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PubMed1976

[The cell count in milk of goats].

Weekly milk samples were taken from mammary halves from 30 goats from 8 different herds each with from 2 to 5 experimental animals throughout their lactation periods. The physiological variations in the cell counts of goats milk during lactation were investigated by a projection microscope. Only small variations were found in the average cell counts in milk samples from goats in the same herd, but big variations from one herd to another (Table I and Fig. 3.). The curves of the average cell counts in milk samples of 5 herds showed a rise at the beginning of the season at pasture (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Also in the housed periods the cell count showed transitory rises. The herd with the lowest average cell count (220,000/ml) was milked by an ordinary bucket milking system, while the herd with the highest average cell count (1,490,000/ml) was milked by a pipeline milking system. Five herds milked by machine had an average cell count of 720,000/ml and three herds milked by hand 540,000/ml. All the herds in the material had an average cell count of 680,000/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Treatment of psoriasis with alefacept: correlation of clinical improvement with reductions of memory T-cell counts.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the pharmacodynamic and antipsoriatic effects of alefacept, a biologic agent that targets CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3 parallel groups. SETTING: Fifty-one study centers. PATIENTS: Five hundred fifty-three patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized (1:1:1) to 1 of the following 3 cohorts: alefacept, 7.5 mg, in both courses (cohort 1); alefacept, 7.5 mg, in the first course and placebo in the second course (cohort 2); or placebo in the first course and alefacept, 7.5 mg, in the second course (cohort 3). In each course, alefacept or placebo was administered by intravenous bolus once weekly for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of observation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Circulating lymphocyte levels and the Psoriasis Area Severity Index. RESULTS: One or 2 courses of alefacept reduced CD4+ and CD8+ memory T-cell counts, while sparing the naive population. At 12 weeks after the last dose of alefacept in courses 1 and 2, 88% and 83% of patients, respectively, had CD4+ cell counts greater than the lower limit of normal. In course 1, alefacept-treated patients with the largest decreases in memory T-cell counts experienced the greatest reductions in disease activity (P<.001). The duration of clinical benefit seemed to be longer among patients who had the greatest reduction in CD4+ and CD8+ memory T-cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: One or 2 courses of intravenous alefacept reduced circulating memory T-cell counts while sparing the naïve T-cell population. The reductions in memory T-cell counts were related to all measures of disease activity evaluated and the duration of response to therapy, suggesting that prolonged remissions of psoriasis can be attained with reduction of the pathogenic T-cell count.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Is the time from HIV seroconversion a determinant of the risk of AIDS after adjustment for updated CD4 cell counts?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of time from seroconversion to a given CD4 cell count on progression to AIDS after that count after adjusting for updated CD4 cell counts. METHODS: Using pooled data from 19 seroconverter cohorts, we examined the association between the time from a CD4 <500 cells/mm 3, (<350, <200) to the first AIDS-defining event and time from seroconversion to that CD4 threshold. We adjusted for age, gender, exposure category, and HIV test interval in Cox models stratified by cohort. We estimated the residual effect of time from seroconversion, adjusting for updated CD4 cell counts. A cause-specific competing-risks model was then used to evaluate this residual effect on progression to each AIDS-defining disease. Analyses were censored on December 31, 1995. RESULTS: Of 3825, 3006, and 1804 individuals reaching CD4 thresholds of 500, 350, and 200, respectively, 1274, 1192, and 985, respectively, developed AIDS. We found a significant effect of time from seroconversion on the risk of AIDS even after adjusting for updated CD4 counts. For individuals reaching a CD4 threshold of 350 cells/mm 3, a 1-year increase from seroconversion was associated with an increase in risk of AIDS of 6% (3%-9%) ( p =.01). This effect appeared to be nonlinear. In the first 4 years, a 1-year increase from seroconversion was associated with an 11% increase in the risk of AIDS, but there was no apparent increase in risk after 4 years. The residual effect of time from seroconversion was significantly heterogeneous ( p =.002), with respect to the risk of individual AIDS-defining diseases. Findings were similar for CD4 thresholds of 500 and 200 cells/mm 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We found a small, statistically significant, residual effect of time from seroconversion on the risk of AIDS. In practical terms, when considering an infected individual's risk of AIDS from a given CD4 cell count, there is little to be gained from knowing the time of seroconversion. However, this effect differs significantly among specific AIDS-defining diseases.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Low CD4 T cell counts before HIV-1 seroconversion do not affect disease progression in Ethiopian factory workers.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-uninfected Ethiopians have lower CD4 T cell counts than do other populations in Africa and industrialized countries. We studied whether this unique immunological profile results in shorter survival times in HIV-1-infected Ethiopians. METHODS: Data from an open cohort study of 149 HIV-1-infected factory workers in Ethiopia for 1997-2002 were used. To estimate survival times, a continuous-time Markov model was designed on the basis of CD4 T cell counts and World Health Organization clinical staging. By use of a random-effects model, decline in CD4 T cell counts was compared between HIV-1-infected Ethiopian and Dutch individuals. RESULTS: Median survival times were in the range of 9.1-13.7 years, depending on the approach used. This range is similar to that for populations in industrialized countries before the advent of antiretroviral therapy. Ethiopians had a lower annual decline in CD4 T cell counts than did Dutch individuals, which remained when groups with similar CD4 T cell count categories were compared. Moreover, the slower decline in CD4 T cell counts was not due merely to lower HIV-1 RNA loads or an absence of syncytium-inducing/X4 HIV-1 subtype C strains in Ethiopians. CONCLUSIONS: Low baseline CD4 T cell counts do not imply shorter survival times in Ethiopians than in other populations, presumably because of a slower decline in CD4 T cell counts.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

AIDS prognosis based on HIV-1 RNA, CD4+ T-cell count and function: markers with reciprocal predictive value over time after seroconversion.

OBJECTIVE: HIV-1 RNA levels in peripheral blood are strongly associated with progression to AIDS, CD4+ T-cell decline, or death. Their predictive value is reportedly independent of the predictive value of CD4+ T-cell counts. Because the interrelations between these parameters of HIV-1 infection are poorly understood, we studied the kinetics and predictive value of serum HIV-1 RNA levels, CD4+ T-cell counts, and T-cell function. DESIGN AND METHODS: HIV RNA levels, CD4+ T-cell counts, and T-cell function were measured from seroconversion to AIDS in 123 homosexual men who seroconverted during a prospective study and were followed over 10 years. RESULTS: Two patterns of median HIV-1 RNA levels were found during infection: a steady-state and a 'U-shaped' curve. Steady-state high RNA levels were related to rapid disease progression. For the U-shaped curve, there were groups with high and low RNA levels related to disease progression. At 1 year after seroconversion, RNA level was the only marker that was strongly predictive. Furthermore, decreasing RNA levels in the first year following seroconversion were related to better prognosis than stable low levels. Low CD4+ T-cell count and T-cell function became predictive of progression to AIDS at 2 and 5 years after seroconversion, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With ongoing infection, the predictive value of low CD4+ T-cell count and T-cell function increases, whereas the predictive value of high HIV-1 RNA level decreases. These findings reflect the observation that infection with HIV progressively leads towards immune deficiency, which in later stages is most predictive of disease progression.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1977

Protein, casein, and noncasein protein percentages in milk with high somatic cell counts.

More than 1000 milk samples of individual cows with somatic cell counts ranging from 20,000 to 20,000,000 per ml were analyzed by amido black dye binding for total protein, whey protein, and casein. Ten classes of varying somatic cell counts were established. The mean total protein percentage for normal samples (counts less than 500,000/ml) was 3.2% and different from all the other protein class means, ranging from 3.4 to 3.9%. Total protein content increased with somatic cell count. There was no significant difference among any of the ten classes for casein values. Whey protein percentages for normal samples were different from the rest. Whey protein content increased with somatic cell count.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Effect of mouse genotype on the hematopoietic stem cell count. II. The number of hematopietic stem cells in BALB/c and CC57BR strain mice differing by the level of endogenous colony formation].

The number of stem hematopoietic cells in the hematopoietic organs of mice of BALB/c and CC57BR strains and (CC57BRXBALB/c)F1 hybrids was studied by the method of exogenous colony-forming units. The assay of migration of stem cells from the bone marrow to the spleen was carried out. It was found that the spleen and the bone marrow of mice of the studied genotypes contain approximately the same relative number of hematopoietic stem cells. The number of stem cells which migrate from the bone marrow to the spleen is greater in the mice of BALB/c strain than in the CC57BR mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Morphometric study of the thymus of the urodelan amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii Michah; Histological study and cell counting (author's transl)].

Thymus morphogenesis was studied in semi-thick sections, in order to examine the relationships between the size and cell counts of the thymus, and the weight and length of the animals. Histological structure was also investigated. The growing phase extends over the whole larval life up to stage 55b : thymus size increases progressively. A positive correlation exists between the size of the thymus, and the weight and length of the animals. Cell counts increase rapidly, particularly between stages 46 and 53; cell density increases from stage 40 to stage 55a. At the same time the thymus acquires its mature aspect : it is then composed of two parts; a dense background and medulla-like spots, these spots being randomly distributed among the background, and consisting of a small number of thymic cysts. The second phase is that of dynamic stability, covering metamorphosis : thymus size, cellular density, and cell counts are maximal and quite constant. The stability period is longer for cellular density than for thymus size and cell counts; during period the histological aspect of the organ shows no change. In the third phase, extending during adult life, there is a slight decrease in thymus size and in the thymus cell count; cellular density decreases. The rate of decrease thymus size, cellular density and cell count is less rapid than their previous rate of increase.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Long-term follow-up of HIV-infected individuals who have significant increases in CD4+ cell counts during antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Descriptions of the durability and consequences of immune reconstitution in patients who start highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) while severely immunosuppressed are limited. METHODS: Patients with previous CD4+ cell counts <50 cells/mm3, all of whom had HAART-induced increases in CD4+ cell counts of >100 cells/mm3 on 2 separate occasions (measured sequentially at least 4 weeks apart), were enrolled in a prospective trial and observed every 16-32 weeks. Evaluations included assessments for new opportunistic complications, virologic (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] RNA load) and immunologic (CD4+ cell count) responses, or death. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration for 612 subjects was 184 weeks (range, 8-216 weeks). The rate of increase in CD4+ cell counts was approximately 5.9 cells/mm3 every 8 weeks, with the degree of increase associated with the baseline HIV RNA load (<500 vs. > or =500 copies/mL). Subsequent measurements of virologic suppression based on HIV RNA levels were also associated with predicted CD4+ cell responses. Thirty-three AIDS-defining illnesses were reported (1.75 events per 100 person-years of follow-up); >40% (14 cases) occurred with higher than expected CD4+ cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: CD4+ cell count increases are related to virological control, with continuing increases seen in individuals who are immunosuppressed. Opportunistic illnesses and/or complications are infrequent but can occur at any time, even in patients who maintained an elevated CD4+ cell count.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of systematic influences and intramammary infection on differential and total somatic cell counts in quarter milk samples from dairy cows.

Effects of bacteriological status, stage of lactation, parity and season of sampling on differential and total somatic cell counts were estimated in quarter milk samples taken from 39 dairy cows. Log somatic cell count was affected by the bacteriological status of the quarter, as well as by the bacteriological status of adjacent quarters. Differential cell counts were affected by presence or absence of pathogens in the quarters themselves, but not by the bacteriological status of the adjacent quarters. Log somatic cell count was clearly affected by stage of lactation, due mainly to physiological variation, but possibly also accentuated by variation in infection rates throughout lactation. With the exception of early lactation, little physiological variation throughout lactation was detected for differential cell counts. Presence of infections seemed to have some indirect effect on trends throughout lactation as regards percentages of granulocytes and monocytes. Variation in somatic cell counts due to parity could be explained by variation in infection rates, rather than being physiologically determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Normal endothelial cell count range.

It was the purpose of this study to determine whether age could be used to predict central endothelial cell count in preoperative cataract patients aged 40 to 90. Three separate series of cell counts on a total of almost 3,000 eyes were performed and analyzed regarding age relationship. Although statistically endothelial cell count appears to decrease with age, the decrease is so small that a large range of cell counts was noted for each age. The results of this study indicate that age is not useful in estimating endothelial cell count in this population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prognostic value of the CD4+ T cell count for HIV-1 infected patients with advanced immunosuppression.

The prognostic value of the CD4+ T cell count is not clearly established for HIV-1 infected patients with an advanced immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between CD4+ T cell counts and survival in patients with less than 50 CD4+ T cells per mm3 (/mm3). We examined an historical cohort of 97 patients with 2 consecutive CD4+ T cells determinations < 50/mm3 within 3 months, followed at a university hospital of the University of Montreal. The proportion of men was 93% with 74% being homo/bisexual. The means of the 2 CD4+ T cell counts/mm3 were 25 and 25.1 respectively. Median survival after the first CD4+ T cell count < 50 CD4+ T cells/mm3 was 15.2 months. Using the proportional hazard model, the median survival of patients with 2 consecutive CD4+ T cell counts < or = 20/mm3 was 9.3 months compared to 19.2 for those with 20-50 CD4+ T cells/mm3 (P < 0.0001). It seems then, that the CD4+ T cell count is a helpful prognostic marker, even in very immunosuppressed patients. Its prognostic value is more accurate if the measurement is replaced within 1-3 months because of high variability at this level of immunosuppression.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Tumor cell counting using an image analysis program for MIB-1 immunohistochemistry.

A cell counting method for MIB-1 immunohistochemistry, using an image analysis program, NIH Image, on a personal computer, has advantages over manual cell counting by microscopy. MIB-1 slides were photographed at a magnification of x 50 on 24 x 36 mm color films and the photographs were then enlarged to adequate size for observation. The MIB-1-positive cells, on the enlargements, were marked with a white pen, and negative cells with a black pen. Subsequently, the image of an enlargement was converted into data that can be processed by the program using a flatbed image scanner. Threshold levels were adjusted according to the respective white and black markings, and the program automatically counted the number of MIB-1-positive and negative tumor cells. Our method has the following significant advantages: Once cells had been marked and the image converted into the NIH Image data, the cell count process was completed within a few minutes; in contrast to manual microscopic cell counting, count overlapping or cells missed by the observer are eliminated; overlapping nuclei could be separated by the marking procedure; our method required no elaborate and costly image analysis system. The present method may be recommended to researchers undertaking cell kinetic studies utilizing immunohistochemical methods.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

Fibrinogen, viscosity, and white blood cell count are major risk factors for ischemic heart disease. The Caerphilly and Speedwell collaborative heart disease studies.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that hemostatic factors and white blood cell count are predictive of ischemic heart disease (IHD). The relations of fibrinogen, viscosity, and white blood cell count to the incidence of IHD in the Caerphilly and Speedwell prospective studies are described. METHODS AND RESULTS: The two studies have a common core protocol and are based on a combined cohort of 4,860 middle-aged men from the general population. The first follow-up was at a nearly constant interval of 5.1 years in Caerphilly and 3.2 years in Speedwell; 251 major IHD events had occurred. Age-adjusted relative odds of IHD for men in the top 20% of the distribution compared with the bottom 20% were 4.1 (95% confidence interval, 2.6-6.5) for fibrinogen, 4.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.8-7.4) for viscosity, and 3.2 (95% confidence interval, 2.0-4.9) for white blood cell count. Associations with IHD were similar in men who had never smoked, exsmokers, and current smokers, and the results suggest that at least part of the effect of smoking on IHD is mediated through fibrinogen, viscosity, and white blood cell count. Multivariate analysis shows that white blood cell count is an independent risk factor for IHD as is either fibrinogen or viscosity, or possibly both. Jointly, these three variables significantly improve the fit of a logistic regression model containing all the main conventional risk factors. Further, a model including age, smoking habits, fibrinogen, viscosity, and white blood cell count predicts IHD as well as one in which the three hemostatic/rheological variables are replaced by total cholesterol, diastolic pressure, and body mass index. CONCLUSION: Jointly, fibrinogen, viscosity, and white blood cell count are important risk factors for IHD.

Blood Viscosity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

White blood cell count and adherence in sportsmen and non-training subjects.

The white blood cell count and differential white blood cell count as well as the adherence of these cells were determined in 31 young clinically healthy men not participating actively in any sports and in 32 footballers belonging to third league sports clubs. In the group of footballers the determinations were carried out twice: in the initial period and then at the end of the highest-form period of the one-year training cycle. In the footballers in relation to the control group the total white blood cell count was raised, the differential count showed a shift in favour of neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes at the expense of lymphocytes. The lymphocyte adherence was significantly decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Low dendritic cell count after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation predicts relapse, death, and acute graft-versus-host disease.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key antigen-presenting cells with a potential role in tumor vaccines. We investigated the hypothesis that early reconstitution of DCs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) improves survival. We also correlated DC reconstitution with complications of relapse and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Fifty patients underwent transplantation between February 2000 and March 2003, with a median follow-up of 501 days (range, 136-1263 days). Most (92%) received blood stem cells, and the remainder received bone marrow from HLA-matched sibling donors for predominantly high-risk hematologic malignancies. Around the time of engraftment, peripheral blood underwent flow cytometry analysis for DCs, and the cells were divided as DC1 and DC2. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients with lower DC counts (< 4.97 cells/microL) were found to have significantly worse survival (P =.002), increased incidence of relapse (P =.002), higher incidence of aGVHD onset (P =.0005), and a composite end point of relapse or death (P =.0017). A Cox proportional hazards multivariate model adjusted for important covariates confirmed that low DC count is independently associated with death (hazard ratio [HR], 3.8; P =.02), time to relapse (HR, 11.6; P =.001), and aGVHD (HR, 3.3; P =.04). Sensitivity and specificity rates for low DC count in predicting death or relapse are 73% and 75%, respectively. Low numbers of circulating DCs significantly increase the risk for relapse and acute GVHD and predict death after allogeneic SCT.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Correlations between hematopoietic progenitor cell counts as measured by Sysmex and CD34+ cell harvest yields following mobilization with different regimens.

PURPOSE: The Sysmex SE-9000 cell counter provides an estimate of immature cells referred to as hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). HPC counts should correlate with CD34+ counts in mobilized peripheral blood and apheresis to allow optimization of apheresis timing. METHODS: We correlated the HPC counts as measured in the immature information channel with CD34+ cell levels as determined by FACS (HPCA-2 antibody, Becton Dickinson) from mobilized peripheral blood in 40 samples (27 patients and three healthy donors) and in aphereses ( n=113, 41 patients and 20 healthy donors). RESULTS: In mobilized blood, HPC counts were correlated with CD34+ cells ( r=0.78, P<0.0001, n=40). The HPC counts were about 1.5-fold higher than CD34+ cell counts with a median (range) of 84 (1-747)/microl and 57 (1-370)/microl, respectively. In CD34+ selected cell preparations ( n=8), HPC counts were about fourfold lower than CD34+ cell counts with a median (range) of 179 (67-693)/microl and 760 (191-4309)/microl, respectively. In apheresis preparations, linear regression analyses were performed for the group of stem cell donors ( n=44), the group of lymphoma patients ( n=23), the multiple myeloma group ( n=21), and the group of solid tumors ( n=25). Interestingly, no correlation between HPC counts and CD34+ cell counts was found in the G-CSF-mobilized healthy donor group ( r=0.23, P=0.13). Pairing of HPC counts and CD34+ counts was effective in the group of patients receiving chemotherapy + G-CSF for stem cell mobilization: lymphoma group ( r=0.67, P=0.0005), multiple myeloma group ( r=0.56, P=0.008), and the group of solid tumors ( r=0.52, P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Lymphoma and multiple myeloma patients who were moderately pretreated and mobilized with chemotherapy and G-CSF showed the best results in correlation analyses even at low HPC counts. Therefore, HPC measurement can be used for timing of apheresis in these patients.

Adolescent↗