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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Addiction denial and cognitive dysfunction: a preliminary investigation.

This study explored the proposition that denial of addiction is often more a product of cognitive failure due to cerebral dysfunction than an emotion-driven rejection of the truth. Forty-four subjects were studied in an inpatient alcohol rehabilitation program. Denial was defined as the proportion of standardized denial-related treatment goals established at admission that remained unachieved at discharge. Cognitive deficiencies were identified through neuropsychological assessments. Persistent denial was significantly correlated with greater impairment of executive function, verbal memory, visual inference, and mental speed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Cognitive dysfunction and chemotherapy: neuropsychological findings in perspective.

Currently, the interest in cognitive functioning following chemotherapy is rapidly expanding as is reflected in a growing number of published studies on this topic. Although most studies are indicative of cognitive deficits after chemotherapy, definite conclusions on the role of chemotherapy on cognitive function can often not be drawn due to methodological problems. On the basis of the studies on cognitive functioning after chemotherapy that are conducted in The Netherlands Cancer Institute, the current article describes a number of such methodological topics that obscure straightforward interpretation of neuropsychological findings in toxicity research. Measurement issues that diverge from usual assessment issues encountered in psychosocial oncology will be described, and factors that might play a role in the cause of cognitive impairment will be evaluated. Also, future developments necessary to gain more insight into the prevalence, the pattern, and the impact of cognitive problems following chemotherapy are discussed

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1998

Dysfunctional cognitions and adult psychological functioning in child sexual abuse survivors.

Two studies explored the relationship between cognitions and long-term symptoms in adult child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors. In Study 1, an American sample of 43 survivors completed questionnaires assessing attributional style and dysfunctional beliefs in cognitive themes affected by victimization, as well as measures of posttraumatic symptoms. Survivors' attributions of negative events were more internal, stable, and global than those of 29 comparison subjects without a history of CSA. However, only the globality scale was significantly related with severity of long-term symptoms. High correlations between dysfunctional beliefs concerning safety, trust, esteem, or intimacy, and posttrauma symptoms were found. The latter finding was replicated in Study 2 with a German sample of 35 CSA survivors, even when controlling for frequency of abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of cognitive disorders: potential applications to the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.

The role of noradrenergic neurotransmission in normal cognitive functions has been extensively investigated, however, the involvement of noradrenergic functions in the cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease has not been as intensively considered. The limited ability of atypical antipsychotics to treat the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia, and cholinomimetics to treat the cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease, may be related to the influence of a multiplicity of neurotransmitter abnormalities including noradrenergic dysfunction, which these treatments do not address. The evidence of noradrenergic dysfunction occurring concomitantly with dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia and acetylcholine dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease supports therapeutic approaches using noradrenergic drugs in combination with neuroleptics and cholinesterase inhibitors, respectively, to enhance the treatment of cognitive impairment. Given the results of animal and human studies, it appears that alpha-2A agonists may be the optimal choice for this purpose.

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists↗
PubMed2004

Animal models of working memory: insights for targeting cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE: Working memory performance is considered to be a core deficit in schizophrenia and the best predictor of social reintegration and propensity for relapse. This cardinal cognitive process is critical for human reasoning and judgment and depends upon the integrity of prefrontal function. Prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia has been linked to altered dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission. However, to date, antipsychotics provide no substantial relief from the debilitating cognitive consequences of this disease. OBJECTIVES: This review examines the key rodent and non-human primate models for elucidating the neural mechanisms of working memory and their neuromodulation. We compare the physiology and pharmacology of working memory between the normal state and experimentally induced models of prefrontal dysfunction and evaluate their relevance for schizophrenia. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Rodent models have demonstrated the significance of aberrant dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling in medial prefrontal cortex for working memory. However, there is some question as to the extent to which rodent tests of working memory tap into the same process that is compromised in schizophrenia. Non-human primates provide an unexcelled model for the study of influences on prefrontal function and working memory due to the high degree of homology between human and non-human primates in the relationship between prefrontal cortex and higher cognitive capacities. Moreover, non-human primate models of prefrontal dysfunction including amphetamine sensitization, subchronic phencyclidine, and neurodevelopmental insult are ideal for the analysis of novel compounds for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, thereby facilitating the translation between preclinical drug development and clinical trials.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2000

Donepezil in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with traumatic brain injury.

Cholinesterase inhibitors are known to enhance cognitive function among patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. It is quite possible that this clinical benefit may extend to other patient groups, yet this issue awaits further exploration. This study examines the use of the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil in the treatment of patients with a history of brain injury and subsequent cognitive impairment. The sample was comprised of 53 ambulatory psychiatric patients who were receiving care for psychiatric sequelae of brain injury. In this sample, residual cognitive impairment was treated with adjunctive donepezil. This study reports the clinical assessments of this patient sample in outpatient follow-up for up to two years duration. Assessments of cognition with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Hooper Visual Organization Test were obtained on a subset of this sample (N = 22). Clinician assessment ratings were analyzed for the entire sample. Results indicated an improvement in full-scale IQ (t = 2.5, p = 0.02) score as well as clinician-based ratings (t = 12.2, p < 0.0001). Further research will likely delineate whether specific types of brain injuries are most responsive to cholinesterase inhibitors. These findings suggest that donepezil may enhance clinical response by complementing the medication management of other concomitant psychiatric disturbances related to brain injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Is nondipping in 24 h ambulatory blood pressure related to cognitive dysfunction?

OBJECTIVE: Associations between the outcome of 24 h ambulatory monitoring and cognitive performance were studied in order to evaluate the potential relevance of ambulant blood pressure status to brain function. It was hypothesized that a small daytime-night-time difference in mean blood pressure (nondipping) is associated with reduced cognitive performance, in line with studies in hypertensive subjects that have reported associations between nondipping and target-organ damage. METHODS: The study followed a cross-sectional design and was part of a larger research programme on determinants of cognitive aging (Maastricht Aging Study, MAAS). A group of 115 community residents aged 28-82 years was recruited from a general practice population and screened for cardiovascular events and medication use. All underwent 24 h blood pressure monitoring. Cognitive performance was measured with tests of verbal memory, attention, simple speed and information processing speed. RESULTS: Mean daytime or night-time levels of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were unrelated to cognitive outcome, when age, sex and educational level were controlled for. Differences between mean daytime and night-time blood pressure (based on both narrow and wide measurement intervals for day and night-time periods) were positively associated with memory function (5-9% of additional variance explained) and one sporadic positive association was found on the sensorimotor speed score (4%). Nondippers (n=15) showed lower levels of both memory and sensorimotor speed scores. CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory blood pressure status was not associated with cognitive performance. A reduced nocturnal blood pressure drop was associated with quite specific cognitive deficits, but the underlying mechanism remains to be determined.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Neurophysiologic correlations of cognitive dysfunction in depressed patients with syndrome of juvenile asthenic deficiency].

Peculiarities of cognitive process were studied in 34 right-handed endogenously depressed patients with "juvenile asthenic deficiency" ("endogener juveniler Versagensyndrome" according to J. Glatzel and G Huber, 1968) by means of visual evoked potentials (EP) in the emotional recognition task. Two control groups consisted of 19 healthy individuals and 20 patients with other types of depressions. The main and control groups were matched for age, sex, handedness and education level. Compared to controls the patients with "juvenile asthenic deficiency" demonstrated highly significant alterations in indices of EP late negative wave in anterior areas of the left hemisphere which related to neither the nosology of "juvenile asthenic deficiency" (cyclothymia, schizophrenia) nor the types of dominant cognitive disorders. Dependence on both nosology and clinical subtype of asthenic deficiency was found only for separate characteristics of earlier EP waves. The results suggest the disturbance of the final stages of information processing and the decision making specific for "juvenile asthenic deficiency".

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Targeting the dopamine D1 receptor in schizophrenia: insights for cognitive dysfunction.

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE: Reinstatement of the function of working memory, the cardinal cognitive process essential for human reasoning and judgment, is potentially the most intractable problem for the treatment of schizophrenia. Since deficits in working memory are associated with dopamine dysregulation and altered D(1) receptor signaling within prefrontal cortex, we present the case for targeting novel drug therapies towards enhancing prefrontal D(1) stimulation for the amelioration of the debilitating cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES: This review examines the role of dopamine in regulating cellular and circuit function within prefrontal cortex in order to understand the significance of the dopamine dysregulation found in schizophrenia and related non-human primate models. By revealing the associations among prefrontal neuronal function, dopamine and D(1) signaling, and cognition, we seek to pinpoint the mechanisms by which dopamine modulates working memory processes and how these mechanisms may be exploited to improve cognitive function. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Dopamine deficiency within dorsolateral prefrontal cortex leads to abnormal recruitment of this region by cognitive tasks. Both preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between prefrontal dopamine function and the integrity of working memory, suggesting that insufficient D(1) receptor signaling in this region results in cognitive deficits. Moreover, working memory deficits can be ameliorated by treatments that augment D(1) receptor stimulation, indicating that this target presents a unique opportunity for the restoration of cognitive function in schizophrenia.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Subjective cognitive dysfunctions in the elderly: a change-oriented viewpoint].

The relation between subjective cognitive complaints and the actual level of cognitive performance in the elderly is of interest in both basic and applied cognitive research. However, most studies suggest a small to moderate correlation between complaints and actual performance. In contrast to previous studies, we examined the relation between changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence, changes in memory performance, and changes in subjective cognitive complaints in a sample of 465 older adults (M = 62.9 years) at two measurement occasions four years apart. The results indicate significant relationships between changes in subjective complaints and changes in memory performance and changes in fluid intelligence. The discussion focuses on the importance of a change-oriented view in examining subjective cognitive complaints from an applied perspective.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The short human figure drawing scale for evaluation of suspect cognitive dysfunction in old age.

Human figure drawings have been widely used to assess cognitive development in children. In the present study, free-hand human figure drawings were examined for 62 demented patients, and 60 normal elderly subjects. The drawings were scored for 53 body details using a method derived from work with children. A short scale of 15 details was developed by selecting body details with high item-total correlations which are simple to score even for untrained staff. This short scale had excellent interscorer and test-retest reliability and excellent concurrent validity as well. It correlated highly with the Mini-Mental State Examination, a commonly used screening test for dementia. The short scale discriminated demented and non-demented subjects and different levels of dementia severity as graded by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. However, no differences were observed between Alzheimer patients and patients with vascular dementia concerning presence of details in human figure drawings.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Pattern of cognitive dysfunction in depressive patients during maintenance electroconvulsive therapy.

BACKGROUND: Objective data regarding adverse cognitive deficits associated with maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (M-ECT) are lacking. This study examined the cognitive state of depressive patients during M-ECT. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 11 depressive patients in remission, all with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder. The mean number of previous ECT sessions was 36.1, and the mean intersession interval was 52.7 days. A group of 11 patients who had not received ECT was selected for comparison and matched for diagnosis, sex, age and years of schooling. All subjects were assessed using a complete neuropsychological battery including memory, attention and frontal function tests. RESULTS: Groups did not present differences in long delay verbal recall. Encoding of new information and results on the frontal function tests were significantly lower in the M-ECT patients. CONCLUSION: Depressed patients preserve long-term memory, but suffer short-term memory impairment and frontal function alteration during M-ECT. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to determine the influence of M-ECT on non-memory functions and different memory subtypes.

Cognition Disorders↗