58.85 cm3; t = 0.962; P = 0.364), the %ID/cm3 (0.09 +/- 0.016 %ID/cm3 versus 0.093 +/- 0.025 %ID/cm3; t = 0.362; P = 0.726), and the percentage uptake (19.26% +/- 4.45% versus 20.11% +/- 7.01%) did not change significantly between these 2 QDMSA studies. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that adaptive changes causing hyperfunction of the remaining kidney may occur after nephrectomy of a functioning kidney in adults. These changes occur soon after surgery, persist for at least 1 y, and are evident on QDMSA studies.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1988

Effects of nitrendipine on blood pressure, renin-angiotensin system, and kidney function in essential hypertension.

The effects of nitrendipine (10 mg b.i.d.) on blood pressure, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and kidney function (by means of glomerular and tubular function) were studied in comparison to captopril (50 mg b.i.d.) and to nitrendipine (10 mg q.d.) + captopril (25 mg b.i.d.) in 30 untreated essential mild-to-moderate hypertensives. The blood pressure lowering effect was similar with either regimen. Nitrendipine showed an acute and chronic natriuretic effect not accompanied by modifications of kidney function. All regimens were well tolerated by the patients without any appreciable side effects over the 4-week study period.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

99mTc-DTPA scintillation-camera renography: a new method for estimation of single-kidney function.

A new method of combined serial scintigraphy and renography, using a scintillation camera and 99mTc-DTPA is evaluated. Renographic curves, corresponding to light-pen "areas of interest" over the renal parenchyma, were processed. "Blood-background" curves were recorded from an external detector over the temporal region of the head and also from an "area of interest" corresponding to the aorta and inferior vena cava. The uptake phase of the renogram was always linear. The sum of the slopes of the uptake phase of both kidneys correlated well with the measured glomerular filtration rate in 25 patients with renal insufficiency of various degrees. Single-kidney function estimated from the slopes correlated reasonably well with single-kidney function estimated from 131I-Hippuran renography with external detectors. The method described minimizes errors in the estimation of single-kidney function, and both anatomic and functional information is obtained.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Impact of a sirolimus/tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen on kidney function after islet transplantation.

AIM: Islet transplantation is gaining recognition as a therapeutic option for selected diabetic patients. The immunosuppressive regimen based on sirolimus/low-dose tacrolimus is considered a major breakthrough that allowed considerable improvement in graft survival. A high incidence of side effects associated with such a regimen has been reported in the literature, but this immunosuppressive protocol is generally considered safe or even protective to the kidney. Herein, we analyze the impact of the sirolimus/low-dose tacrolimus-based protocol on kidney function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five islet-after-kidney and 5 islet-transplant-alone patients were enrolled and followed up. Renal function was assessed by the periodic measurement of serum creatinine and by the presence of albuminuria. Metabolic control markers and graft function were followed, as well as immunosuppressive whole blood trough levels. RESULTS: Kidney function significantly decreased in 6 of 10 patients. Neither metabolic markers nor immunosuppressive drugs levels were significantly associated with the decreased kidney function. CONCLUSION: Although a specific etiology was not identified, subsets of patients presented a higher risk for decrease of kidney function. The presence of low creatinine clearance, albuminuria, and long-established kidney graft were associated with poorer outcomes.

Creatinine↗