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PubMed2002

Lymphocyte proliferation in lymphoid organs of the dromedary camel using the monoclonal antibody MIB-5 against the proliferation-associated nuclear epitope Ki-67.

Detection of proliferating lymphocytes is useful for studying immune reactions and for the prognosis of tumours of lymphocyte origin. Markers detecting proliferating cells are lacking in the dromedary camel. This study deals with the immunohistochemical detection of the Ki-67 proliferation-associated nuclear epitope using MIB-5 in frozen sections from spleens, different lymph nodes and haemal nodes of eight camels (0.5-12 years old). Frozen sections from rat spleens were labelled in parallel with camel tissue as a positive control. Large numbers of cells expressing the Ki-67 epitope were localized in germinal centres of all lymphoid organs tested. A few cells were found in the periarterial lymphoid sheath and the red pulp of the spleen, also in the lymphatic cords of the lymph nodes and the haemal nodes. There were no obvious differences in respect to the age of the animals. The Ki-67 epitope is well expressed by proliferating cells in camel lymphoid organs. MIB-5 can be applied to identify this epitope and will be a useful marker for cell production in immune reactions.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Response of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) to intravenous glucagon injection and to infusion of glucose and volatile fatty acids, and the kinetics of glucagon disappearance from the blood.

The effects of glucagon injection and infusion of glucose and volatile fatty acids were studied in one-humped camels. Twenty adult male camels were divided into four equal groups. The first group was infused with physiological saline and served as a control. The second group was injected with a single dose of glucagon, the third group was infused with glucose (50%) in sterile saline, and the fourth group was infused with a volatile fatty acid (VFA) mixture. In the first, third and fourth groups, sampling was performed before the beginning of infusions (control time), and at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min post-infusion. Plasma glucagon concentrations were monitored in the second group at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 90, 105 and 120 min after injection. For glucagon injection, glucose concentration peaked at 15 min post-injection, and tended to decrease thereafter. Plasma glucose concentrations showed significant rises above the basal value at all times after glucose infusion. VFA infusion had no apparent effect on plasma glucose concentration. After injection of glucagon, the plasma lactate concentration dropped significantly at 15 and 30 min, then increased gradually until it reached the original concentration of lactate at 120 min. However, glucose infusion elevated the plasma lactate concentration only at the end of the infusion period. A decrease in plasma lactate was observed at 60 min after VFA infusion. The present investigation provides evidence that the glucagon level in camels is higher than that in other ruminants and in man, and suggests that this is a probable species specificity, which would explain the higher level of glucose in the blood of camels than in that of other ruminants. The disappearance curve of injected glucagon had, as in other ruminants, an exponential two-compartment function. The hormone was rapidly distributed and was eliminated with a high rate of clearance.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Detection of Brucella species in the milk of infected cattle, sheep, goats and camels by PCR.

One hundred and three milk samples were collected from 52 cows, 21 ewes, 18 goats and 12 camels. The animals tested positive to at least one of the following: (1) standard tube agglutination test (SAT); (2) Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT); (3) milk ring test (MRT). All milk samples were examined by culture and single-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for detection of Brucella species. The PCR assay amplified Brucella-DNA from 29 bovine milk samples, 10 from sheep, 13 from goats and one from a camel. The direct culture method detected Brucella organisms from 24 samples of cows' milk, 12 from sheep, 10 from goats and failed to detect any Brucella organisms from camels' milk. PCR detected up to 100 colony forming units (CFU) of B. abortus per millilitre of milk in 100% of diluted milk samples, and 1000 CFU of B. melitensis from 70% of milk samples. Although the overall sensitivity of the PCR was higher than the culture method, it should be possible to increase the sensitivity to detect lower numbers of Brucella organisms in field samples. The speed and sensitivity of the PCR assay suggest that this technique could be useful for detection of Brucella organisms in bovine milk, as well as in sheep, goat, and camels milk.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Hydatidosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) and their potential role in the epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in Iran.

Hydatid cysts were recovered from 35.2% (233/661) of camels (Camelus dromedarius) slaughtered in five different regions of Iran. The degree of prevalence between males (34.4%) and females (36.6%) was not statistically significant. The highest rate of infection (59.3%) was found in the Isfahan region (in the central part of Iran) while the lowest (25.7%) was found in Kerman province. The organ distribution of cysts was 49.4% in lungs alone, 30.0% in both liver and lungs, 14.6% in liver only and 6.0% in other organs. Therefore, the lungs were the predominant sites of the hydatid cyst. The range in the number of cysts was 1-48 in infected animals. The majority of the camels had 1-5 cysts, with 21.9%, 11.6% and 5.6% of infected camels having 6-10, 11-20 and 21 or more cysts respectively. There was a direct relationship between the rate and intensity of infection and host age. The fertility rate of lung cysts (69.7%) was higher than that of liver cysts (58.7%) and other organs (50.0%) whilst the viability rate of protoscoleces of liver fertile cysts (80.3%) was significantly higher than that of lung cysts (55.8%) and other organs (57.1%). The role of camels in the epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in Iran is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

A rapid purification procedure for camel kidney glutathione S-transferase.

Glutathione S-transferase was isolated from supernatant of camel kidney homogenate centrifugation at 37,000 xg by glutathione agarose affinity chromatography. The enzyme preparation has a specific activity of 44 mumol/min/mg protein and recovery was more than 85% of the enzyme activity in the crude extract. Glutathione agarose affinity chromatography resulted in a purification factor of about 49 and chromatofocusing resolved the purified enzyme into two major isoenzymes (pI 8.7 and 7.9) and two minor isoenzymes (pI 8.3 and 6.9). The homogeneity of the purified enzyme was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The different isoenzymes were composed of a binary combination of two subunits with molecular weight of 29,000 D and 26,000 D to give a native molecular weight of 55,000 D. The substrate specificities of the major camel kidney glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes were determined towards a range of substrates. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was the preferred substrate for all the isoenzymes. Isoenzyme III (pI 7.9) had higher specific activity for ethacrynic acid and isoenzyme II (pI 8.3) was the only isoenzyme that exhibited peroxidase activity. Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis with rabbit antiserum prepared against the camel kidney enzyme showed fusion of precipitation lines with the enzymes from camel brain, liver and lung and no cross reactivity was observed with enzymes from kidneys of sheep, cow, rat, rabbit and mouse. Different storage conditions have been found to affect the enzyme activity and the loss in activity was marked at room temperature and upon repeated freezing and thawing.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Plague in camels and goats: their role in human epidemics.

In 1976, in a small, remote Libyan village, one apparently sick camel was slaughtered and skinned, and the camel meat was distributed for human comsumption. A few days later, 15 villagers suffered a severe febrile illness. Of the five individuals who had participated in the killing and dispensation of the camel, all were dead within four days. When samples of serum from nine of the remaining patients were examined, seven were found to be positive for plague as determined by the passive hemagglutination test. Another six persons became ill after killing two goats, and the serum of one goat contained antibodies to Yersinia pestis. Because all of the remaining patients except one were treated early enough, they recovered. These incidents confirm previous reports that the camel and the goat are susceptible to naturally occurring plague infection and have a significant role in the dissemination of human plague.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Ruminant relaxin in the pregnant one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

We have determined the cDNA sequence of preprorelaxin in the pregnant one-humped camel by employing reverse transcription- and rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction. Camel preprorelaxin consisted of 600 base pairs (bp) encoding a protein of 199 amino acids (aa) with a signal peptide of 25 aa (75 bp), a B domain of 28 aa (84 bp), a C domain of 121 aa (366 bp), and an A domain of 24 aa (72 bp). The N terminus of the C domain of camel prorelaxin contained the unique proline-rich repetitive sequence (-RPAP)(3)-(-K/RPAL-)(2), and within the B domain the classical -GRELVR- receptor binding motif was found. Camel preprorelaxin showed highest homology with porcine (74.6%) and equine (65.4%) relaxin. The ovary and the uteroplacental unit were a dual source of relaxin in the pregnant dromedary. Within the ovary, weak expression of relaxin was detected in large luteal cells of the mature corpus luteum. In the ovarian follicles, immunoreactive relaxin, but not relaxin mRNA, was detected in the granulosa and theca interna cell layer. Beginning at around Day 93 of gestation and coinciding with increasing interdigitation of the fetal villus with the underlying maternal endometrium, uterine luminal epithelial cells in the uteroplacental tissue expressed relaxin. Weak expression of immunoreactive relaxin, but not relaxin mRNA, was observed in villous trophoblast cells. Pseudostratified trophoblast cells at the base of the placental villi and multinucleate giant cells did not express relaxin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Dural sinuses in the camel and their extracranial venous connections.

The dural sinuses of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and their connections with veins of the head and neck were described and, whenever possible, were compared with other domestic animals emphasizing species differences. Information obtained from gross dissection of embalmed camel heads was correlated with latex injected vascular casts, as well as venographs. Although the disposition of the dural sinuses, in general, was similar to those of other domestic animals, they were somewhat complex in the camel. An important venous flow mechanism which functions in the thermoregulation of the brain in the camel was described. The venous drainage of the nasal cavity and its surrounding areas had five connections with the ophthalmic plexus and the cavernous sinus: (1) the infraorbital vein----ophthalmic plexus; (2) the medial superior palpebral vein----ophthalmic plexus; (3) the medial inferior palpebral vein----ophthalmic plexus; (4) the angularis oculi----frontal----supraorbital----dorsal external ophthalmic----emissary vein of the foramen orbitorotundum----cavernous sinus; and (5) the deep facial vein----ventral external ophthalmic----emissary vein of the foramen orbitorotundum----cavernous sinus.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Ultrastructural analysis of the integument of a desert-adapted mammal, the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

In this study, we conducted a light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis of the integument of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). In general, the epidermal strata of the camel integument appeared typical of those found in non-desert mammals. Two cell populations were noted in the stratum basale: one with a flat, non-serrated base and the other with a highly serrated base. Typical fine structure was observed in keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. The stratum corneum was six to 10 cells thick. Within the different strata, overall cell morphologies and the general distribution and relative abundance of cellular organelles appeared typical. Dermal features included the presence of myoepithelial cells surrounding apocrine tubular glands. Inter- or intracellular canaliculi within the secretory cells of the apocrine glands, reported to be present in certain other non-desert mammals, were not evident in the camel. Together, these data indicate that while the camel is clearly adapted for a desert lifestyle, these adaptations do not include significant specializations at the cellular or subcellular level in the integument.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1991

Evaluation of triflupromazine as a sedative in camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Effects of administration of triflupromazine were evaluated in 11 adult domesticated camels (Camelus dromedarius) weighing 403 +/- 29.5 kg (Mean +/- SE). Six camels were used to evaluate sedative properties of the drug and its effects on haematological and blood biochemical parameters. In the remaining 5 camels, effects on haemodynamics, acid base status and blood gases were studied. In all the animals triflupromazine was administered intramuscularly in the gluteal region at the rate of 2 mg/kg. Camels voluntarily sat down 48.9 +/- 5.4 min after administration of the drug but stood up again if disturbed. Drowsiness, drooping of lower lip and salivation were evident. The animals stood on their own and started walking with ataxia after 159 +/- 7 min and recovered completely from the effect of drug within 259 +/- 23 min. The drug caused a significant tachycardia and a moderate hypotension. The decrease in central venous pressure was also significant. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, acid base status, blood gases, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, differential leukocyte count, blood urea nitrogen, plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, blood glucose and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and inorganic phosphate were not significantly affected by triflupromazine.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The barren camel with endometritis--isolation of Trichomonas fetus and different bacteria.

This study constitutes the first reported isolation of Trichomonas fetus from the uterus of breeding camels. Twenty-four of 68 camels, which were barren for 1-4 years were found to be positive for T. fetus. One preputial washing of a camel bull which had served the herd was found to be positive for T. fetus. The uterine flora of all camels were examined. Ten different bacterial and 2 fungal species were isolated. All samples were negative for Campylobacter sp., Taylorella equigenitalis and Streptococcus zooepidemicus.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ultrasound velocity in the aqueous and vitreous humours of the one-humped camel (Camelus Dromedarius).

BACKGROUND: There are no previous reports on the velocity of ultrasound through the aqueous and vitreous humours of the one-humped camel. This information is required for determination of the depth of the aqueous and vitreous chambers and therefore the axial length. This knowledge together with other, yet to be determined, ocular dimensions will ultimately be used in drawing up a schematic eye for the camel. This will provide a tool for studying the visual capability of this animal. METHOD: A-mode ultrasonography was used to determine the velocity of sound through the aqueous and vitreous fluids of the one-humped camel. The fluids were obtained from freshly enucleated eyes. RESULTS: The average velocity of ultrasound through 20 aqueous and 22 vitreous humour samples kept at 20 degrees Celsius was 1,499 +/- 23 m/s and 1,497 +/- 24 m/s, respectively. CONCLUSION: We recommend that at 20 degrees Celsius a common value of 1,498 m/s should be adopted as the velocity of ultrasound through the aqueous and vitreous humours of the one-humped camel. This value is slower than in humans but similar to that of the cow and pig.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fourteen morphotypes of Entodinium ovumrajae (Ophryoscolecidae, Entodiniomorphida) found in the Dromedary camel of Egypt.

During a survey of the ciliate protozoal composition of the stomach contents of nine dromedary camels of Egypt, fourteen morphotypes of Entodinium ovumrajae, which has been considered as a species peculiar to camels, were found in six camels. Except for five morphotypes including one originally described as an independent species and its forms, these were newly detected. These morphotypes, divided into three groups, can be identified mainly by the morphology of their ectoplasmic processes. Each camel had on average, about five morphotypes of this species.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Xylazine and ketamine anaesthesia in the dromedary camel under field conditions.

The effects of either xylazine (0.25 mg/kg) intramuscularly, ketamine (5.5 mg/kg) intramuscularly, or a mixture of xylazine (0.15 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) intramuscularly on sedation, analgesia, cardiac and respiratory rates, body temperature and muscle relaxation were studied in the domesticated dromedary camel. Either drug used separately was suitable for sedation and analgesia in the camel. However, the mixture of xylazine and ketamine was superior to either drug used alone. Camels which received the combination of xylazine and ketamine had fewer effects on cardiac and respiratory rates and better analgesia. In addition, they showed better muscle relaxation, less central nervous system irritability and shorter recovery times than camels sedated with ketamine alone.

Analgesia↗

PubMed1992

Fluid retention after oral loading with water or saline in camels.

When dehydrated camels are offered water they drink volumes of water exceeding their body water loss during the water deprivation period. The excess water is excreted during 2-4 days. To investigate the ability to retain fluid in the body, normohydrated camels were loaded with water or isotonic saline (0.1 l/kg body wt) by esophageal tube. After water loading plasma osmolality decreased and a water diuresis was seen, but it took 3 days until the body weight returned to prehydration level. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) increased, but plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration did not change. After the saline loading plasma osmolality increased and total plasma proteins and hematocrit decreased. Renal Na excretion increased 4 h after the saline load, but the magnitude of the natriuresis was small, and the camels had not regained their body weight 6 days after the load. PAC and PRA decreased after saline loading, while plasma ANP concentration did not change. These data show that camels are able to retain excess water within the body and to tolerate blood hyposmolality for a relatively long time. With saline the retention of fluid lasts even longer despite an attenuation of PAC.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2001

The retinal ganglion cell layer and visual acuity of the camel.

We examined the retinal ganglion cell layer of the dromedary camel, Camelus dromedarius. We have estimated that there are 8 million neurons in the ganglion cell layer of this large retina (mean area of 2,300 mm(-2)). However, only approximately 1 million are considered to be ganglion cells. The ganglion cells are arranged as two areas of high cell density, one in the temporal and one in the nasal retina. Densities of ganglion cells between these two high density regions is much lower, often less than 100 per mm(-2). In between these two high density regions, on the nasal side of the optic nerve head, is a unique and dense vertical streak of mostly non-ganglion cells; the function of this specialization is unknown. On the basis of ganglion cell density we estimate that the peak acuity in the dromedary camel is about 10 and 9.5 cycles per degree in the temporal and nasal high density regions respectively and falls to 2-3 cycles per degree in the central retina. Behavioral acuity was estimated for one bactrian camel and was found to be approximately 10 cyc deg(-1). The camel has a retina with a mean thickness of 104 microm, less than the 143 microm thickness that has previously been thought to be necessary for a retinal vasculature. Nevertheless, there is an extensive vitreal vasculature that does not appear to spare any retinal region.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

A simple and rapid method for detection of Trypanosoma evansi in the dromedary camel using a nested polymerase chain reaction.

A nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR)-based assay, was developed and evaluated for rapid detection of Trypanosoma evansi in experimentally infected mice and naturally infected camels (Camelus dromedarius). Four oligonucleotide primers (TE1, TE2, TE3 and TE4), selected from nuclear repetitive gene of T. evansi, were designed and used for PCR amplifications. The first amplification, using a pair of outer primers TE1 and TE2, produced a 821-bp primary PCR product from T. evansi DNA. The second amplification, using nested (internal) pair of primers TE3 and TE4, produced a 270-bp PCR product. T. evansi DNAs extracted from blood samples of experimentally infected mice and naturally infected Sudanese breed of dromedary camels were detected by this nested PCR-based assay. The nested primers TE3 and TE4 increased the sensitivity of the PCR assay and as little as 10 fg of T. evansi DNA (equivalent to a single copy of the putative gene of the parasite) was amplified and visualized onto ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels. Amplification products were not detected when the PCR-based assay was applied to DNA from other blood parasites including Thieleria annulata, Babesia bigemina or nucleic acid free samples. Application of this nPCR-based assay to clinical samples resulted in direct detection of T. evansi from a variety of tissue samples collected from experimentally infected mice and blood from naturally infected camels. The described nPCR-based assay provides a valuable tool to study the epidemiology of T. evansi infection in camels and other susceptible animal populations.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

A histochemical study of the camel (Camelus bactrianus) duodenal glands.

The complex carbohydrates in the camel duodenal glands were examined histochemically at light and electron microscopic levels. The duodenal glands of the camel were distributed in the submucosa 2 m caudal from the pylorus. These were branched tubuloalveolar glands. The terminal portion of each lobule was formed by only one type of mucous cell. The duodenal gland cells contained acidic and neutral carbohydrates. The mucous cells mainly contained sulfate and carboxyl carbohydrate with sialic acid, and they also contained a few neutral carbohydrates with different saccharide residues such as mannose, glucose, galactose, N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl galactosamine. The results showed that the secretary granules of the duodenal glands in the camel contain mainly acidic carbohydrates. These findings seem to be the morphological characteristics of the duodenal glands in the camel.

Animals↗