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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources

PubMed1994

Cancer of the prostate: treatment and nursing implications.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To review the clinical manifestations, current treatment, and nursing management of prostate cancer. DATA SOURCES: Published articles, book chapters, American Cancer Society booklets. DATA SYNTHESIS: Prostate cancer is a slow-growing malignancy and usually is asymptomatic in its early stages. It causes acute urinary obstruction at more advanced stages, and patients may present with metastatic disease. Diagnosis is made by biopsy, and treatment options include periodic observation, surgery, radiotherapy hormonal manipulation, and chemotherapy with standard or investigational drugs or combination therapy. The major complications associated with surgery and radiation therapy are transient or permanent incontinence and impotence. CONCLUSIONS: Because no definitive method for identifying clinically important lesions exists, much controversy surrounds prostate cancer treatment. Issues significant to the diagnosis and treatment of all stages of prostate cancer are identified, and nursing care concerns focusing on treatment and disease-related problems are presented. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nursing care focuses on providing patients with accurate information to make informed decisions regarding treatment for early stage disease, on promoting comfort, and on preventing and managing treatment and disease-related complications. Nursing diagnoses include knowledge deficit; altered sexual patterns, body image disturbance, altered urinary elimination, diarrhea, impaired skin integrity, and pain, fatigue, bleeding, and infection, all of which are related to surgery, pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, and edema of the scrotum/lower extremities.

Humans↗

PubMed1993

Frequency of feeding, weight reduction and energy metabolism.

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding frequency on the rate and composition of weight loss and 24 h energy metabolism in moderately obese women on a 1000 kcal/day diet. During four consecutive weeks fourteen female adults (age 20-58 years, BMI 25.4-34.9 kg/m2) restricted their food intake to 1000 kcal/day. Seven subjects consumed the diet in two meals daily (gorging pattern), the others consumed the diet in three to five meals (nibbling pattern). Body mass and body composition, obtained by deuterium dilution, were measured at the start of the experiment and after two and four weeks of dieting. Sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) was measured at the same time intervals using a respiration chamber. At the end of the experiment 24 h energy expenditure (24 h EE) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) were assessed by a 36 h stay in the respiration chamber. There was no significant effect of the feeding frequency on the rate of weight loss, fat mass loss or fat-free mass loss. Furthermore, fat mass and fat-free mass contributed equally to weight loss in subjects on both gorging and nibbling diet. Feeding frequency had no significant effect on SMR after two or four weeks of dieting. The decrease in SMR after four weeks was significantly greater in subjects on the nibbling diet. 24 h EE and DIT were not significantly different between the two feeding regimens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Embryonic induction and role of activins during early amphibian development].

Growth factors are known to act for the formation of the animal tissues and organs. We showed that activins, members of the TGF-beta family growth factors, exist in early amphibian embryos and induce mesoderm tissues and organs in undifferentiated blastomeres (animal cap). Activins are characteristic in that they can establish embryonic body axis, by inducing different mesoderm and endoderm organs depending on their dose. The action of activin seems to be a primary important phenomenon which commonly create the body pattern of vertebrate embryos.

Activins↗

PubMed1998

Loss of function of the homeobox gene Hoxa-9 perturbs early T-cell development and induces apoptosis in primitive thymocytes.

Hox homeobox genes play a crucial role in specifying the embryonic body pattern. However, a role for Hox genes in T-cell development has not been explored. The Hoxa-9 gene is expressed in normal adult and fetal thymuses. Fetal thymuses of mice homozygous for an interruption of the Hoxa-9 gene are one eighth normal size and have a 25-fold decrease in the number of primitive thymocytes expressing the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R, CD25). Progression to the double positive (CD4+CD8+) stage is dramatically retarded in fetal thymic organ cultures. This aberrant development is associated with decreased amounts of intracellular CD3 and T-cell receptor beta (TCRbeta) and reduced surface expression of IL-7R and E-cadherin. Mutant thymocytes show a significant increase in apoptotic cell death and premature downregulation of bcl-2 expression. A similar phenotype is seen in primitive thymocytes from adult Hoxa-9-/- mice and from mice transplanted with Hoxa-9-/- marrow. Hoxa-9 appears to play a previously unsuspected role in T-cell ontogeny by modulating cell survival of early thymocytes and by regulating their subsequent differentiation.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Stature and body weight growth patterns from longitudinal data of Japanese children born during World War II.

Stature and body weight data of 100 boys and 100 girls from 7 to 17 years of age in Shimodate City who were born during World War II were longitudinally analyzed. The children were significantly smaller and lighter throughout their growth period than those born 11 years after the end of the war. The correlation coefficient between statures at each age and at age 17 showed a gradual increase with increasing age, while that between statures at each age and at age 7 decreased with age. However, a drop in the correlation coefficient was found during puberty, at age 11 for girls and at age 13 for boys. Comparing the normalized distance from mean values of stature and body weight at age 7, at puberty, and at age 17, only 51% of the children continued to be in the same relative position for both height and weight, 6% of boys and 4% of girls showing a decreasing pattern for both and 4% of boys and 7% of girls showing an increasing pattern for both. Thus, about 60% of the children of either sex presented parallel stature and body weight growth patterns for ages from 7 to 17.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness, and body fat distribution pattern in nondiabetic offspring of patients with NIDDM.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of insulin sensitivity (SI), glucose effectiveness (glucose-dependent glucose transport [SG]), and body fat distribution patterns in glucose-tolerant offspring of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Ten glucose-tolerant offspring of patients with NIDDM and 10 age-, sex-, and weight-matched healthy control subjects without family history of diabetes were studied with the minimal model method of Bergman et al. Body fat composition and distribution pattern were assessed by the bioelectrical impedance analyzer and waist-hip circumference ratios (WHR), respectively, in each subject. RESULTS: Mean fasting serum glucose (4.39 +/- 0.17 vs. 3.94 +/- 0.17 mM) and postglucose peak (18.50 +/- 1.50 vs. 13.20 +/- 1.06 mM) levels were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the offspring than in the control subjects. Mean fasting serum insulin levels were slightly greater but not significantly different in the offspring versus control subjects (64 +/- 14 vs. 29 +/- 7 pM). After intravenous stimulation with glucose and tolbutamide, the mean serum insulin rose to significantly greater (P less than 0.05) levels at t = 5 and 25 min in the offspring compared with the control subjects. Mean SI was significantly reduced by 45% in the offspring compared with the control subjects (4.77 +/- 0.67 vs. 8.37 +/- 1.24 x 10(-4) min-1.mU-1.L-1). However, SG was not different in the offspring versus control subjects (1.92 +/- 0.12 vs. 2.10 +/- 0.17 x 10(-2) min-1). SI correlated significantly and inversely with the percentage of body fat mass (r = -0.580, P less than 0.05) but not with the WHR (r = -0.019) in the offspring. We found a negative association between SI and basal serum insulin (r = -0.798, P less than 0.01) but not with the poststimulation incremental insulin responses in the offspring. Family history of diabetes independently accounted for at least 27% of variance in the SI in our subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed that insulin insensitivity but not a reduced glucose effectiveness exists in young glucose-tolerant offspring of patients with NIDDM. The reduced S1 appears to be causally related to the total body fat content and may be a familial and/or genetic trait in the offspring.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1994

The alpha beta T-cell receptor repertoire in inclusion body myositis: diverse patterns of gene expression by muscle-infiltrating lymphocytes.

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is one member of a group of disorders known as idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) in which autoreactive T cells directed against muscle are thought to play a primary role in disease pathogenesis. We have utilized the polymerase chain reaction to determine the pattern of alpha beta T-cell receptor (TCR) variable (V) gene expression in muscle biopsies from 13 IBM patients. In the majority of biopsies, we detected oligoclonal patterns of TCR V gene expression by muscle-infiltrating lymphocytes; an average of six out of the 22 TCR V alpha gene families surveyed and seven out of 24 TCR V beta gene families surveyed were detected per biopsy. While no TCR V alpha gene families were over-represented in our survey, TCR V beta 3 and V beta 6 gene usage was a prominent feature of IBM muscle biopsies. TCR gene expression was characterized further by analysing the junctional sequence composition of both V beta 3 and V beta 6 clones from muscle biopsies of the IBM patients. A large number of structurally diverse V beta 3 and V beta 6 clonotypes were identified from these patients demonstrating a polyclonal pattern of T cell infiltration. These data, while describing prominent TCR V beta 3 and V beta 6 gene detection, do not suggest that a common antigen-driven T-cell response promotes chronic inflammation in muscle of IBM patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Continuous exposure to dim illumination uncouples temporal patterns of sleep, body temperature, locomotion and drinking behavior in the rat.

Dissociable circadian rhythms of sleep and body temperature in primates are thought to be regulated by independent oscillators whereas the uncoupling of circadian rhythms has not been well described in other mammals. Therefore, we made simultaneous recordings of non-rapid-eye-movement-sleep (NREMS), rapid-eye-movement-sleep (REMS), brain temperature, intraperitoneal temperature, locomotion and drinking activity under light-dark (LD) and continuous dim illumination (dim LL) and analyzed their interrelations. The rhythmic patterns of body temperature, locomotion and drinking were modified on the 12th circadian day of dim LL, while the mean body temperature as well as mean occurrence of drinking and locomotor activities did not change significantly. In contrast, dim LL exposure significantly increased the total time spent in NREMS during the resting phase of dim LL and increased REMS episodes during the active phase of dim LL. The diverse effects of dim LL exposure on the recorded phenomena suggest that temporal patterns of sleep were the most sensitive to perturbations of lighting and that differential oscillatory mechanisms may regulate sleep and other circadian rhythms in the rat.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

California ground squirrel body temperature regulation patterns measured in the laboratory and in the natural environment.

Body temperature (Tb) was measured by telemetry in both laboratory maintained and natural environment California ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi. Laboratory animals had a mean diurnal Tb of 37.5 degrees C under conditions of LD 14:10, 20 degrees C and 36.5 degrees C under conditions of LD 10:14, 20 degrees C (P < 0.01). Nocturnal mean Tbs were 37.1 and 35.2 degrees C, respectively (P < 0.05). Mean diurnal Tbs for each animal in the natural environment ranged from 39.3 to 40.1 degrees C (mean = 39.6 degrees C) during both study seasons which included the hot season months of March through August and the cool season months of December through February. Natural environment hot season mean Tb was not significantly different from cool season mean Tb but both mean Tbs were significantly different from the diurnal mean Tbs measured in the laboratory (P < 0.05). California ground squirrels exhibit an open-field stress induced hyperthermia in the laboratory which can be extended for periods up to 6 h. The hyperthermic response is blocked by L-propranolol at a dosage of 15 mg kg-1. Laboratory animals do not habituate to repeated open-field exposures over a five consecutive day period. It is suggested that stress hyperthermia might be a normal component of thermoregulation in some free-living ground squirrels because of the openness of the habitat in which they exist.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

The impact of nutritional status on body fat distribution patterns in pre- and postmenopausal females.

This study examines the impact of nutritional status, classified by body mass index, on sex specific fat distribution patterns dependent on menopausal status in 467 pre-, peri- or postmenopausal females. Absolute and relative amounts of upper and lower body fat were estimated by means of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. It was found that low weight, independent of menopausal status, leads to the typical gynoid pattern of fat distribution while excess weight and obesity result in the android pattern of distribution in pre- and postmenopausal women.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between spatial pattern of basal bodies and membrane skeleton (epiplasm) during the cell cycle of Tetrahymena: cdaA mutant and anti-membrane skeleton immunostaining.

Microtubular basal bodies and epiplasm (membrane skeleton) are the main components of the cortical skeleton of Tetrahymena. The aim of this report was to study functional interactions of basal bodies and epiplasm during the cell cycle. The cortex of Tetrahymena cells was stained with anti-epiplasm antibody. This staining produced a bright epiplasmic layer with a dark pattern of unstained microtubular structures. The fluorescence of the anti-epiplasm antibody disappeared at sites of newly formed microtubular structures, so the new basal body domains and epiplasmic layer could be followed throughout the cell cycle. Different patterns of deployment of new basal bodies were observed in early and advanced dividers. In advanced dividers the fluorescence of the epiplasmic layer diminished locally within the forming fission line where the polymerization of new basal bodies largely extincted. In wild type Tetrahymena, the completion of the micronuclear metaphase/anaphase transition was associated with a transition from the pattern of new basal body deployment and epiplasm staining of the early divider to the pattern of the advanced dividers. The signal for the fission line formation in Tetrahymena (absent in cdaA1 Tetrahymena mutationally arrested in cytokinesis) brings about 1) transition of patterns of deployment of basal bodies and epiplasmic layer on both sides of the fission line; and 2) coordination of cortical divisional morphogenesis with the micronuclear mitotic cycle.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Manometric patterns using esophageal body and lower sphincter characteristics. Findings in 1013 patients.

In order to determine the actual spectrum of abnormal esophageal motility, manometric patterns in 1013 consecutive tracings were established using a classification method that employs esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) characteristics. Peristaltic performance and contraction wave parameters were measured in the esophageal body; basal pressure and relaxation were included for the LES. Nine hundred thirty (92%) of the tracings could be completely classified, and 33 different patterns were observed (915 occurring at a rate greater than 1%). Abnormalities were most common in contraction wave parameters (661 tracings, 65%), and least common in LES relaxation (105 tracings, 10%). Patterns most typical of achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm were found in 6.4% and 5.0% of tracings, respectively. Statistical analysis of the patterns demonstrated that significant bidirectional predictive associations between categories were restricted to features representing pathology-based motor disorders (ie, achalasia and "scleroderma-esophagus"). This systematic classification method is capable of recognizing and cataloging common findings of motor dysfunction in the esophageal body and LES as well as uncommon patterns representing traditional motility disorders. Our findings provide reference data for clinical esophageal manometry.

Esophageal Motility Disorders↗

PubMed1986

Non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction: body surface potential map and ventriculographic patterns.

Day 5 body surface map and radionuclide angiographic patterns were compared among 56 patients with first non-Q-wave or Q-wave acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Three radionuclide angiographic patterns were recognized in patients with non-Q infarction: no wall motion abnormalities (n = 8), single-segment wall motion abnormalities (n = 10) and multiple-segment wall motion abnormalities (n = 9). In contrast, only 2 radionuclide angiographic patterns were identified in patients with Q-wave infarction: multiple-segment wall motion abnormalities (n = 25) and single-segment wall motion abnormalities (n = 4). The Q-wave distributions of 14 of 18 patients with non-Q infarction with 0 or 1 wall motion abnormalities were normal; 2 patients had "missed" anterior; 1 patient had inferior; and 1 had posterior AMI patterns. Of 9 patients with non-Q infarction who had multiple-segment wall motion abnormalities, 8 had infarct Q waves on the posterior torso. Q-wave patterns in patients with anterior (n = 17) and inferior (n = 12) Q-wave infarctions were typical and homogeneous for each group. Quantitative analysis of minimum Q-zone integral, sigma Q-wave integrals, ST-integral maximum, wall motion abnormality score and ejection fraction revealed no differences between patients with non-Q-wave and those with inferior Q-wave infarction. In contrast, patients with anterior AMI had significantly more abnormal values of all variables than either of the other groups. Overall, the data support the concept of non-Q-wave AMI as a distinct, if heterogeneous, pathophysiologic entity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1989

A basis for determining body surface potential patterns attributable to single-site coronary arterial occlusion.

The authors focus on computational separation of the individual patterns of occlusion of the major segments of the right coronary artery. The raw patterns of occlusion throughout 15 standard subdivisions of the coronary arterial tree and body surface isoarea maps for 8 consecutive 10-msec intervals of QRS were examined in 200 patients with known coronary artery disease. Mean patterns of occlusion and of potential distribution were formed into 15 groups according to which patients showed greater than or equal to 90% occlusion of the respective segments. By diagonalization of the occlusion matrix, individual potential map patterns were obtained to represent the effect of isolated occlusion of each segment. While these patterns appeared consistent with the known anatomy of ventricular myocardial perfusion, further correlative study will be needed. The authors suggest that the use of such prototypical patterns of single-site obstruction may be helpful in forming and assessing recognition patterns in the clinical setting of multiple-site, multiple-vessel disease.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed1991

Influence of direction of body weight change on pattern of gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized beef heifers of equivalent body weight.

Our hypothesis was that alterations in pattern of gonadotropin secretion induced by level of dietary energy intake are dependent on direction of BW change. Beef heifers were assigned to one of two treatments 21 d after ovariectomy: 1) increasing followed by decreasing BW (I-D; n = 9) or 2) decreasing followed by increasing BW (D-I; n = 9). Heifers assigned to the I-D treatment received 15.4 Mcal ME/d (HE) from wk 0 to 8 followed by 4.3 Mcal ME/d (LE) from wk 9 to 16. Heifers assigned to the D-I treatment received the LE diet for the initial 8 wk followed by the HE diet for the subsequent 8 wk. At 2-wk intervals blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals for 11 h to determine the pattern of secretion and(or) concentration of gonadotropins in circulation (LH and FSH) and pituitary responsiveness to administration of 750 ng and 50 micrograms of LHRH. Frequency of LH pulses increased (P less than .05) in a quadratic fashion with increasing ADG in heifers in both treatment groups. Amplitude of LH pulses decreased (P less than .05) in a linear fashion with increasing ADG in heifers in both treatment groups and magnitude of this decline was greater (P less than .05) in heifers receiving the D-I treatment. Amplitude of response to 750 ng of LHRH decreased (P less than .05) in a linear fashion with increasing ADG in heifers receiving the D-I treatment but was unrelated to changes in ADG (P greater than .05) in heifers receiving the I-D treatment. When heifers in both treatment groups attained similar BW (P greater than .05; wk 14), amplitude of LH pulses, responsiveness to 750 ng of LHRH and mean concentration of FSH in serum were higher (P less than .05) in heifers receiving the I-D than in heifers receiving the D-I treatment. Thus, we accept the hypothesis that alterations in pattern of gonadotropin secretion in heifers fed diets with a low energy content are dependent on direction of BW change.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

The relationship between body weight and patterns of smoking in women and men.

BACKGROUND: In the scientific literature, studies of the relationship between cigarette smoking and body weight yield conflicting results. Weight-lowering effects in women and men have been associated with smoking, however, no effects on weight have been proven. The purpose of this study was to examine the gender-related association between cigarette smoking and relative weight in a rural population in Styria, Austria. METHODS: A database from a health survey conducted between 1989 and 1993 in 79 selected rural communities of Styria was used for these analyses. The sample consisted of 27,344 participants, 16,185 women and 11,159 men, aged > or = 15 years. We controlled for possible confounding factors such as age, years of education, alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, and chronic diseases. RESULTS: For women and men, in comparison to non- and ex-smokers, smoking is significantly correlated with lower body mass index (BMI). In contrast, heavy smoking and smoking cessation are significantly associated with higher relative weight. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant results confirming an association between cigarette smoking and lower BMI in women and men, whereas heavy smoking as well as smoking cessation were significantly correlated with higher relative weight. Health intervention programmes to quit smoking should take into account the underlying perceived benefits of smoking with regard to weight, especially its gender specificity.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Body fat distribution patterns and blood pressure in black and white women.

The prevalence of obesity and being overweight and the distribution of body fat in relation to blood pressure were assessed in a college population of 181 black and white US women and 124 black Nigerian women. The mean ages ranged from 18.6 to 22.4 years. Twenty-nine percent of black US women were overweight and 12.9% were obese; whereas 13.6% of white US women were overweight and 2.3% were obese. Only 18.6% of Nigerians were overweight and 1.6% were obese. More upper body fat was found among the black US women and Nigerians than among white US women. There was no significant correlation between body fat distribution and blood pressure among Nigerians. In general, among US blacks and whites, there were positive associations among body mass index, waist-hip girth measurements, and blood pressure, particularly for systolic blood pressure.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1999

Scintigraphic assessment of pulmonary and whole-body blood flow patterns after surgical intervention in congenital heart disease.

UNLABELLED: Glenn shunt and Fontan procedure, the most widely used surgical procedures in congenital heart anomalies, may be associated with abnormal pulmonary blood flow patterns and the development of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. METHODS: This study quantified pulmonary and whole-body blood flow using the microsphere technique by sequential injection of 99mTc microspheres into upper and lower limb veins and performing planar lung imaging in four projections and anterior and posterior whole-body scans in 46 patients with either Glenn shunt or Fontan procedure. The right-to-left shunt volume was estimated by a brain and kidneys-to-lungs ratio and compared with calculations from the whole-body scans. RESULTS: In 31 of 46 patients, the blood from the superior vena cava was drained preferentially into the right lung (75%+/-19%). The inferior venous system was drained equally into both lungs. The right-to-left shunt volume was 24%+/-12% after injection into the superior caval system, 50%+/-18% after injection into the inferior caval system. A subgroup of patients who had undergone a palliative Blalock-Taussig shunt (BTS) before the final surgery showed a perfusion pattern that was not known after pulmonary angiography or contrast echocardiography: 15 of 24 patients with BTS had hypoperfusion of the upper lobe on the side of the BTS after injection into the arm vein and corresponding normal perfusion or hyperperfusion when injected into the foot vein. CONCLUSION: Lung perfusion scintigraphy after tracer application into the superior and inferior caval systems detects more abnormal pulmonary blood flow patterns than contrast echocardiography and is the only procedure able to quantify right-to-left shunt volume individually for the superior and inferior caval systems. Thus, this diagnostic technique should be part of the routine follow-up in children after Glenn shunt or Fontan procedure.

Adolescent↗