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Little of the literature in library cooperation applies specifically to library service for the health sciences. Based on experience in and observations of the cooperation of health science libraries, this short lecture reviews aspects of general library cooperation, networks, and consortia. The effects on library operation of several cooperative activities are enumerated and cooperation management is discussed briefly.
Serials, one of the more complicated areas of library technical endeavors, has lacked the benefit of standards for a long time. Even now, with standards beginning to be available, the majority of institutions are not working within standard serials formats. A survey to determine the use of serials standards in libraries was conducted in 1988 by the American Library Association, Resources and Technical Services Division, Serials Section, Committee to Study Serials Standards. In the spring of 1988 a survey was sent to a group encompassing the Association of Research Libraries members, CONSER participants, United States Newspaper Program participants, Microform Project libraries, and some vendors and librarians who attended the Committee meetings on a regular basis. The survey questionnaire assessed the current level of serials standards awareness of librarians and vendors. Topics included the type of serials systems used, standards relevant to serials control and union listing and whether or not they are implemented, types and levels of training staff received in the application of standards, benefits of the standards, and areas where standards are most needed.
A study was conducted to determine whether the basic skills workshop offered by the Midcontinental Regional Medical Library Program from 1976 through 1978 should be revised. Results indicated that a majority of workshop participants were library managers in hospitals with under 200 beds. Workshop attendance was most helpful in libraries where new services were initiated after the workshop, although existing services (particularly interlibrary loan) were noticeably improved. Cataloging was considered to be the most useful workshop topic by former participants. Increased emphasis on administrative functions and on the provision of reference services was recommended.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of the Health Sciences Library Gopher at St. Louis University (SLU) Health Sciences Center. The authors will outline university criteria from the Office of Computing and Information Services, library selection criteria, bibliographical access, reference and instructional implications, data entry and maintenance, and the role of the library's Internet Committee. All libraries have been awed by the tremendous amount of resources available through the Internet; the challenge is to not be intimidated but to be innovative in designing systems that can present these resources to the library client in the most easily understandable approaches possible. The Internet Committee in the SLU Health Sciences Center Library has designed a framework for the construction of "menus" to lead the client to selected Internet resources. Some of the issues confronted include relating the Internet resources to the library's Collection Development Policy, coordination of Internet resources to other bibliographic sources (Journal Holdings List, Intelligent Catalog), and educating staff and clients to manage a wide range of new resources as well as traditional ones in electronic formats.
The importance of a clearly defined policy for building a medical historical collection is stressed in relation to the type of library and to the financial possibilities for building the collection and for the proper housing, preservation, servicing, and bibliographic control of such a collection.
NEIBank is a project to develop and organize genomics and bioinformatics resources for the eye. As part of this effort, tools have been developed for bioinformatics analysis and web based display of data from expressed sequence tag (EST) analyses. EST sequences are identified and formed into groups or clusters representing related transcripts from the same gene. This is carried out by a rules-based procedure called GRIST (GRouping and Identification of Sequence Tags) that uses sequence match parameters derived from BLAST programs. Linked procedures are used to eliminate non-mRNA contaminants. All data are assembled in a relational database and assembled for display as web pages with annotations and links to other informatics resources. Genome projects generate huge amounts of data that need to be classified and organized to become easily accessible to the research community. GRIST provides a useful tool for assembling and displaying the results of EST analyses. The NEIBank web site contains a growing set of pages cataloging the known transcriptional repertoire of eye tissues, derived from new NEIBank cDNA libraries and from eye-related data deposited in the dbEST section of GenBank.
Microcephaly is defined as an occipito-frontal head circumference (OFC) 2 or more standard deviations below the mean for age and sex using the new Roche et al. [Pediatrics 1987;79:706-712] charts, and corrected for parental OFC by the method of Weaver and Christian [J Pediatr 1980;96:990-994]. "Relative" microcephaly, i.e., a small head on a small child, may be associated with a much better intellectual prognosis than absolute microcephaly, although the average IQ of children with absolute microcephaly ascertained in a normal school system is normal when compared with that of appropriate control children. "Primary" microcephaly means an abnormal OFC at birth (corrected for gestational age and length), and "secondary" microcephaly a normal birth OFC with later, acquired microcephaly due to deceleration of brain growth reflecting infection, trauma, intoxication, metabolic disease, the Rett syndrome, or a true CNS degenerative disease. Some cases of syndromal microcephaly may be associated with normal intelligence including some "primordial dwarfs," children with Dubowitz syndrome, FAS, mild SC-Roberts syndrome, and an occasional Brachmann-de Lange individual. The nosology of (syndromal) microcephaly is extraordinarily complex and requires the assistance of special library resources and information retrieval expertise. At a minimum, it requires McKusick's Catalog of Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM); however, we find that our work is greatly enhanced by recently developed electronic databases such as MIM-online (OMIM), POSSUM, SYNDROME, and MEDLINE, as well. Three groups of syndromal and non-syndromal microcephaly are discussed selectively in order to illustrate the marvels of pleiotropy in human development and its abnormalities and the difficulties encountered in splitting and lumping entities with overlapping manifestations.
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The Health Sciences Library, University of Maryland, has implemented the Integrated Library System (ILS), a minicomputer-based library automation system developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine. The process of moving a library from a manual to a computerized system required comprehensive planning and strong commitment by the staff. Implementation activities included hardware and software modification, conversion of manual files, staff training, and system publicity. ILS implementation resulted in major changes in procedures in the circulation, reference, and cataloging departments.
Past efforts to improve plant tolerance to osmotic stress have had limited success owing to the genetic complexity of stress responses. The first step towards cataloging and categorizing genetically complex abotic stress responses is the rapid discovery of genes by the large-scale partial sequencing of randomly selected cDNA clones or expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Suaeda salsa, which can survive seawater-level salinity, is a favorite halophytic model for salt tolerant research. We constructed a NaCl-treated cDNA library of Suaeda salsa and sequenced 1048 randomly selected clones, out of which 1016 clones produced readable sequences (773 showed homology to previously identified genes, 227 matched unknown protein coding regions, 16 anomalous sequences or sequences of bacterial origin were excluded from further analysis). By sequence analysis we identified 492 unique clones: 315 showed homology to previously identified genes, 177 matched unknown protein coding regions (101 of which have been found before in other organisms and 76 are completely novel). All our EST data are available on the Internet. We believe that our dbEST and the associated DNA materials will be a useful source to scientists engaging in stress-tolerance study.
High throughput partial sequencing of randomly selected cDNA clones has proven to be a powerful tool for examining the relative abundance of mRNAs and for the identification of novel gene products. Because of the important role played by macrophages in immune and inflammatory responses, we sequenced over 3000 randomly selected cDNA clones from a human macrophage library. These sequences represent a molecular inventory of mRNAs from macrophages and provide a catalog of highly expressed transcripts. Two of the most abundant clones encode recently identified CC chemokines. Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) plays a complex role in immunoregulation and is a potent chemoattractant for dendritic cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. The chemokine receptor CCR4 binds MDC with high affinity and also responds by calcium flux and chemotaxis. CCR4 has been shown to be expressed by Th2 type T cells. Recent studies also implicate MDC as a major component of the host defense against human immunodeficiency virus.
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An in-house library system based on a dedicated mini-computer has been in operation in the Israel National Medical Library since the summer of 1979. The integrated system, called MAIMON, features on-line access to bibliographic and circulation records. It replaces manual procedures in cataloging, searching, lending, and reservations. The system provides previously unavailable statistics on items in heavy use and demand, items to be removed from the active collection, and who uses what in the library. It is designed to be user cordial and to save users' time. The system has been very favorably accepted by patrons, and frees professional librarians from time-consuming clerical routine tasks. The system is evaluated in terms of performance, convenience, and cost.
What do searchers find when they look for literature on homosexuality? This question has profound implications for older as well as younger gays in their coming out, as well as in their subsequent identity development. Library records provide credible data to answer the question, since they represent relatively free sources of information, unlike data from bookstores, publishers, and some World Wide Web sites. The records of WorldCat, the world's largest union database of library records, comprise over 30 million records listed in the Online Computer Library Center. For the purposes of the study, 18,757 records listed under "Homosexuality," "Gay Men," and "Gays" were downloaded; records for "Lesbian" and "Lesbians" were not examined. Findings of the study suggest that while there has indeed been considerable growth in terms of the quantity of gay literature produced since 1969, such gains may be offset by the deteriorating quality of cataloging copy, which makes the experience of browsing records a discouraging and confusing one.