[Bacteriophage types of staphylococci isolated from the air and from the parturient women and neonates in wards applying the rooming-in system].
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Air Microbiology↗
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Results for “BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING”
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Bacteriophage typing as an epidemiological tool for urinary Escherichia coli.
Phage typing was used to identify strains of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary and nonurinary sources. When eight phages isolated in Pennsylvania were used to type 717 cultures from Missouri, 50.3% of 624 urinary isolates and 34.4% of 93 nonurinary isolates were typable. Strains from nonurinary sources were not found commonly in urine. When five additional phages isolated in Missouri were added to the original set of eight phages, 80.4% of 331 urinary isolates were typable. When this set of phages was used to type 552 urinary cultures isolated in California, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia, 82.0% of the cultures were typable. Some common phage types were found in high incidence among cultures from the different regions. No correlation was found between phage type and the pattern of resistance to antibiotics. Phage typing data were presented also on the number of strains in individual urine specimens and the recurrences of strains in patients with chronic bacteriuria. Of 97 fecal isolates, 75.2% of the cultures were typable, and the most common phage type was observed in high incidence among the urinary isolates from this region. When 75 cultures from nine other genera of enteric bacteria were typed, only the shigellae were lysed. In view of the information obtained by phage typing and the ease and speed with which it can be done, it is suggested that phage typing be considered a new tool in epidemiological studies of urinary tract infections by E. coli.
Abscess↗
Bacteriophage types of Salmonella typhi in the United States from 1974 through 1981.
From 1974 through 1981, 4,089 isolates of Salmonella typhi were phage typed at the Centers for Disease Control and nine regional laboratories in the United States. The most prevalent types were degraded Vi (27%), E1 (20.6%), A (9.8%), C1 (5.7%), untypable Vi (3.5%), W form (3.5%), D1 (3.4%), B3 (3.4%), and F1 (2.4%). There were less than 2% of each of the remaining types. The distribution of phage types for this time period was similar to that seen in the periods 1966-1969 and 1970-1973, except that phage type B3 was one of the 10 most prevalent types in 1974-1981 but was not seen in 1966-1973. Phage typing is presently the most valuable laboratory tool for differentiation of strains of S. typhi in epidemiological studies.
Bacteriophage Typing↗
R-factor cointegrate formation in Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophage type 201 strains.
The genetic and molecular properties of the plasmids in Salmonella typhimurium phase type 201 isolated are described. Such strains are resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, kanamycin, and several other antimicrobial drugs, and are highly pathogenic for calves. These strains have been encountered with increasing frequency since 1972 in West Germany and The Netherlands. We show that isolates of this phage type constitute a very homogeneous group with regard to their extrachromosomal elements. These bacteria carry three small plasmids: pRQ3, a 4.2-megadalton (Md) colicinogenic plasmid; pRQ4, 3.4-Md plasmid that interferes with the propagation of phages; and pRQ5, a 3.2-Md cryptic plasmid. Tetracycline resistance resides on a conjugative 120-MD plasmid pRQ1, belonging to the incompatibility class H2. Other antibiotic resistance determinants are encoded by a nonconjugative 108-Md plasmid pRQ2. Transfer of multiple-antibiotic resistance to appropriate recipient strains was associated with the appearance of a 230-Md plasmid, pRQ6. It appears that pRQ6 is a stable cointegrate of pRQ1 and pRQ2. This cointegrate plasmid was transferable with the same efficiency as pRQ1. Other conjugative plasmids could mobilize pRQ2, but stable cointegrates were not detected in the transconjugants. Phase type 201 strains carry a prophage, and we show that phage pattern 201 reflects the interference with propagation of typing phages effected by this prophage and plasmid pRQ4 in strains of phage type 201.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus in Turkey].
S. aureus strains have been tested with several phages in Turkey. All of the phage groups of S. aureus strains were found in these investigations.
Bacteriophage Typing↗
The correlation of bacteriophage types of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with guinea-pig virulence and in vitro-indicators of virulence.
Among 58 isoniazid-sensitive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from India, Burma and East Africa, 23 were of phage type A, 31 of type I (intermediate), 4 of type B and none of type C. Type I strains differed from type A strains in being attenuated in the guinea-pig, susceptible to H2O2, sensitive to thiophen-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide and resistant to thiacetazone and p-aminosalicylic acid; the content of strongly acidic lipids and of sulphatide lipids was low and the attenuation indicator lipid was present. The pattern of results with the type B strains did not correspond to the patterns for types A or I. Strains of type I appear to be a distinct group within the species M. tuberculosis.
Aminosalicylic Acid↗
Development of a bacteriophage-typing set for Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Six phages isolated from lysogenic cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis were used to type cultures in our collection classified previously as "untypable" with our original typing set of 13 phages, new clinical isolates from Missouri, and clinical isolates from Connecticut, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Typability with the new set of 6 phages and with our 13 original phages was compared. For 203 cultures, 81 (39.9%) cultures were typable with the set of 6 phages and 73 (36.0%) cultures were typable with the set of 13 phages. When the two typing sets were combined, the percentage of typability for 425 cultures increased to 49.9%. compared with 35.7% with the original set of 13 phages. For 109 cultures from outstate, the percentage of typability was 56.9%, whereas that for 316 cultures from Missouri was 47.5%. When only cultures in biotype 1 were considered, the percentage of typability for 268 cultures with the combined set increased to 58.2%, compared with 39.5% with the original set of 13 phages. Analysis of individual reactions for all 425 cultures typed in our laboratory indicated that 11 of the 19 phages in the combined set accounted for the majority of the reactions, and a provisional set containing these 11 phages is proposed.
Bacteriophage Typing↗
[Bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients in the microbiology department].
78 Staphylococci isolated from mouth, throat, nose, ear passages and skin lesions were typed with 22 basic phage types. 68 of 78 staphylococci were typed. 45 of these (66%) could be typed with RTD, and 23 (33.8%) with 1000 X RTD. When phage grouping is considered, 14 out of 68 strains were from Group III and 12 out of 52 strains isolated from nose were from Group I phage.
Bacteriophage Typing↗
DNA restriction digest and ribosomal RNA gene patterns of Campylobacter jejuni: a comparison with bio-, sero-, and bacteriophage-types of United Kingdom outbreak strains.
DNA restriction endonuclease (Hae III and Hind III) total digest and 16S and 23S ribosomal (r)RNA gene patterns (ribopatterns) were determined for 18 isolates of Campylobacter jejuni from three separate outbreaks of diarrhoea in the north of England. Strains were also characterized by biotyping, serotyping and phage typing. Comparisons of the DNA patterns by visual and numerical methods revealed five distinct strain groupings with clear differences between isolates from different outbreaks as well as some heterogeneity between strains within the community outbreak and one of the school outbreaks. An excellent correlation was observed between the genomic DNA fingerprints data and the Preston bacteriophage group, both of which gave better discrimination than biotyping and serotyping alone or in combination. Only one phage group (PG 37) was not confirmed by the DNA data. DNA fingerprints therefore provide additional information of value in studying the epidemiology of outbreaks of C. jejuni.
Animals↗
Bacteriophage types and O antigen groups of Escherichia coli from urine.
Urinary strains of Escherichia coli from seven geographical regions were typed serologically for O-specific antigens and with phages capable of lysing the majority of urinary isolated. The O antigen groups 4, 6, 75, 1, 50, 7, and 25 were the common ones found. Of the 454 cultures tested, 66.1% were phage typable and 65.2% were serotypable with the 48 antisera employed. Also, 71.6% of the cultures for which an O group could be determined were phage typable. Furthermore, of those seven O-antigen groups implicated in urinary tract infection, 80.2% exhibited a phage pattern. Various phage types were found within an O-antigen group, and, although one phage type associated a high percentage of the time with one O-antigen group, no correlation was observed between other O-antigen groups and phage types. Studies with bacteriuric patients by phage typing showed the presence of two strains of E. coli within an O-antigen group. Serogrouping and phage typing of fecal isolates of E. coli revealed the presence of some O-antigen groups and phage types also found as predominant types among urinary isolates. Phage typability correlated highly with hemolysis of human erythrocytes. Elevated temperatures of incubation and a chemical curing agent were used to enhance typability of cultures refractory to the typing phages. Phage typing, due to its rapidity, ease, and ability to distinguish strains of E. coli within an O-antigenic group, is suggested as a possible method by which a better insight into the epidemiology of urinary tract infections may be obtained.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Bacteriophage typing of Salmonella typhimurium by use of a mechanized technique.
A new mechanized technique for the application of drops of phages on agar plates is described. Drops of equal size are delivered by needles with the aid of filtered pressurized air. The part of the device which is in contact with phage is interchangeable as a whole.
Bacteriophage Typing↗
Bacteriophage types and antibiotic sensitivity of staphylococci from bovine milk and human nares.
The number, phage types, and antibiotic sensitivity of coagulase-positive staphylococci from grade A raw milk samples produced on 40 farms in the Athens, Ga., milkshed were determined. Counts of mannitol-positive staphylococci in milk ranged from 100 to 3,580 per milliliter, with an arithmetic mean of 1,047. Examination of the nares of 48 dairymen on 34 of the farms also revealed that 13 (27%) were carriers of coagulase-positive staphylococci. Isolates from milk (412) and from nares (39) were tested against the Coles, Seto-Wilson, and International phage sets and 87, 68, and 56%, respectively, proved typable. Nine isolates were not typable. Each of the 33 phages used lysed one or more of the isolates. Staphylococcal phage types per milk sample ranged from 0 to 5, 0 to 7, and 0 to 8, with arithmetic means of 1.9, 2.3, and 2.3, respectively. Of the 13 narial carriers, 7 harbored staphylococci of one or more of the same phage types as those isolated from the milk at the respective farms. Randomly selected isolates were tested against high and low concentrations of 12 common antibiotics. All were either moderately sensitive or resistant to polymixin B. Over 30% were moderately sensitive or resistant to dihydrostreptomycin and penicillin individually. With but few exceptions, all isolates were sensitive to chlortetracycline, bacitracin, carbomycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, neomycin, novobiocin, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline individually.
Animals↗
Bacteriophage types and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus.
In vitro tests of 132 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, among which were 38 (28.7%) heteroresistant strains, were performed with 14 commonly used antibiotics, including gentamicin and vancomycin. Heteroresistant strains were found predominantly, but not only, with group 3 phage-typable strains; no heteroresistant strain was found in out-patients. Gentamicin appeared as a uniformly effective agent at low concentrations against oxacillin-sensitive and -resistant strains. It is suggested that gentamicin should be compared to vancomycin in future clinical therapeutic trials in severe staphylococcal infections, especially in cases due to oxacillin-resistant strains.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Serotyping and bacteriophage typing of group B streptococci.
Three hundred and eighty-two human streptococcal strains of serogroup B, collected from different sources and from different parts of Norway have been serotyped and phagetyped . The results of serotyping show a predominance of serotype Ia; 150 strains belonged to this type. Only 32 strains belonged to serotype III, a serotype well-known as the dominating cause of neonatal septicemia and meningitis (11, 23). The other serotypes were evenly represented. The phagetyping was performed by the procedure and with phages described by Stringer (19). The strains were lysed by phages at a frequency of 70%. A total of 145 strains (38%) was lysed by one or two phages, while 124 strains (32%) were typable by different phage patterns. When combined with serotyping, phagetyping of group B streptococci is an important tool in characterizing these microbes for epidemiological and other purposes.
Bacteriophage Typing↗
Bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus hyicus subsp hyicus isolated from pigs.
Four phages were isolated and used for typing Staphylococcus hyicus subsp hyicus isolated from pigs with or without exudative epidermatitis (EE) in Japan. Sixty-four (85.3%) of the 75 isolates examined were typeable at either routine test dilution (RTD) or 100 X RTD. Two or more kinds of phage patterns were present in the isolates from each pig with EE. All isolates from healthy pigs showed a single-phage pattern. Fourteen (32.6%) of 43 isolates and 7 (87.5%) of 8 isolates from pigs with EE in Belgium and Czechoslovakia, respectively, were typeable with the 4 phages. None of 180 isolates of S aureus, 7 (6.4%) of 110 isolates of S intermedius, and 2 (2.3%) of 86 isolates of S epidermidis were typeable.
Animals↗
World Health Organization studies on bacteriophage typing of mycobacteria. Subdivision of the species Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The ability of lytic mycobacteriophages to subdivide the species Mycobacterium tuberculosis reliably has been studied using a series of 100 strains isolated from cases of tuberculosis in the Netherlands. Techniques for the propagation and application of the viruses have been standardized, as have the conditions for growth and preparation of bacterial strains. On the basis of lytic results with 11 mycobacteriophages, it is proposed that the species Mycobacterium tuverculosis may be subdivided into at least 3 major phage types, A, B, and C, and into 2 subjects, Ax and A2. The reliability of the individual bacteriophage lytic result has been assessed, and the relationship between phage reliability and the degree of certainty with which a strain may be assigned to a phage type is described. The effect of rigorous standardization of techniques on the reliability of bacteriphage typing is demonstrated, and a standard protocol is proposed.
Bacteriophage Typing↗
[Studies on motile-Aeromonas infection: 2). Development of a bacteriophage typing system for motile Aeromonas].
We succeeded in isolating Aeromonas-susceptible phages from river water and mud after a few years (1983-1985) of painstaking effort. For the first time in Japan, we investigated phagetypes of the bacterial strains isolated. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Aeromonas-susceptible phages were isolated from 82 (40.1%) of 195 samples of river water and from 23 (25.6%) of 90 samples of river mud. By the cross-matching test of the phages isolated from the 105 samples, these were classified into 13 type groups (Groups I-XIII). 2) When 594 Aeromonas strains isolated from river water, lake water, river mud and fresh-water fish were examined using the phage group patterns developed by us, 129 (21.7%) strains classified into these phagetypes. Phagetyping was possible for 11 (15.5%) of the 71 strains isolated from river and lake water, for 29 (35.4%) of the 82 strains from river mud and for 89 (20.2%) of the 441 strains from fresh-water fish. By bacterial species, phagetyping was possible for 53 (51.5%) of the 103 strains of A. hydrophila. 21 (7.2%) of the 292 strains of A. sobria, 13 (8.8%) of the 148 strains of A. caviae and 42 (82.4%) of the 51 strains of Aeromonas spp.. Especially the phages classified as Groups I, IV and VI amounted to the majority. Thus we succeeded in isolating Aeromonas-susceptible phages which could be classified into Groups I-XIII. The results suggested the possibility of utilizing this phagetyping for analysis of the ecological distribution of genus Aeromonas.
Aeromonas↗
[A small epidemic of typhoid fever; importance of characterization of bacteriophagic types of typhoid bacillus].
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Bacillus↗