[On disorders of vestibular-oculomotor regulatory function in alcoholic intoxication].
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Alcoholic Intoxication↗
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Characteristics of 167 consecutive traffic accident victims with special reference to alcohol intoxication: a prospective emergency room study.
This prospective study examined the characteristics of 167 consecutive traffic accident victims admitted to the emergency room of a major Swiss hospital with particular attention to the presence of a detectable blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The majority of the study population were male (71%), 16-29 years of age (56%) and occupants of an automobile or motorcycle (70%). Most patients were injured during the daytime, with nighttime accidents increasing towards the end of the week. Seventy-five percent of the injured were drivers of the crash vehicle and the majority (56%) were involved in multi-vehicle accidents. Fifty-three percent of all injuries consisted of internal lesions and/or fractures with motorcyclists and pedestrians being the most severely injured. There was a 21% incidence of alcohol intoxication (BAC greater than = 0.8 g/kg); 97% of intoxicated patients were male, of which 38% were 16-29 years of age. There was a distinct age-related alcohol intoxication pattern among males, with an intoxication rate of 20% in the 16-29 age range and 40% in the 30-75 age range. Alcohol-related accidents occurred predominantly in the nighttime and towards the end of the week, and victims of single-vehicle crashes were more likely to be intoxicated (28%) than those injured in multi-vehicle crashes (17%). Moped drivers exhibited the highest rate of intoxication (45%) followed by pedestrians (42%). Our study confirms the high prevalence of acute alcohol intoxication among traffic accident victims in Switzerland, a fact which needs to be considered by the treating medical care providers for the early detection and referral of alcohol-related problems, and which should be limited by effective preventive measures.
Accidents, Traffic↗
[Importance of evaluating clinical symptoms of alcoholic intoxication].
The authors studied the relationship between the blood alcohol concentration and the categories of alcohol intoxication established by means of examining the clinical signs of intoxication in a drinking test, and by analyzing the reports on driving while intoxicated (DWI). In the drinking test the relative increase of viso-motor reaction time was an accurate indicator of the blood alcohol levels. In almost half of the cases there was no correlation between the clinical signs and the blood alcohol concentration. When alcohol and medicine was used in combination a more severe intoxication was frequently assumed. Therefore, if the reported intoxication based on clinical signs indicates a more severe intoxication than that correlating with the blood alcohol concentration, the toxicologic analysis of the blood samples are unconditionally necessary.
Alcoholic Intoxication↗
[Characteristics of lipid peroxidation in alcoholic intoxication].
Content of malonic dialdehyde and dynamics of its accumulation in ascorbate-dependent lipid peroxidation (LP), content of diene conjugates, lipid hydroperoxides and lipofuscin-like pigments as well as activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase) were studied in homogenates of liver, lung, heart and kidney tissues of persons suffering from chronic alcoholism during life-time, of persons lost from acute alcohol intoxication as well as of persons not abusing with alcohol during life-time and lost from accidents (control). In chronic alcoholism the rate of ascorbate-dependent LP was distinctly increased in liver tissue as compared with controls or with acute mortal alcohol intoxication, while the rate of the patterns studied was increased in lung tissue of the latter group of patients. At the same time, increase in content of lipofuscin-like pigments and a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes studied were noted.
Adult↗
Recognition of low-level alcohol intoxication from speech signal.
Eleven male subjects were required to read a text in both sober and alcohol intoxicated conditions. By means of statistical signal analysis, frequency distributions of fundamental frequency (F0), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), ratio of first- to second-formant frequencies (F1/F2), variation speed of the frequencies F0, F1, F2, and the long-term average spectrum (LTAS) were determined. The distributions were examined for their suitability in discriminating between sober and intoxicated conditions. The SNR and F0 distributions as well as the LTAS discriminated with an error rate less than 5%. Combination of SNR and F0 profiles enabled correct discrimination in all cases. The parameter F1/F2 describing the articulation varied strongly among individuals. It was modified only with high levels of blood alcohol. Frequency variation speeds were not altered by intoxication. Speaker recognition by means of LTAS was interpreted as a perturbation of laryngeal movement control, where long-term voice effort was found to produce similar effects to alcohol intoxication. On the basis of the present results and various other factors (ambiguity of the sources of the acoustic effects, expense of the procedure), application of acoustic analysis in forensic medicine for recognition of low-level alcohol intoxication is considered inexpedient.
Alcoholic Intoxication↗
[Glutamyl transferase and acetylcholinesterase activity in various areas of the rat brain in alcoholic intoxication].
Albino mongrel rats were used for the determination of the gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GTF) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activities in various brain areas (cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, hippocampus, brain stem) during acute (1.5; 4 and 6 g/kg i. p.) and chronic (15 months) alcoholic intoxication and alcohol withdrawal (24-48 h, 4 and 8 days). An increase or a decrease in the activity of these two enzymes in the various rat brain areas depends on the dose of ethanol and the time of its action. The activity of gamma-GTF grew in all brain areas during chronic ethanol intoxication; the activity of AChE was also enhanced in three brain areas but it was diminished in cerebral hemispheres. Alcohol withdrawal caused diverse changes in the activities of these two enzymes in various areas of the brain. A tendency to normalization of the gamma-GTF and AChE activities is manifested 4-8 days after alcohol withdrawal.
Acetylcholinesterase↗
Lack of effect of intravenous hypertonic glucose on the intensity of alcohol intoxication induced experimentally and observed in patients of an emergency room.
In the present paper, two experiments are performed to test the efficacy of the intravenous administration of hypertonic glucose (25 or 50%) in alcoholic intoxication. In a first experiment, 10 healthy, nonstarved volunteers, received 15 min after the ingestion of 1.0 g/kg alcohol, 40 ml of 25% glucose i.v., the same volume of 0.9% NaCl or no injection. According to evaluations performed at several time intervals up to 2 h after alcohol ingestion, no difference among the 3 conditions was observed either in the intensity of alcohol intoxication or on blood alcohol levels. In a second experiment, blood glucose and alcohol levels were evaluated in 80 alcoholized patients in an emergency room. The mean glycemic value was 94 mg/100 ml. No difference was found by comparing this value with that presented by nonalcoholized patients. The 80 patients were distributed in two groups of 40 each: one of them was intravenously administered 40 ml of glucose 50% while the other was injected with saline. About 20-30 min later the patients of both groups were clinically evaluated by the physician on duty, being considered equally improved regardless of the injection. The self-evaluation by the patients provided similar results.
Adult↗
[The adaptational reactions in mild experimental craniocerebral trauma and its combination with alcoholic intoxication].
The article deals with the results of experimental study of adaptation reactions in mild craniocerebral trauma (MCCT) combined with acute alcoholic intoxication on the basis of appraisal of the dynamics of endocrine and neuromediator shifts. A stress character of these shifts was revealed. Acute alcoholic intoxication levelled the stress reaction occurring in MCCT.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Retinol/ethanol drug interaction during acute alcohol intoxication in mice involves inhibition of retinol metabolism to retinoic acid by alcohol dehydrogenase.
Substantial evidence indicates that one consequence of alcohol intoxication is a reduction in retinoic acid (RA) levels. Studies on the mechanism have shown that chronic ethanol consumption induces P450 enzymes that increase RA degradation, thus accounting for much but not all of the observed decrease in RA. A reduction in RA synthesis may also be involved as ethanol competitively inhibits retinol oxidation catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in vitro. This may be important during acute ethanol intoxication and may contribute to adverse retinol/ethanol drug interactions. Here we have examined mice for the effect of either acute ethanol intoxication or Adh1 gene disruption on RA synthesis and degradation. RA produced following a dose of retinol (50 mg/kg) was reduced 87% by pretreatment with an intoxicating dose of ethanol (3.5 g/kg). RA produced in Adh1-null mutant mice following a 50-mg/kg dose of retinol was reduced 82% relative to wild-type mice, thus similar to wild-type mice pretreated with ethanol. Reduced RA production was associated with increased retinol levels in both ethanol-treated wild-type mice and Adh1-null mutant mice, indicating reduced clearance of the retinol dose. RA degradation following a dose of RA (10 mg/kg) was increased only 42% by ethanol pretreatment (3.5 g/kg) and only 26% in Adh1-null mutant mice relative to wild-type mice. These findings demonstrate that the reduced RA levels observed during acute retinol/ethanol drug interaction are due primarily to a decrease in ADH-catalyzed RA synthesis and secondarily to an increase in RA degradation.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
Ondansetron alters human alcohol intoxication.
There is considerable evidence that serotonin-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists modulate some of the behavioral effects of alcohol, and may decrease alcohol consumption. To better clarify the mechanism of action of 5-HT3 antagonists on these behaviors, we investigated the effects of the 5-HT3 antagonist, ondansetron, on several subjective and objective measures of alcohol intoxication in social drinkers. Twelve nonalcoholic, social drinkers received either 8 mg ondansetron, p.o., or placebo during one of two test sessions in a crossover, double-blind protocol. Both conditions were followed by a standard, intoxicating dose of alcohol. Subjective and objective measures of intoxication including mood, physical sensations, performance changes, and alcohol pharmacokinetics were determined. To control for ondansetron effects, 10 additional subjects received either ondansetron or placebo, followed by a nonintoxicating, "placebo" dose of alcohol during a second crossover double-blind protocol. Ondansetron was found to augment certain stimulant, sedative, and discriminant effects of alcohol, without affecting psychomotor performance or alcohol pharmacokinetics. Ondansetron had minimal effects on subjects receiving placebo alcohol. These data suggest that the reductions in alcohol consumption observed in animals and humans treated with ondansetron may be mediated by increases in subjective intoxication, and/or increases in the aversive effects of alcohol.
Adult↗
[Acute alcoholic intoxication].
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Alcoholic Intoxication↗
[Acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning in acute alcoholic intoxication].
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Alcoholic Intoxication↗
[Comparative studies on bioelectric activities of the brain and higher nervous activity in acute alcoholic intoxication].
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Alcoholic Intoxication↗
[Subarachnoidal hemorrhage after minor head trauma in alcoholic intoxication].
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Alcoholic Intoxication↗
Temporal variation in deaths related to alcohol intoxication and drinking.
BACKGROUND: Temporal variation in deaths related to alcohol intoxication is examined using two approaches. First, we examine the risk of these deaths during festivals, on the day preceding them, and on the three days that immediately follow them. Second, we assess the weekday variation in deaths, and compare this with survey-based data on weekday variations in drinking. Previously no data existed on the temporal association between intoxication-related deaths and drinking occasions according to the severity of intoxication. METHODS: We used population registration data on 15-69-year-old men and women, linked with the national cause of death register for the years 1987-2001, and the Finnish Drinking Habits Survey carried out in 2000. Intoxication-related deaths were defined on the basis of underlying and contributory causes of death. RESULTS: The largest increased risk of intoxication-related deaths was observed for Midsummer Day [Observed deaths/Expected deaths (O/E) = 2.88 (95% confidence interval 2.48-3.31) for men and O/E = 2.21 (1.43-3.27) for women respectively], Midsummer Eve [O/E = 2.70 (2.32-3.12) and 3.18 (2.23-4.41)], May Day [O/E = 1.80 (1.50-2.16) and 2.65 (1.79-3.79)], Christmas Eve [O/E = 1.58 (1.29-1.91) and 2.21 (1.43-3.27)], and New Year's Day [O/E = 1.48 (1.20-1.80) and 1.77 (1.08-2.74)]. Among men, the increased risk at Midsummer lasted for three consecutive days. The weekday distribution of different levels of intoxication and of intoxication-related deaths was similar, with a clear increase observed on Friday, Sunday, and, particularly, Saturday. CONCLUSIONS: Intoxication-related deaths peak during weekends and around festival days when alcohol is widely consumed in excess. Public awareness of the risks attached to binge drinking should be increased.
Adolescent↗
Alcohol intoxication and hangover: modification of hangover by chlormethiazole.
Alcohol intoxication and hangover were studied in 12 healthy male subjects who participated in three 18-h experimental sessions; two sessions in which they consumed 1.43 g alcohol/kg body weight as mixed beverages together with food, and one control session when mineral water was substituted for the alcoholic beverages. In one of the alcohol sessions they received chlormethiazole, 1 g at bedtime and 0.5 g early the following morning, in the other, they were given placebo tablets. The following variables were studied: blood-alcohol concentration; blood pressure; heart rate; blood lactate; blood pyruvate; urinary catecholamines (only during hangover); psychomotor and cognitive capacities; as well as subjective reactions. During intoxication, heart rate and lactate-pyruvate ratio were significantly increased and performance efficiency was significantly deteriorated in comparison with the control condition. During hangover, heart rate, blood pressure, and lactate-pyruvate ratio were significantly elevated, and cognitive performance was still affected, in some tests to a significant degree. During this stage there was a great variation between subjects as regards subjective hangover. Chlormethiazole was found to lower blood pressure and adrenaline output and, furthermore, to relieve unpleasant physical symptoms, but did not affect fatigue and drowsiness. The cognitive test results were only slightly influenced by this agent, while psychomotor performance was significantly impaired. Subjects with severe subjective hangover seemed to benefit more from the chlormethiazole treatment than subjects with a mild hangover.
Adult↗
[The characteristics of the abdominal symptoms in craniocerebral trauma sustained in a state of alcoholic intoxication].
This paper focuses on 63 cases of syndrome of nonprimary acute abdomen (SNPAA) in craniocerebral injury (CCI) sustained in the state of alcoholic intoxication, and 59 observations connected with cranio-abdominal injuries (CAI). In the presence of cerebral injuries, one of the specific characteristics of alcohol was that it entailed changes in the abdominal symptomatology either concealing manifestations of severe damage to the abdominal organs or potentiating SNPAA. In all the observations the abdominal symptomatology was less pronounced that in those victims who do not take alcoholic drinks. There have been identified four variants of SNPAA course. In 12.7% of cases manifestations of the above syndrome were related to the CCI pattern only, being associated with origination of pseudodefense of "truncal" genesis. It is advisable that instrumental methods of study into abdominal organs should come to be more widely used in those settings where there is alcohol intoxication with suspected CAI.
Abdomen, Acute↗
Treadmill exercise increases cell proliferation in hippocampal dentate gyrus in alcohol-intoxicated rats.
AIM: Effect of treadmill exercise on hippocampal cell proliferation under normal conditions has been well documented; however, this effect under alcohol intoxication conditions is not clarified, yet. In the present study, the effect of treadmill exercise on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus in alcohol-intoxicated rats was investigated. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: comparative investigation on number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus 8 days after commencement. SETTING: animal laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: male Sprague-Dawley rats of 5 weeks in age weighing 150+/-10 g. INTERVENTION: animals were divided into 4 groups: the control-rest group, the control-exercise group, the alcohol-treated-rest group, and the alcohol-treated-exercise group. Animals of the alcohol-treated groups were injected intraperitoneally with alcohol (2 g/kg) once a day for 3 days. All animals were injected BrdU (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, and rats of exercise groups were made to run on treadmill for 30 min each day for 5 days following alcohol administration. MEASURES: mean number of BrdU-positive cells in dentate gyrus was observed via immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Treadmill exercise significantly increased the number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. Also, treatment with alcohol for 3 days inhibited cell proliferation and treadmill exercise alleviated alcohol-induced inhibition of new cell formation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the possibility that treadmill exercise may help in improvement following alcohol-induced brain damage.
Alcoholic Intoxication↗