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Results for “Behavior change”

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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Lane-changing behavior on highways.

We study the lane-changing behavior in multilane highway modeling by a cellular automaton. We analyze the effects of speed limit and stochastic noise. A new parameter is introduced to allow vehicles not to change lanes even when the environmental criteria are met. Without stochastic noise, the lane-changing rate vanishes in the stationary states of a homogeneous highway. With stochastic noise, vehicles change lanes frequently even when there are no slow vehicles to overtake. The lane-changing rate reflects the intrinsic fluctuations much more than the inhomogeneity of the highway. Aggressive vehicles which change lanes at every opportunity will only keep a speed slightly larger than others.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1986

Validity of self-reports of behavior changes by participants after a CME course.

The authors tested the validity of an evaluation procedure designed to measure the effects of university-organized continuing medical education (CME) courses on participants' prescribing behavior. They sought to substantiate the participating physicians' self-reported intentions of changing their behavior and self-reported behavior changes by comparing these changes with physicians' actual behavior before and after the course. Sixty-one participants used automatic carbon prescription pads for six weeks before a CME course on therapeutics and for 16 weeks after the course. The copies of the prescriptions were analyzed to establish real behavior, which was compared with the physicians' self-reports. There were no significant changes in the physicians' general prescribing behavior. However, once they stated formal intentions to change their behavior, the participants did change in the intended direction. to change their behavior, the participants did change in the intended direction. When analysis included only those prescribing areas in which intentions to change were stated, there was strong evidence that the self-reports of behavior change accurately represented the actual behavior change. Both results reached statistically significant levels. The use of self-reports of behavior change as a method of evaluating in CME courses appears to the authors to be valid.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2002

Behavioral changes in observational and intervention studies.

Changes of diet and other lifestyle factors are often highly recommended, but evidence for the effectiveness of behavioral changes in adult lives is limited. In the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study, we investigated the reasons for and the direction of dietary changes as well as factors that are associated with the self-report of a change in diet. About 47% of the 27,548 cohort members reported a dietary change within the first 2 y of the follow-up. Detailed analysis of the type of change showed that public health recommendations are clearly understood. More vegetables and fruit and less fat are the most reported changes. Investigations into the reasons for dietary changes showed that in most instances and in ever shorter intervals, dietary recommendations resulting from progress in science are reinforced or partly modified. The health-conscious individuals in a population try to put these health messages into practice by modifying their behavior; these are the individuals who are particularly attracted to participate in scientifically oriented prospective studies and therefore are likely to be recruited by and retained in these studies. Behavioral changes over time may indicate dietary changes that are related to health and weight problems. The consideration of dietary changes during prospective data collection, therefore, is an important issue in the design and analysis of longitudinal studies-both cohort and intervention studies. Cohort studies in which dietary changes are adequately measured can contribute substantially to the evidence for health benefits resulting from changes in diet.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[Behavior change of a primipara with cesarean section during early postpartum period].

The focus of this study was to understand the process of behavior change in a cesarean section primipara during her early postpartum period. The study was conducted by the field method with the researcher as the subject's primary nurse. Content analysis was employed to analyze and categorize the 6 sections of the behavioral process record, which were taken down in narrative form by the researcher during the nursing process. Three stages of behavior change were identified: (1) Lack of confidence and uncertainty about self care and newborn care. (2) Actively intending to explore and learn about self care and newborn care. (3) Adjusting caring methods and planning for the future. In this study, the researcher provided information and caring to the subject individually. It assisted the new mother in becoming a competent mother.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

[Factors associated with stages of behavior change in Cuban smokers].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of Cuban smokers in the first two stages of the process of behavior change (precontemplation (that is, no desire to quit smoking) and contemplation (thinking about quitting)), the characteristics of these smokers, and the relationship between these characteristics and some variables of interest. METHODS: The First National Survey of Risk Factors and Chronic Non-communicable Disease Prevention Activities was carried out in Cuba in 1996. As a part of that Survey, a probability sample was selected using three-stage clustering, with stratification of the primary units, which were the census districts in the 14 provinces and 169 municipalities that make up the country. The census districts were selected in proportion to their number of dwellings. A total of 4 835 smokers 15 years old or older were selected to answer a questionnaire on sociodemographic variables and smoking-related behaviors. The sociodemographic variables included age, sex, skin color, level of schooling completed, and work status (working, looking for work, retired, housewife, or student). The smoking-related behaviors included knowledge of tobacco's harmful effects on health, age when smoking began, number of cigarettes smoked daily, willingness to give up the habit, and the number of attempts made to quit smoking. The questionnaire information made it possible to place the smokers in one or the other of the two initial stages of smoking behavior change. The probability of being in the precontemplation stage was modeled through logistic regression. The standardized coefficients that the model produced were used to calculate the weight of the explanatory variables included in the model. To calculate the estimates and their errors, the SAS 6.12 and SUDAAN 7.5 statistical software packages were used, taking into account the complex design of the sample. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: We found that 46.4% of the smokers surveyed were in the precontemplation stage, and 53.6% were in the contemplation stage. Women were more prepared to quit the habit than were men. The more formal the education that a person had, the stronger was the desire to quit smoking. Persons who were retired were the ones least likely to be considering giving up smoking. The probability of being in the precontemplation stage decreased with an increase in the age of beginning to smoke, the number of cigarettes smoked daily, and the number of attempts made to quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of Cuban smokers in the contemplation stage places the country in a favorable position for developing effective smoking prevention interventions. The majority of the factors identified (age when smoking began, number of cigarettes consumed daily, and number of attempts to give up the habit) can be modified through preventive actions. Identifying the stages in the process of change and the factors linked to them are necessary for designing and implementing effective smoking prevention and control programs.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Caregiver perspectives of memory and behavior changes in stroke survivors.

Post-stroke memory and behavior changes (MBC) are associated with negative outcomes for stroke survivors and caregivers. This article describes the types of MBC that occur most frequently and caregivers' responses to these behaviors. Data were obtained through in-person interviews and administration of questionnaires to 132 caregivers of first-time stroke survivors 3-9 months after stroke. MBC were measured with a modified version of a Memory and Behavior Problems checklist. On average, caregivers reported 7.7 +/- 3.6 (range 0-17) behaviors. Common stroke survivor MBC included appearing sad or depressed, interrupting the caregiver, and being restless or agitated. These MBC were distressing to caregivers. Caregivers may not recognize some MBC as potential symptoms of depression. In addition, caregiver misunderstanding of the amount of control survivors may have over some behaviors has implications for rehabilitation and caregivers' responses to these changes.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Behavior change strategies for family planning.

The technology of behavior modification is central to most family planning and population control strategies. Positive, differential and negative reinforcement, usually cast in terms of 'incentives' and 'disincentives', have been applied to promoting child spacing and contraceptive use throughout the developing world. A wide variety of options are available to program planners interested in decreased birth rates, increased contraceptive use and/or birth spacing, and general promotion of family planning behavior. Given the tremendous problems with overpopulation and maternal/child health in developing nations today, behavior modification techniques are proposed specifically as the most effective way to motivate behavior change in the area of birth planning. These techniques also provide a useful framework with which to classify current family planning strategies and maximize their overall effectiveness. Given the powerful potential of this technology, understanding relevant ethical considerations and limitations is of paramount importance.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2005

Effects of lumbar sympathectomy on pain behavioral changes caused by nucleus pulposus-induced spinal nerve damage in rats.

It has been suggested that lumbar sympathectomy can reduce pain behavior, including mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, caused by ligation of the spinal nerve. One well-characterized model, which involves application of nucleus pulposus to the spinal nerve and displacement of the adjacent nerve, shows behavioral changes in rats. However, there have been no previous reports regarding sympathectomy performed in this model. Disk incision and adjacent spinal nerve displacement were performed with (n=6) or without (n=6) sympathectomy. Sham surgery was also performed with (n=6) or without (n=6) sympathectomy. The animals were tested for 3 days before surgery and on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after surgery. Non-noxious mechanical thresholds were tested by determining the hind paw withdrawal response to von Frey hair stimulation of the plantar surface of the footpad using a touch stimulator. Thermal nociceptive thresholds were tested using a sensitive thermal-testing device. While rats in the disk incision with displacement surgery group showed allodynia and hyperalgesia after surgery on the experimental side, sympathectomized animals did not. No allodynia was observed in the sham groups. Sympathectomy seemed to prevent the pain behavioral changes caused by the combination of disk incision and nerve displacement.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Four-year longitudinal study of behavioral changes in coping with stress.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between stress and coping. METHODS: Short- and long-term approaches to behavioral change were evaluated in 3 groups (short-term, long-term, control). RESULTS: Subjects participating in a 6-week stress management program designed to develop stress management skills reported temporary decreases in burnout, while subjects receiving additional "refresher" sessions showed decreases in burnout throughout a 4-year period. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that long-term approaches yield permanent behavioral changes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1987

[Behavior change from defection to cooperation in a social dilemma: a field study of attitude-behavior consistency in campus parking behavior by motorcyclists].

Behavior change by persuasive communications in a social dilemma, in which a university tried to persuade students to park their motorcycles in a designated lot in order to resolve noise problems, was studied by a questionnaire. Hayashi's quantification theory III was applied to variables such as subjective norms, beliefs in the effectiveness of one's cooperation, the perception of campus traffic conditions and attitudes toward one's parking behavior. Factor scores obtained were subjected to a cluster analysis, which, within 105 defectors, yielded three subgroups. Contrary to prediction, subgroups were not different in their cooperation ratio examined 10 months later, but tended to be different in their readiness for acceptance of persuasion and in their intention to cooperate in a social dilemma other than parking. Two mechanisms underlying cooperation were revealed: internalization of prosocial norm, and compliance in which cooperation was unaccompanied by correspondent changes in normative beliefs. The Fishbein model was applicable only to change through internalization. A linear assumption in the Fishbein model between evaluative attitude and behavior should be reexamined in its application to a social dilemma.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Enhancing CVD related behavioral changes in the workplace. Corporate comparisons and cultural issues.

It is difficult to compare the results of corporate health promotion programs without knowing the level of intervention. Levels of intervention can be defined according to five intervention strategies: Awareness, Motivation, Behavior Change, Maintenance, and Culture Change. Many companies have extensive awareness, motivation, and behavior change strategies, but could improve their maintenance and culture change strategies. Corporate health promotion programs could benefit by more integration with HRD, better relapse prevention technology, more management support, and innovative reward systems. In order to be more effective, there needs to be a fair distribution of responsibility between the organization and the individual employee.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed1989

Behavior change following head injury: clinical assessment and intervention.

Behavioral change after head injury is a multiply determined event which requires careful assessment of biologic, psychologic, and social parameters prior to the initiation of a treatment plan. Under certain conditions, the prudent use of neuropsychopharmacologic agents may substantially augment the rehabilitation process. While some data exist relative to therapeutic efficacy of these agents, further investigation is required to better define the complementary roles of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial intervention in these individuals.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗

PubMed1991

Behavioral changes in cold-stressed mice related to a central calcium-dependent-catecholamine synthesizing system.

An investigation was carried out regarding the mechanism of behavioral changes in mice elicited by cold stress. Cold stress was induced in adult male mice by restraining them from free action for 2 h at 4 degrees C. As the control test, mice were restrained from free action for 2 h at room temperature. The locomotor counts in cold-stressed mice were found to be lower than in controls. The counts in cold-stressed mice were increased by IP pretreatment with EDTA or alpha-methyltyrosine (tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor), and were further decreased by IP pretreatment with CaCl2. On the other hand, serum calcium and brain calcium levels in cold-stressed mice were increased 15-30 min and 30 min, respectively, after restraint under cold temperatures, and returned to original levels 1 h after restraint. Also, the biochemical and immunohistochemical brain dopamine levels in cold-stressed mice were higher than in control mice. The increment of brain dopamine levels in the control mice was also observed by the administration of CaCl2. Furthermore, the ability of cold stress to enhance the dopamine level in mice brains was attenuated by IP pretreatment with alpha-methyltyrosine. In light of previous reports that central calcium activates catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes via a calmodulin-dependent system, it is suggested that cold stress enhances the brain calcium level, and then increased calcium enhances dopamine synthesis in the brain through a central calcium-dependent catecholamine synthesizing system. Subsequently, increased dopamine induces behavioral changes.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Relationship of AIDS-related attitudes to sexual behavior changes in adolescents.

The impact of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic on a group of adolescents was investigated by surveying 197 sexually active, predominantly African-American, urban high school students. Reported sexual behavior changes were evaluated in relation to AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes. Over 50% of the students decreased their frequency of sexual activity, increased their condom use, and/or decreased their number of partners. These students had significantly higher scores on a measure of worry about vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection than those whose behavior had not changed. AIDS knowledge, AIDS beliefs, and AIDS-related anxiety interacted with gender to affect sexual behavior change. Male students reporting decreased frequency of sexual activity, for example, had more accurate beliefs about AIDS than males reporting no decrease. Among female students, however, those reporting decreased frequency had less accurate beliefs than those reporting no decrease. These results highlight the importance of considering gender and specific sexual behaviors when designing AIDS education interventions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1981

Companion program by university students and behavioral change in female chronic schizophrenics.

Experimental evidence showed that university students who participated in the "companion program" produced positive changes in chronic schizophrenic patients. This study reported the number of visits in order to produce observable behavioral changes. Thirty-six female patients hospitalized for at least 3 years were visited by university students once, twice, or three times weekly for 7 weeks. A control group received no visit. Results revealed that only functional behavior in the three visits per week group showed significant improvement, which suggests that a minimum of three visits of half an hour each per week is required to produce behavioral changes in female chronic schizophrenic patients.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

HIV decline associated with behavior change in eastern Zimbabwe.

Few sub-Saharan African countries have witnessed declines in HIV prevalence, and only Uganda has compelling evidence for a decline founded on sexual behavior change. We report a decline in HIV prevalence in eastern Zimbabwe between 1998 and 2003 associated with sexual behavior change in four distinct socioeconomic strata. HIV prevalence fell most steeply at young ages-by 23 and 49%, respectively, among men aged 17 to 29 years and women aged 15 to 24 years-and in more educated groups. Sexually experienced men and women reported reductions in casual sex of 49 and 22%, respectively, whereas recent cohorts reported delayed sexual debut. Selective AIDS-induced mortality contributed to the decline in HIV prevalence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Effects of Kamikihi-To, a traditional Chinese medicine, on behavioral changes induced by methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate in mice and rats.

The effects of Kamikihi-To (KMK), a traditional Chinese medicine, on behavioral changes induced by methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM) were evaluated in mice and rats. Beta-CCM, an anxiogenic benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist (3.0 mg/kg, i.v. administered 1 min before the test), decreased the locomotor activity of mice in a novel environment. Furthermore, beta-CCM (0.1 mg/kg, i.v. administered 10 min before the test) facilitated the suppression of drinking behavior induced by punishment in the water lick conflict test in rats. KMK (1.0 and 2.0 g/kg, p.o. administered 1 hr before the test) antagonized the decreased locomotor activity in the beta-CCM-treated mice. KMK (2.0 g/kg, p.o.) also recovered the suppression of drinking behavior in the beta-CCM-treated rats. KMK (2.0 g/kg, p.o.) had no effect on beta-CCM-untreated mice and rats in these tests. These findings suggest that KMK has a protective effect against beta-CCM-induced behavioral changes.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Comparative cost-effectiveness of the components of a behavior change communication campaign on HIV/AIDS in North India.

Numerous studies show that exposure to entertainment-education-based mass media campaigns is associated with reduction in risk behaviors. Concurrently, there is a growing interest in comparing the cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions taking into account infrastructural and programmatic costs. In such analyses, though few in number, mass media campaigns have fared well. Using data from a mass media communication campaign in the low HIV prevalence states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Delhi in Northern India, in this article we examine the following: (1) factors that mediate behavior change in different components of the campaign, comprising a TV drama, reality show for youth audiences, and TV spots; (2) the relative impact of campaign components on the behavioral outcome: condom use; and (3) the cost-effectiveness calculations arising from this analysis. Results suggest that recall of the TV spots and the TV drama influences behavior change and is strongly associated with interpersonal communication and positive gender attitudes. The TV drama, in spite of being the costliest, emerges as the most cost-effective component when considering the behavioral outcome of interest. The analysis of the comparative cost-effectiveness of individual campaign components provides insights into the planning of resources for communication interventions globally.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗