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For each individual, there is a limit to the capacity to perform exercise. The limitation, however, depends on the nature of the task and is also influenced by a number of other factors. Muscle strength is determined largely by muscle mass, specifically muscle cross-sectional area, but is also influenced by neural drive and biomechanical factors. Endurance performance depends on both cardiovascular capacity and the metabolic characteristics of the skeletal muscles. These factors are determined in part by genetic endowment: the elite sprinter has a high proportion of Type 2 muscle fibres while the leg muscles of the successful marathon runner are composes mainly of Type 1 fibres. Whatever the genetic potential, expression of this depends on the intensity, duration and frequency of the applied training stimulus, diet and other factors. The limitation may also depend on environmental factors, such as altitude and temperature.
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Bioptates obtained from the musculus vastus lateralis in 1,311 sportsmen-volunteers, presenting 8 types of sports have been investigated; their special work has been performed in zones of certain power or in several zones of power. In cryostat sections after reaction of myosin ATPase, content of slow and fast muscle fibers (MF) has been counted and they have been presented in per cents. A short-time work of maximal power is more successfully performed by persons, in whose muscles less than 20% of slow MF is present. High sporting results in a more prolonged work of submaximal power get those sportsmen, in whose muscles content of slow MF is within 20-40%. A prolonged work of great and moderate power requires higher content of slow MF-60% and more. The persons, in whose muscles about equal amount of fast and slow MF is revealed, can successfully participate in those sport games and specializations, in which professional activity is connected with the work of alternative power.
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Short oblique and horizontal fractures of the tibia, which frequently occur during sports activities tend to result in delayed unions. We describe two cases where the incidence of delayed fracture healing and duration of treatment were reduced by internal fixation and secondary decortication.
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The clinical and electrophysiological examination of 36 top-level volleyball players showed a suprascapular neuropathy in 28% of the subjects. The most commonly observed clinical symptom was a focal severe atrophy of the m. infraspinatus, combined with loss of strength of the arm in abduction and external rotation. In contrast to previous reports on suprascapular neuropathies in volleyball players, the present investigation demonstrates an additional milder affection also of the nerve fibres supplying the m. supraspinatus.
The sports-physician sees the necessity of a holistic view resulting out of the wishes of top ranking athletes in contrast to a quick temporary recovery of unsatisfying duration. On the other hand one must consider the short active period of the athlete and adapt less time consuming diagnosis and therapy. The sports-physician has to be aware of the stressfield resulting out of a polarity of "immediate" versus "perfect" therapy, and national and economic interests. This means an everlasting inner conflict for the sports-physician. Holistic view means also to consider the personal and the professional development. This is important in children-sports especially to prevent the loss of a playful and funny dimension and to offer different kinds of sports. Without the ambition of the parents there will be no children top ranking sports. Exaggerated parents ambitions however want cautious medical interference. There is still a big lack in permanent psychohygienic care for top athletes reaching from professional training, social contacts to mental training and/or psychotherapeutical dimensions. A permanent, interested, integrative cooperation between sports-medicine, science of sports, psychology of sports, organisation and last but not least athletes themselves leads not only to better results but also to better human value of every day life before, during and post active period.