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PubMed1991

Exercise and body composition.

We assessed changes in body composition in 41 young adults who engaged in various exercise and/or training programs on ad libitum diets. Most of those who gained weight sustained an increase in lean body mass (LBM), and most of those who lost weight lost LBM as well as fat. The change in LBM was directly related to the change in weight, with a regression slope of 0.500. An analysis of published data confirms these findings and, in concert with our data, provides the additional information that the magnitude of the change in body composition in exercising individuals is influenced by body fat content, just as it is for nonexercising individuals.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1996

Body composition during weight loss in obese patients estimated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and by total body potassium.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the ability of DXA to measure total body composition before and after weight loss and the composition of the lost body mass. DESIGN: Cross sectional and follow-up study of body composition before and after a weight loss of 10.6 +/- 6.8 kg. SUBJECTS: 31 obese subjects with a mean body weight of 105.2 +/- 15.2 kg at baseline, and a mean body weight of 94.6 +/- 16.5 kg at follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: Body composition was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry, total body potassium counting, and high precision scales before and after a weight loss. RESULTS: DXA and the scales showed a strong linear relation (r = 1). At baseline, however, DXA underestimated the body weight by a maximum of 3.2 kg because the subjects were too large for the scan table. After weight loss body weight measurements were accurate. Before and after weight loss the linear relations between DXA and TBK for FFM were strong (r = 0.92 and 0.93). Bland and Altman plots showed limits of agreement of +/-9 kg before and after weight loss; DXA underestimated FFM in women and overestimated FFM in men. DXA accounted for 80% of the lost body weight. The composition of the lost body mass did not differ from that estimated by TBK (7.6% FFM and 92.4% FM by TBK; 11% FFM and 89% FM by DXA). CONCLUSION: DXA estimates accurately the body composition and the composition of weight loss in groups of obese subjects. However, the scan table may be too small for patients weighing more than 95 kg.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1987

Body composition in paraplegic male athletes.

The body composition and anthropometric characteristics of male paraplegic athletes (PARA, N = 22) were contrasted to an able-bodied ectomorphic (N = 22) and mesomorphic (N = 31) comparison group of moderately and highly trained male subjects. The validity of 12 body composition [density (Db)] prediction equations reported in the literature, 4 generalized, were determined (tested) on this special group of athletes (PARA). On the whole, the prediction equations over-predicted Db in PARA by 0.0039 to 0.0166 g X cm-3 (under-predicted relative fat by 1.8 to 7.4%). Five diameter, 11 circumference, and 7 skinfold measures were used in a SAS-STEPWISE multiple regression procedure with hydrostatically determined Db to develop several suitable Db prediction equations for the paraplegic athlete. Diameters were poor predictors (r = 0.60, SEE = 0.0164), while skinfolds, circumferences, or a combination of measures were acceptable, with the combined equation being best (r = 0.95, SEE = 0.0064). The findings of this study suggest that even generalized equations do not adequately predict Db in PARA and that paraplegic specific equations are presently best suited for predicting Db in paraplegic athletes. The results further indicate that although these equations meet many of the criteria of Lohman, the SEE and total error values are unusually high and make prediction of body composition using anthropometry in a heterogeneous group of PARA athletes slightly unreliable.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Familial resemblance of body composition in prepubertal girls and their biological parents.

BACKGROUND: Heritability estimates for body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) in children generally have been derived from twin and adoption studies. However, BMI does not reflect total or regional body composition. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the familial resemblance of body composition between prepubertal girls of normal weight and body fatness and their parents by using state-of-the-art technology. DESIGN: The subjects were 101 girls [mean age: 8.5 +/- 0.4 y; percentage body fat (%BF): 12-30%] and their biological parents. Weight, height, and body composition [fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and %BF] were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and total body potassium (TBK). RESULTS: Weight, height, and BMI showed low-to-moderate similarity between the girls and both their parents (r = 0.29-0.44, P < 0.01). The girls' FM, FFM, and %BF were significantly related to both parents' body composition. Cross-generational equations were developed for DXA, eg, child's %BF = 12.4 + (0.158 paternal %BF) + (0.145 maternal %BF) (adjusted r(2) = 0.16, P < 0.001). Regional analysis with DXA showed that the adjusted r(2) values for the arm, trunk, and leg regions, respectively, were 0.17, 0.33, and 0.31 for lean tissue mass and 0.11, 0.14, and 0.09 for FM. TBK showed a similar relation between parents and girls (r = 0.28-0.47, P < 0.01). Significant heritability (h(2) +/- SE) was detected for BMI (0.35 +/- 0.17, P = 0.03) and %BF measured with DXA (0.50 +/- 0.12, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The body composition of prepubertal girls of normal weight and body fatness is significantly related to the body composition of both biological parents.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1981

Compartmental body composition of cancer patients by measurement of total body nitrogen, potassium, and water.

Quantitative measurement was made of body composition in patients with several forms of neoplastic disease. Total body nitrogen was determined by means of the prompt gamma neutron activation technique; total body potassium was measured with the use of a whole body counter. The mass and protein content of the muscle compartment and nonmuscle lean tissue were estimated by application of the technique of compartmental analysis. Total body water, determined simultaneously with the use of tritium label, provided a measure of lean body mass. From these data, the body fat can be inferred. The prompt gamma neutron activation and whole body counting techniques represent a considerable advance over the balance and radioisotope techniques used in earlier studies. The new techniques make possible sequential studies over prolonged periods of time with a considerable degree of accuracy. The loss of body weight by patients with solid tumors consisted primarily of the loss of muscle mass and body fat. Even in severe wasting, the patients appear to retain significant amounts of body fat. It is the skeletal muscle which is predominantly lost; the visceral life-supporting system is, to a considerable extent, spared. The nonmuscle tissue including the visceral fraction did not change in this study, and actually appeared to increase in size when comparison was made with the normal contrast population. The loss of total body water was slight in the cancer patients studied.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2006

Body composition and metabolic effects of a diet and exercise weight loss regimen on obese, HIV-infected women.

HIV has classically been a wasting disease. However, in the United States, obesity is increasingly common among HIV-infected individuals receiving effective antiviral treatment. The risks of obesity are unclear in HIV, although the increased prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the presence or absence of obesity causes growing concern. This study aimed to assess the effects of weight loss (through energy restriction combined with aerobic and resistance exercise) on body composition, body fat distribution, resting energy expenditure, quality of life (QOL), strength and fitness, and metabolic risk factors in obese, HIV-infected women. Eighteen HIV-infected women with a body mass index of 30 or more completed a 12-week weight loss program. Before and after the intervention, body composition and fat distribution by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging, resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry, QOL, strength, and fitness were measured. Insulin sensitivity by intravenous glucose tolerance test and circulating cardiovascular risk factors (including lipids, tissue plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1) were measured in a subset (n = 9). Daily food intake and total body weight decreased (mean +/- SD) by 3195 +/- 477 kJ and 6.7 +/- 4.2 kg, respectively. Weight lost was 95.5% fat by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry or 6.2 L of subcutaneous adipose tissue, 0.7 L visceral adipose tissue, and 0.8 L skeletal muscle by magnetic resonance imaging. Resting energy expenditure fell approximately 419 kJ, strength and fitness increased by 28.9% +/- 18.5% and 36.8% +/- 41.6%, respectively, and QOL improved in 11 of 13 dimensions. There was significant insulin resistance in the subset with metabolic measurements at baseline, and at follow-up there was no improvement in fasting glucose, insulin, or insulin sensitivity, nor was there any change in fasting lipids, tissue plasminogen activator, or plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. There was no significant change in CD4 count or HIV viral load. In conclusion, moderate weight loss achieved by a short-term program of diet and exercise in obese HIV-positive women appears safe and induces loss of adiposity in both the subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue regions. Despite reduced food intake, weight and fat loss, as well as improvements in strength, fitness, and QOL, the lack of improvement in metabolic parameters suggests that additional interventions may be necessary to reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in this population.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1992

Body composition in growth hormone-deficient adults.

Body composition in a group of growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults was compared with a control group matched for age, sex, body height, body weight, and body mass index by using bioelectrical impedance and deuterium oxide-dilution methods and hydrodensitometry. The body-fat percentages of GH-deficient adults were higher despite comparable weight, height, age, and body mass index. Body impedance was higher in the GH-deficient adults after correction for differences in height and fat-free mass. As a consequence, prediction formulas for body composition from body impedance developed in normal subjects cannot be applied to GH-deficient subjects. The higher body impedance in the GH-deficient subjects can be ascribed to a smaller amount of extracellular water in these subjects than in control subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1989

Comparison of body composition, exercise and nutritional profiles of female and male body builders at competition.

Limited research information is available on the training programs and dietary practices of competitive male and female body builders. Information on body composition, training programs, and nutritional profiles of eleven competitive male and female body builders were obtained 48 hours prior to competition. Body composition was assessed by hydrostatic weighing. Skinfold data were obtained to assess the distribution of subcutaneous fat. Questionnaires concerning training programs and a three day food intake record were collected. The female body builders achieved a degree of leanness similar to the males. The relative training volumes for the women were greater than those of the men for all body regions. Gender differences were found in regional deposition of subcutaneous fat between males and females, with the males showing a more uniform distribution of subcutaneous fat. The nutritional profiles of male and female body builders were similar. The pre-competitive diets were low in kilocalories, and the relative energy intakes for men and women were 28.6 kcal/kg and 29.2 kcal/kg respectively. Both men and women consumed low fat and high protein foods. All of the vitamin/mineral intakes of the body builders exceeded the RDA's with the exceptions of calcium for men and women and iron for women only.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

The body composition of a college football team.

The body composition and anthropometric measurements of 65 college football players were studied. Body composition was determined by underwater weighing with an accurate assessment of residual volume. The anthropometric measurements included height, weight, seven skinfolds, waist circumference and wrist diameter. A step-wise multiple regression analysis of the data indicated that body density and body fat could be predicted from anthropometric measurements. A multiple correlation of .96 was found between body density and three independent variables (waist circumference, triceps skinfold and height). The derived regression equations' standard errors of the estimate were 0.0041 body density units and 1.64 percent fat respectively. The team data were divided into five categories by position. When subjected to analysis of variance, significant differences at the .01 level of confidence suggested that at least two separate groups, backs and linemen, be used in future body composition studies of football teams. The estimated optimal playing weights of each player were determined by densitometry, and each player and the coach estimated that their optimal weights through personal experience. It was found that the players and the coach estimated the players optimal mean weight by 9 and 6 pounds heavier, respectively, than the densitometric analysis indicated as optimal.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Body composition of newborn twins: intrapair differences.

OBJECTIVE: To measure body composition in newborn twins and to test the hypothesis that differences in body weights between twins are reflected proportionally by their differences in various components of body composition. METHODS: 48 pairs of newborn twins delivered at a tertiary teaching hospital had dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) body composition measurement for bone mineral content (BMC), lean and fat mass (LM, FM). Data analyzed with regression and analysis of variance. RESULTS: Body weight, BMC, LM and FM increased with increased gestational age (p < 0.001). The percent difference in BW between each twin pair was significantly correlated with percent difference in BMC, LM, and FM (p < 0.001). However, mean (+/- SD) percent difference in body weight (14.3+/-10.0%) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than FM (26.0+/-15.0%) but was not significantly different from LM (13.4+/-9.0%) or BMC (15.9+/-11.6%). CONCLUSION: In newborn twins, body weight and body composition varies with gestational age. For any twin pair, a difference in body weight was correlated with but not proportional to differences in individual components of body composition.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1999

Bioelectrical impedance plethysmographic analysis of body composition in critically injured and healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Determination of body composition during critical illness is complex because of various patient-related and technical factors. Bioelectrical impedance is a promising technique for the analysis of body composition; however, its clinical utility in critically injured patients is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare bioelectrical impedance with metabolic activity in healthy and critically injured patients. If bioelectrical impedance accurately determines body composition during critical illness, the slope between body-composition variables and oxygen consumption would be the same in critically injured and healthy subjects. DESIGN: There is a strong linear relation between body composition and metabolic activity. In the present study, body composition (fat-free mass and body cell mass) was determined by using bioelectrical impedance and resting metabolic activity (metabolic rate and oxygen consumption) by using gas exchange analysis in a group of healthy and critically injured subjects. The relation between these variables was compared by using linear regression to a similar relation established by hydrostatic weighing in a large historical control group. RESULTS: The slope of the line relating fat-free mass to resting metabolic rate was the same in the healthy and critically ill groups (P = 0.62) and each was similar to the slope of the line for the control group. However, in 37% of the critically injured group, overhydration contributed to an increase in fat-free mass, disturbing the relation with resting metabolic rate. The slope of the line relating body cell mass to oxygen consumption in our healthy and critically ill groups was almost identical. CONCLUSION: These results support the use of bioelectrical impedance to determine body cell mass in healthy and critically ill subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Prediction of tissular body composition from protein and lipid deposition in growing pigs.

Tissular and chemical body composition were measured for 85 pigs that were serially slaughtered between 15 and 110 kg BW and considered lean (boars from a Synthetic Line and the Piétrain breed), conventional (boars, gilts, and barrows from the Large White breed), or obese (Meishan barrows). These six groups were expected to be quite different with regard to their body composition. Tissular body composition was predicted from chemical body composition, according to nonlinear regression models. Common relationships were obtained for lean and conventional pigs (Group effect: P > .05). Empty body weight and the weight of adipose tissues were predicted directly from the amounts of body protein and lipid, whereas for estimation of weights of carcass, muscle, and lean, the prediction was improved when the weight of offals (visceral organs and blood) was also included in the model. Validation of prediction models on literature data indicated good agreement between calculated and measured values (R2 > .90). These relationships were not applicable to Meishan barrows. In pig growth modeling approaches, proposed equations can be used in order to predict the tissular composition of body weight gain and commercial value at slaughter.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2003

Anthropometry and body composition of 18 year old men according to duration of breast feeding: birth cohort study from Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between duration of breast feeding and measures of adiposity in adolescence. DESIGN: Population based birth cohort study. SETTING: Pelotas, a city of 320 000 inhabitants in a relatively developed area in southern Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: All newborn infants in the city's hospitals were enrolled in 1982; 78.8% (2250) of all male participants were located at age 18 years when enrolling in the national army. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight, height, sitting height, subscapular and triceps skinfolds, and body composition (body fat, lean mass). RESULTS: Neither the duration of total breast feeding nor that of predominant breast feeding (breast milk plus non-nutritive fluids) showed consistent associations with anthropometric or body composition indices. After adjustment for confounding factors, the only significant associations were a greater than 50% reduction in obesity among participants breast fed for three to five months compared with all other breastfeeding categories (P = 0.007) and a linear decreasing trend in obesity with increasing duration of predominant breast feeding (P = 0.03). Similar significant effects were not observed for other measures of adiposity. Borderline direct associations also occurred between total duration of breast feeding and adult height (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: The significant reduction in obesity among children breast fed for three to five months is difficult to interpret, as no a priori hypothesis existed regarding a protective effect of intermediate duration of breast feeding. The findings indicate that, in this population, breast feeding has no marked protective effect against adolescent adiposity.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1995

Aging and body composition: biological changes and methodological issues.

There is no doubt that body composition changes with aging. Some general trends have been described, including an increase in body weight and fat mass in middle age followed by a decrease in stature, weight, FFM, and body cell mass at older ages. Losses in muscle, protein, and bone mineral contribute to the decline in FFM; however, the onset and rates of decline remain controversial. Most data are available for men and women < 80 yr and we know relatively little about the normal status and the changes that occur in body composition in elderly men and women. This situation has developed in part because the changes that occur in various body constituents with aging confound the estimation of body composition by traditional techniques. Hence, there is a need for longitudinal reference data in persons 80 yr of age, both to describe the normal status and to develop valid prediction equations for estimating body composition in older men and women in settings outside the laboratory. This should be possible using new technologies and approaches based on multiple component models of body composition. An understanding of the normal changes in body composition with increasing age, the normal variation in these changes, and their health implications is important for the health, nutritional support, and pharmacologic treatment of elderly men and women in the United States. The information is especially important because elderly men and women, in terms of both numbers and health care dollars, represent the most rapidly expanding segment of the U.S. population.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2004

[A new system using NMR technology for measurement of body composition in experimental animals].

Measurement of body composition (fat mass) is an important item in pathophysiological and pharmacological studies using small animals (mice) in the fields of obesity and diabetes. The existing methods are, however, difficult, time consuming, and require a shielding facility. Now a novel system using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique was developed for measurement of body composition in small animals (mice) that provides noninvasive and rapid measurement without anesthetics; we introduced and evaluated this system and tried another application of this system. First, we validated this system using canola oil, soft tissues (adipose and skeletal muscle), and various kinds of rodent chows. Accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of this system were demonstrated to be equal to those in standard chemical methods. A strong positive correlation (y=x) between the results of NMR and chemical methods was found. Secondly, we evaluated accuracy and assay range of the NMR method using live mice that were fasted overnight or fed high fat diet (HFD). In fasted mice, a small but quantitative decrease of fat mass (5.1% from 9.1%) was detected. Total decrease of fat and lean mass (5.0 g) in fasted mice was equivalent to the decrease of body weight (5.0 g). In mice fed the HFD, increase of fat mass with relative decrease of lean mass were qualitatively detected in a time-dependent manner. We would like to emphasize that operation of the system was actually easy and measurements were accomplished in a short time (1 minute). Thirdly, we tried to use the NMR system for determination of hepatic fat contents using mice fasted or treated with a PPARgamma agonist; our results showed a quantitative increase in fat by fasting or in decrease in fat by the drug treatment. The changes of fat contents determined by the NMR method were well correlated with the changes in triglyceride and total cholesterol values obtained by the biochemical assays. In conclusion, body composition data acquired by the new NMR system are equivalent in accuracy and precision to classical chemical methods. The NMR analysis is simple, fast, and does not require anesthesia for acquisition of data, which are remarkable advantages compared to the existing methods. This system is expected to contribute to drug discovery and appropriate evaluation in the fields of obesity and diabetes.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Protein requirements in preterm infants: effect of different levels of protein intake on growth and body composition.

This study compares growth and body composition in preterm infants (< or =1750 g birth weight, < or =34 wk gestation) fed three iso-caloric formulas (80 kcal/100 mL) with different protein concentrations (A = 3.3 g/100 kcal, B = 3.0 g/100 kcal, C = 2.7 g/100 kcal). The study began when full enteral feeding (150 mL/kg/d) was established and lasted until term plus 12 wk corrected age (T + 12 wca). Nutrient intake was closely monitored throughout the study; daily during initial hospital stay and following discharge averaged between each clinic visit. Anthropometry and serum biochemistries were determined weekly during initial stay and at each clinic visit. Body composition was measured after hospital discharge and at T + 12 wca. Seventy-seven infants were recruited. No differences were detected in birth/enrollment characteristics between the groups. Protein intake was closely paralleled by changes in serum urea nitrogen and differed between the groups. Infants in group A were heavier and longer and had greater head circumference at discharge, but this was confounded by a slightly older corrected age in this group. There were no significant anthropometric differences at term or T + 12 wca. No differences were detected in body composition between the groups following discharge or at T + 12 wca. An intake of 3.3 g/100 kcal appears safe and may promote increased growth before initial hospital discharge. After discharge, intakes greater than 2.7 g/100 kcal do not appear to offer clear advantage. Further studies are needed to more precisely define protein requirements in these nutritionally at-risk infants.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2000

Comparison of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to four other methods to determine body composition in underweight patients with chronic gastrointestinal disease.

Assessment of body composition may provide important information about the nutritional status. The applicability of two safe and convenient methods for body composition analysis, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in underweight patients with chronic gastrointestinal disease has been sparsely elucidated. Our objective was to compare measurements by DXA with four other methods. Furthermore, we compared total body water (TBW) by BIA using three different BIA equations with measurement of TBW by tritium dilution (TBW-3H2O). Nineteen clinically stable underweight patients with chronic gastrointestinal disease were included in the study (body mass index [BMI], 19.3 +/- 1.2 kg/m2). Body composition was assessed using total body potassium (TBK), isotope dilution of tritium (3H2O), anthropometry (skinfold thickness [SF]), BIA, and DXA. Fat-free mass (FFM) by DXA was in reasonable agreement with body composition measurements by TBK (mean difference(TBK-DXA) = -1.61 kg, r = .88, standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 4.66 kg) and 3H2O (mean difference(3H2O-DXA) = 0.98 kg, r = .93, SEE = 3.34 kg). Although mean values for FFM by DXA differed significantly versus BIA and SF, we found highly significant correlations between the measurements (r = .97 and r = .97, respectively). The mean TBW by BIA was overestimated by 1.9 and 3.1 L compared with TBW-3H2O when prediction equations for normal-weight subjects were used. We conclude that the DXA method is a valuable addition to the list of methods available for body composition studies in clinically stable underweight patients. Our data show that BIA equations for normal-weight subjects overestimated TBW in the patients studied.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2005

Body composition measurement in severe obesity.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Severe obesity is accompanied by large increases in fat mass and alterations in the composition of fat free mass, in particular total body water and its extracellular compartment. The physical size limitations imposed by severe obesity, and variations in body composition from that of normal weight, pose tremendous challenges to the measurement of body composition. This review focuses on some of the methodological and practical issues associated with the use of common body composition methods, and identifies available published information on feasible methods for use in the severely obese. RECENT FINDINGS: There is little published research regarding what body composition methods can be used with confidence in the severely obese populations. A simple three-compartment model combining measurements of body density by air displacement plethysmography and total body water by bio-electrical impedance can provide measurements of percentage body fat in the severely obese that are comparable with a traditional, highly technical three-compartment model requiring facilities such as isotope ratio mass spectrometry along with a substantial technical expertise. SUMMARY: This review highlights some of the basic challenges faced by researchers and clinicians when conducting body composition assessments in severely obese patients. A simple three-compartment model that is accurate and easy to perform appears to be promising for use in this population. Further research is needed, however, on this and other feasible methods of body composition assessment in a diverse group of severely obese people.

Adipose Tissue↗