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PubMed1987

Sensitivity to infant development and behavior: a comparison of adolescent and adult single mothers.

The relationship of adolescent mothers' knowledge of infant development and perceptions of infant behavior to stress experienced during pregnancy were examined using a comparison group of adults of similar marital status. Relationships with maternal age across groups also were examined. Adolescents underestimated developmental rate and perceived some infant behaviors less optimally, but did not differ in levels of stress. Stress was related to several parenting subscores. Some support for a linear relationship with maternal age was found. Results suggest the need for further research to determine how level of maturity affects translation of knowledge into maternal action.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

A framework for assessing the psychologic functioning of adolescents.

Pediatricians are often the first professionals consulted by families concerned that their teenagers may be experiencing emotional distress. Assessing the meaning of psychologic symptoms in adolescents can be a difficult task. The physician is frequently called upon to determine if an adolescent's difficulties fall within the spectrum of normative behavior or whether psychopathology is present which demands therapeutic intervention. In making this decision, the pediatrician must conduct an evaluation which considers multiple clinical factors. This report presents a framework for the pediatrician in evaluating the psychologic functioning of adolescent patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Children's rights on entering therapeutic institutions.

The authors delineate aspects of adolescent psychological development that should be considered in decisions regarding psychiatric residential treatment, reviewing the issue of consent to treatment in the context of developmental psychology. They state that rather than jettisoning the whole system of placing treatable disturbed young people in residential facilities without their explicit consent, the court should take as its proper role to ensure that adolescents placed in residential psychiatric facilities receive adequate treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Role models, ethnic identity, and health-risk behaviors in urban adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The assumption that role models or mentors constructively influence adolescent psychological functioning has prompted societal investment in mentoring programs. However, there has been little empirical evaluation of the relationship between role model or mentor characteristics and health behaviors. OBJECTIVES: To describe role model selection in urban adolescents and examine the relationships between role model characteristics, psychosocial functioning, and health-risk behaviors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS: A population-based, multiethnic sample of Los Angeles County adolescents aged 12 to 17 years was generated from a 3-stage, area-probability sampling frame. Of 877 adolescents identified, 749 are included in this analysis. METHODS: In-person, in-home interviews were conducted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Substance use, academic performance, and self-perception (measures of ethnic identify and self-esteem). Ethnic identity was measured by an adaptation of a scale developed by Phinney (J Adolesc Res. 1992;7:156-176) to assess commonalities across ethnic groups. RESULTS: Fifty-six percent of adolescents identified a role model. Higher levels of ethnic identity were associated with moving from identifying no role model to identifying a figure primarily available through the media to identifying a known individual, familial or nonfamilial (P<.001). Having a role model, particularly an individual known to the adolescent, was also associated with higher self-esteem (P<.001) and higher grades (P<.05). For white males without custodial fathers, having a role model was associated with decreased substance use (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Role model selection is associated with protective psychosocial characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Does the stress in childhood and adolescence matter? A psychological perspective.

Although stress in adults is well researched and acknowledged, little has been discussed on the existence and reactions of children and adolescents to stress, despite the mounting evidence that they are frequently among the most affected victims of a variety of threatening events. In reality stress is a normal part of a child's or adolescent's life and encompasses common, developmental stressors of daily life and those arising from unusual or traumatic experiences. Apart from more well known stress from family instability, poverty and life transitions, it is easy to forget or ignore the many school pressures and increasingly common social phenomenon of the 'hurried child' in modern life. We can make plans of intervention and prevention only when the condition is recognised by the health care professionals.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Preparing psychologists to link systems of care in managing and preventing children's health problems.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the need for innovations in training to link health, educational, and family systems and to illustrate how this can be accomplished through child-oriented psychology training programs. METHODS: We describe multiple pathways for the preparation of child-oriented psychologists to link health, educational, and family systems, in keeping with the National Institute of Mental Health guidelines for preparing professionals in child and adolescent psychology. These pathways include training embedded in graduate programs specializing in clinical child, pediatric, school, community, and family psychology. This article highlights a training initiative for preparing child-oriented psychologists based in a school psychology program. RESULTS: A partnership between Lehigh University and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia has been developed to prepare school psychologists to coordinate community-based systems of care to promote positive educational and health outcomes for children. This program emphasizes both intervention and prevention and provides a set of integrated experiences in both health care and educational settings. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight components of this program relevant to the preparation of pediatric psychologists. We identify and discuss potential challenges in establishing training programs for the preparation of professionals to link health, school, and family systems.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Research on information-processing factors in child and adolescent psychopathology: a critical commentary.

Provides a critical commentary on the state-of-the-art of research on information-processing (I-P) factors in clinical child and adolescent psychology. The articles in this special section amply demonstrate the value of the I-P paradigm as a heuristic framework for conceptualizing and studying the role(s) of cognitive factors in the etiology and maintenance of child and adolescent psychopathology. However, the current status of such research also reflects a number of limitations that warrant consideration if the potential value of the I-P paradigm is to be fully realized. Specifically, understanding the role(s) played by such factors is impeded by a variety of insufficiently addressed methodological and psychometric issues, as well as by insufficiently articulated theories regarding such factors. These issues are particularly challenging for child and adolescent psychopathology researchers because of the complexities added by development. The value of I-P theories of childhood and adolescent psychopathology will be considerably enhanced if these issues are more fully considered in future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Coordinating developmental and psychoanalytic processes: conceptualizing technique.

Throughout childhood and adolescence, psychological growth proceeds in a sequence of progressive hierarchical organizations. Consequently, children are continuously consolidating existing positions or are in transition from one to another. When analytic treatment is proposed, analysts often find themselves in the position of being required to technically coordinate the requirements of the analytic process with those of the ongoing developmental process. While it is the patient who will ultimately bring the needs of both processes together, the approach the analyst assumes to recognizing and addressing these needs can have a facilitating influence on the treatment. Play, for example, is a window on old conflicts and impaired object relationships from the past, but it is also a way in which children consolidate existing organizational hierarchies. Similarly, the analytic interaction provides a pathway to the past, but it is also used by children to provide the building blocks for newly emerging structures. To facilitate further clinical research, a conceptual outline of the relationship between the two processes is provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Drug treatment of psychological disorders in adolescents].

There are two obstacles to the use of drugs in the treatment of psychological disorders in adolescence. First, the patient is no longer a child and not yet an adult. The meaning of the symptom is essential: it may reveal a crisis related to his developmental phase, antecedent infantile disease or the offset of adult disease. Secondly, at this age, the prescription of drugs rises questions about pharmacokinetics, possible side-effects, expected therapeutic effects and the way the prescription is experienced psychologically. Neuroleptics, which may be necessary in spite of their side-effects, should be restricted to psychotic conditions. Antidepressants, lithium, tranquilizers are also discussed with respect to their usefulness, risks and indications. But the meaning of any prescription is dependent upon the therapeutic relationship, and this is even more so for adolescents with whom careful listening is essential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Social-psychological correlates of adolescent and youthful suicide.

Recently it has been suggested that social-psychological profiles of suicide attempters are useful to identify high-risk persons. There also is evidence that the complexity of interpersonal and intrapersonal factors constrict the extent to which such identification can be made. Using data from a nonprobability sample of 455 adolescent and youthful committers to test the hypothesis that attempters and committers do not differ with respect to environmental and stress-producing factors, the results reveal some differences between committers and attempters. Social-psychological characteristics of committers and factors relating to their social support systems are also discussed in the context of these differences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smoking among adolescents in China: an analysis based upon the meanings of smoking theory.

PURPOSE: This study utilized the Meanings of Behavior theory to examine whether meanings of smoking differ among adolescents in China who were never smokers, ever smokers, and past-30-day smokers. The Meanings of Behavior theory argues that affect takes precedence over cognitive constructs in motivating behavior This study also examined whether the associations among meanings of smoking and smoking behavior vary by age and gender DESIGN: This study was a cross-sectional study using survey data. SETTING: Middle and high schools in seven cities in China. SUBJECTS: A random sample of 4724 students comprised this study. MEASURE: A self-administered questionnaire asked about smoking behavior and incorporated the meanings of smoking scale. RESULTS: Overall prevalence rates of ever smokers and past-30-day smokers in this sample were 24.3% and 9.0%. Smoking was much more prevalent in boys than in girls. Students in the 11th grade were more likely than those in the 7th grade to have tried smoking at some time and to have smoked within the past 30 days. Odds ratios confirmed that meanings of smoking were significantly associated with smoking behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Meanings of smoking are associated with smoking behavior among Chinese adolescents in that smoking may connote autonomy, control, or social relatedness. Prevention programs in China require new strategies to incorporate meanings of smoking in order to meet adolescent psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and social connections.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A case control study of a deprivation triangle: teenage motherhood, poor educational achievement and unemployment.

Teenage motherhood has been linked with poor health, poor educational attainment, poor employment prospects and socio-economic deprivation. Much of the evidence has come from large surveys and the nature of these inter-relationships remains unclear. A case-control study was designed to compare the educational and employment experiences of teenage mothers with those of an age matched sample of peers from a similar social background and to test the feasibility of carrying out this type of research within primary care. Participants were identified from records in 36 GP practices in the Greater Belfast area. First time teenage mothers with one child aged 9-15 months at the time of interview were selected. Teenage mothers were matched with a control group of nulliparous teenagers in respect of age and postcode and registered with the same practice. Questionnaires were administered in their home or at their health centre. Data were analysed using SPSS for Windows Version 6. Teenage mothers were less likely than controls to have gained passes in school leaving examinations. None of the mothers was in full time education compared with 35% of the controls. Excluding those in education or training, more of the control group were employed at the time of study (82% v 11%). It is concluded that teenage mothers with one child report poorer educational attainment and employment status than their nulliparous peers from a similar social background with similar educational opportunities. Attention must be paid to these findings when planning policy to help teenage mothers and avoid perpetuation of a cycle of socio-economic deprivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Trends in adolescent research: a review of articles published in Adolescence--1976-1981.

Adolescence is one of the few journals devoted exclusively to topics that are important to adolescents and researchers in adolescent psychology. Developmental psychologists, clinicians, and others can keep abreast of current studies in their specialties. With a few years' perspective, a researcher can estimate the importance of particular topics by noting the frequency of their occurrence. This study examines the 455 articles published in the 24 issues of Adolescence between Spring 1976 and Winter 1981. The most frequently appearing topics are noted. Some interesting observations with reference to these topics are made. The important conclusions reached in the eight most frequent topics are also compiled.

Acting Out↗
PubMed2005

Coping style and psychological health among adolescent prisoners: a study of young and juvenile offenders.

The current study explores the role of coping styles as a predictor of poor psychological health among adolescent offenders. It presents the first study to compare young and juvenile offenders. Two hundred and three male offenders took part: 108 young (18-21 years) and 95 juvenile (15-17 years) offenders. All completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and a revised version of the Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ-3). Young offenders reported using emotional, avoidant and detached coping styles more than juveniles. They also reported more overall psychological distress than juveniles, with a trend to report increased depression, anxiety and insomnia. For both young and juvenile offenders, emotional coping predicted increased psychological distress. This was consistent across different symptoms (i.e. somatic, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression). For young offenders, rational coping predicted a decrease in overall distress and was found across all symptoms. For juveniles, although detached coping predicted a decrease in overall psychological distress, across symptoms it only predicted social dysfunction. Increased rational coping was also found to predict decreased depression for juveniles. The study highlights differences between young and juvenile offenders regarding coping styles and how this relates to psychological distress. It highlights the complexities of trying to understand the coping-health relationship in a prison setting and asks if such settings are increasing the potential for adolescents to over-use coping styles that may not be the most effective.

Adaptation, Psychological↗