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PubMed1999

Occupational exposure limits based on biological monitoring: the Japan Society for Occupational Health.

The Japan Society for Occupational Health started to recommend an occupational exposure limit based on biological monitoring (OEL-B) in 1993. Up to 1998, OEL-Bs for mercury, lead, hexane and 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane had been adopted and those for 17 chemical substances (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel, acetone, methanol, benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, N,N-dimethylacetoamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide, and organophospate insecticides) are in preparation.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1997

Biological monitoring of exposure to chlorpyrifos-methyl by assay of urinary alkylphosphates and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol.

The results of biological monitoring by assay of urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and alkylphosphates (DMP, DMTP) in groups of 9 and 2 workers exposed to chlorpyrifos-methyl during vine spraying and manual leaf thinning 5-11 d after spraying, respectively, are reported. The results are compared with those of a control group of 46 subjects not occupationally exposed to organophosphate insecticides. Significantly higher urinary excretion of metabolites (Mann-Whitney U-test) was found in both groups than in controls. Levels of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (mean +/- SD) were 15.9 + 10.6 nmol/g creatinine (n = 33) for controls, 92.4 + 162.5 nmol/g creatinine (n = 20) for manual workers, and 675.5 + 1110.8 nmol/g creatinine (n = 48) for workers spraying and mixing the insecticide. Levels of DMP (mean +/- SD) were 63.8 + 100.1 nmol/g creatinine (n = 42), 123.0 + 79.0 nmol/g creatinine (n = 20), and 577.2 + 1003.2 nmol/g creatinine (n = 61), respectively, for the same 3 groups. Levels of DMTP (mean +/- SD) were 153.4 + 164.4 nmol/g creatinine (n = 43), 489.3 + 288.3 nmol/g creatinine (n = 20), and 297.6 + 215.4 nmol/g creatinine (n = 61), respectively, for the same 3 groups. Good correlations were found between urinary excretion of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and DMP (r = .776 for manual workers; r = .775 for workers mixing and spraying the insecticide) or DMTP (r = .558 and r = .746, respectively for the same 2 groups). The peak of excretion of the three metabolites was found in urine samples collected the night after the spraying or leaf thinning operations.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Estimating exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a comparison of survey, biological monitoring, and geographic information system-based methods.

Our objective was to compare polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure estimates based on survey, biological monitoring, and geographic information system (GIS) methods. The 304 participants in this study supplied a urine sample and completed questionnaires about exposure to potential PAH sources. We assayed urine samples for 1-hydroxypyrene-O-glucuronide (1-OHPG), the major metabolite of pyrene, a common PAH. We used a GIS to estimate traffic exhaust exposure using vehicle count data at the residence and workplace. The five subjects who reported smoking during the 48-hour period had median 1-OHPG concentrations 10-fold that of nonsmokers (1.6 versus 0.16 pmol/mL; P = 0.01). Among nonsmokers, those who reported eating grilled, roasted, or broiled meat had significantly higher 1-OHPG concentrations than those who did not reported eating meat prepared by these methods (0.25 versus 0.06 pmol/mL; P = 0.02). Nonsmokers who reported traveling on roads for > or =3 hours during the 48-hour period also had significantly higher 1-OHPG levels than those who traveled <3 hours (0.23 versus 0.11 pmol/mL; P = 0.03). 1-OHPG levels were also correlated with hours of secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmokers (P = 0.04). In this study, 1-OHPG urine concentrations were not associated with self-reported exposures to cooking smoke, wood burning, or traffic levels near the home or to traffic density or urban/rural status determined using a GIS. Self-reported indicators of residential proximity to high traffic volume were, however, associated with GIS traffic density measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Biological monitoring standards for industrial toluene exposure recommended for South Africa.

Coal combustion is used in many industrial processes in South Africa. The exposure of workers and the absence of international biological monitoring standards for toluene created a problem. A cross-sectional study on 100 workers indicated that the biological threshold for ortho-cresol:creatinine ratio reference value of < 1 mg/g could presently be used as a reference for non-industrial human exposure while the < 2 mg/g rate is for worker exposure in an industrial environment at a coal combustion plant.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1994

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to cobalt metal, salt, oxides, and hard metal dust.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the relation between environmental and biological (blood and urine) indices of exposure to different chemical forms of cobalt. METHODS: A cross sectional study was undertaken in workers exposed to cobalt metal, oxides, and salts in a refinery and to a mixture of cobalt and tungsten carbide in a hard metal producing plant. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Although biological monitoring of workers exposed to cobalt oxides showed higher blood and urine concentrations than in non-exposed subjects, these indices poorly reflected the recent exposure level. By contrast, when exposure was to soluble cobalt compounds (metal, salts, and hard metals), the measurement of urine or blood cobalt at the end of the workweek could be recommended for the assessment of recent exposure. An eight hour exposure to 20 or 50 micrograms/m3 of a soluble form of cobalt would lead to an average concentration in a postshift urine sample collected at the end of the workweek of 18.2 or 32.4 micrograms of cobalt/g creatinine, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Review and perspective on the use of mixed-function oxygenase enzymes in biological monitoring.

It is often suggested that changes in simple biochemical/physiological responses may be useful for predicting the impacts of pollutants at population and community levels of biological organization. There are serious conceptual constraints to such a thesis and its seems likely that such simple responses can go no further than serving as early warning systems for delineating potential areas of pollutant impact--areas which (if shown to be significant in size) can then be subjected to more detailed population and community type studies. Environmental testing is a prerequisite for any response suggested to have value as a biological monitoring index and the induction of mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) enzymes has now been validated in a large number of field studies worldwide. Investigations have progressed from documenting induction near localized sources of hydrocarbon contamination to more diffuse sources of mixed organic pollution originating from industrial and domestic sources. Studies in the Great Lakes and Europe have demonstrated that the induction of MFO enzymes is a biological response of sufficient sensitivity to discriminate water quality differences over broad geographical areas. We suggest that as an early warning system, the induction of these enzymes can fulfill the requirement of "most sensitive biological response" for assessing a variety of organic pollution conditions. Given the high level of sensitivity of the MFO enzyme response, negative as well as positive field trials can be of value in addressing concerns about the toxicological significance of "high-profile" chemicals (and potent inducers) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorines. MFO enzyme induction can also be an economical tool for environmental managers for reacting to real or perceived concerns about pollution such as effects on commercial fish stocks at sites of petroleum hydrocarbon development in the oceans.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Biological monitoring of human exposure to coal tar. Urinary excretion of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 1-hydroxypyrene and mutagens in psoriatic patients.

Three methods for the biological monitoring of human exposure to coal tar were compared. Levels of 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OH PYR), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and mutagens (Ames plate incorporation assay using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence of S9 and beta-glucuronidase) were determined in urinary samples from psoriatic patients undergoing topical treatment with mineral coal tar. A single sample of urine with a high content of PAH was diluted with urine of nonexposed, non-smoking subjects in order to obtain nine samples with a decreasing content of PAh metabolites. Mutagenicity of the extracts was detectable down to the dilution corresponding to a content in 1-OH PYR of about 50 micrograms/g creatinine and total PAH of 7 micrograms/g creatinine. In a second phase the three indicators of exposure to PAH were compared in 16 urinary samples from four psoriatic patients. The total PAH levels determined by the acidic deconjugation/reduction method were confirmed to be nearly always lower than the corresponding levels of 1-OH PYR alone. Most of the extracts were mutagenic, however, some of the samples with a high content in PAh metabolites were not mutagenic. In all the urinary samples analyzed the excretion of 1-OH PYR was markedly greater than in control subjects. 1-OH PYR and urinary mutagenicity levels were well correlated. The present data suggest that both the determination of mutagenicity and 1-OH PYR in urine may be used to monitor occupational exposure to PAH, the latter method being cheaper and of greater specificity and sensitivity.

Coal Tar↗
PubMed1998

[Studies on biological monitoring of adrenocortical function in workers exposed to carbon disulfide].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of carbon disulfide on adrenocortical function and analyze and compare the various biological materials used in biological monitoring by observing the changes of adrenocortical hormones and their metabolites in blood, saliva and urine of a viscose rayon mill exposed to carbon disulfide for long-term. METHODS: Cortisol in blood and saliva was determined by 125I-radioimmunoassay (RIA), cortisol and cortisone in urine by high performance liquid chromatogaphy (HPLC), and their metabolite 17-ketosteroid by chemical method. Data collected were analyzed by SPSS software in microcomputer to compare their difference between two groups, relationship between them and concentrations of carbon disulfide, and consistence between nontraumatic indices in saliva and urine and blood hormone. RESULTS: Levels of adrenocortical hormones and their metabolites in blood, urine and saliva decreased in the workers exposed to concentrations of carbon disulfide exceeding the national allowable standard, and correlated closely with them. There was a good correlationship between indices in blood and in urine. CONCLUSION: Blood cortisol, urine free cortisol, cortisone and its metabolite 17-ketosteroid all are good indices for biological effects reflecting adrenocortical function, and detection for urine cortisol and its metabolite is more practicable because of its non-traumatic features.

17-Ketosteroids↗
PubMed1991

Quality control program on biological monitoring by Japan Federation of Occupational Health Organizations.

Since 1980, the Japan Federation of Occupational Health Organizations has been conducting an external quality control survey for biological monitoring under a contract with the Ministry of Labour of the Japanese Government. The number of participating organizations has increased from 91 in 1980 to 179 in 1987. The items in the program were lead and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations in blood, and lead, coproporphyrin, delta-aminolevulinic acid, chromium, hippuric acid, methylhippuric acid, total trichloro-compounds, mandelic acid, and phenol concentrations in urine. Evaluation was based on a scoring system. The scores were on the slope of major axis for probable ellipse, the slope of regression line, square root of error mean square for regression, performance indices, and the difference between 'true' and observed values of each sample. There was a gradual improvement in the evaluation scores as a function of time. The improvement was paralleled by the adoption of modern analytical methods such as flameless atomic absorption spectrometry for blood-lead measurement and high-performance liquid chromatography for urinary hippuric acid determination in many participants. These methods are simple in operation and reliable in performance. It was considered very probable that the program promoted the adoption.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1999

Determination of arsenic in urine by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to arsenic.

An atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) method was successfully applied to analysis of urine for arsenic (As) as a measure of biological monitoring of occupational exposure to As in Vietnam. The application of the method to urine samples from 75 non-exposed control urbanites (after 2-day abstinence from sea foods) gave a reference level of 62.4 +/- 11.6 microg/l (as mean +/- S.D.), from which the upper limit of the normal value (74 microg/l as mean +/- 1 S.D.) and the acceptable limit (100 microg/l as mean +/- 3S.D.) were deduced. Further application to urine samples from 147 workers occupationally exposed to As in Bacthai Non-ferrous Metallurgic Corporation showed significantly elevated levels of As in urine, with mean +/- S.D. of 78.5 +/- 20.2 microg/l. Improvement of working conditions to reduce As exposure resulted in substantial reduction in the ratio of those with urinary As at the level in excess of the acceptable limit. The practical importance of total arsenic determination in urine after 2-day sea food abstinence is discussed in connection with current conditions in analytical laboratories in Vietnam.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide by determination of the urinary metabolites, N-methylformamide and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl) cysteine.

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was carried out by determination of the urinary metabolites, N-methylformamide (MF, mainly from N-hydroxymethylformamide) and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC), which were derived from two different routes of metabolism of the solvent. The urinary levels of MF increased rapidly at the start of the work shift, and decreased almost to zero within 24 h after the beginning of the last exposure. The highest level was found between the end of the afternoon shift and bedtime. AMCC levels remained constant over the consecutive work days and increased after the cessation of exposure, with the peak concentration being observed at 16-40 h after the cessation of exposure. AMCC levels at the beginning of the next morning shift were closely correlated with personal exposure levels of DMF in air, although the correlation of MF and DMF in air was highest in the urine at the end of the shift. Hence urinary AMCC represents an index of the average exposure during several preceding work days and may indicate the internal dose. By contrast, MF represents an index of daily exposure.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1999

Biological monitoring in occupational and environmental toxicology.

Recent developments in analytical chemistry improve our ability to characterise individual exposure to environmental pollutants by measuring their levels in accessible biological media, down to the nanomolar level even for organic compounds. As useful complements for risk assessment, biomarkers of individual susceptibility are being intensively investigated in both cancer and non cancer epidemiology, acknowledging that host factors may not only play a key role in multifactorial diseases, but also affect the lower tail of the dose-response relationship for toxic outcomes. A third promising area of research is the development and validation of biomarkers of early effect. The use of more quantitative and sensitive end-points could increase our ability to identify toxic responses to chemicals polluting the workplace and the general environment. As a whole, these advances are likely to result in a better characterisation of dose-response relationships, a key step towards effective prevention. This paper provides an overview of the 4th International Symposium on Biological Monitoring.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1981

Assessment of risk by biological monitoring.

Variability between workers is reflected in differences in uptake, metabolism, and excretion of toxic substances, and thus individual response to toxic hazards. It is argued that biological monitoring takes account of these differences enabling individual risk assessments to be made. Risk, however, must be seen in terms of clinical and pathological changes-that is, estimated from morbidity and mortality rates-and so laboratory measurements need to be linked to epidemiological studies before they can be used to indicate acceptable or unacceptable uptake of toxic materials.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Environmental and biologic monitoring of atrazine exposure at a formulating plant].

Atrazine exposure was evaluated in three workers engaged in technical Atrazine dust formulating and bagging processes, by environmental and biological monitoring. We found an Atrazine concentration in breathing area of 31.2 micrograms/m3 (SD +/- 9.9); actual inhalatory absorption was 20.7 micrograms/workshift. Cutaneous amount was 6 mg per workshift and the largest fraction was found on hands. Supposing that only 3.5% of the applied was absorbed, 239.7 micrograms of Atrazine were taken up by skin per workshift. The dealkylated metabolites and parent compound excreted in urine, as a whole, accounted for 71.09% of the presumed total dose absorbed. The spectrum or the urinary Atrazine metabolites comprised bi-dealkylated (58%), deethylated (30.7%), deisopropylated (7.7%) and unmodified Atrazine (3.6%). About 31% of the amount is excreted during the workshift itself. These findings allow to evaluate the magnitude of the real doses absorbed, keeping into account the effect of protective means.

Atrazine↗
PubMed1995

Environmental and biological monitoring of chloroform in indoor swimming pools.

The presence of chloroform as the result of disinfection with sodium hypochlorite was demonstrated in the water and ambient air of indoor swimming pools. Environmental monitoring was performed in 12 indoor swimming pools in northern Italy and the level of human exposure was assessed. Biological monitoring performed by gas chromatography on human plasma and alveolar air samples evidenced that the uptake of chloroform in swimmers varies according to the intensity of the physical activity and age. The elimination of chloroform in alveolar air in one subject showed a very short half-life (from 20 to 27 min) and a complete clearance within 10 h after the end of exposure.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed2001

Environmental and biological monitoring of occupational exposure to organic micropollutants in gasoline.

An exposure risk assessment of workers in a refinery production unit was undertaken. Gasoline and its main components were investigated through environmental and biological monitoring. Measured variables were environmental benzene, toluene, pentane and hexane; benzene and toluene in blood and urine; tt-MA (metabolite of benzene) in urine. Multivariate statistical analysis of the data showed that worker's exposure to the above substances fell within the limits specified by organisations such as ACGIH. Also, biological values complied with reference values (RV) for non-occupationally-exposed population. Different values of biological variables were determined by separating smokers from non-smokers: smokers had hematic and urinary benzene values significantly higher than non-smokers. During a 3-yr sampling, it was possible to identify a significant decrease of benzene in the workplace air and of hematic benzene for non-smokers. The most exposed department, one in which tank-lorries were loaded, needs further investigation and extended monitoring.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Biological monitoring of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides: II. Monitoring of intact pesticides and their metabolites.

Analytical methods have been developed for the detection of a variety of compounds that are found intact or as metabolites in biological samples from workers exposed to pesticides. Such tests are used primarily in research settings to describe patterns of absorption, metabolism, and excretion, to derive exposure limits for occupational exposure, to evaluate the adequacy of these limits and of work practices in field settings, and to confirm the etiology of poisonings for medicolegal purposes. We review here methods used in studies of occupational pesticide exposure, with particular attention to validation in terms of dose-response relationships, to technical complexity and cost, to the requirements for analytical quality control, and to the utility of these methods for field research purposes. Biological monitoring for intact pesticides or metabolites in agricultural workers is limited to a few chemicals, notably, pentachlorophenol, methyl bromide, and chlordimeform. These programs and their use in regulation and enforcement are described.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗